Designing a Model of Opportunities and Challenges of Using Guerrilla Marketing in Iranian Sports Along with Suggested Solutions

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Designing a Model of Opportunities and Challenges of Using Guerrilla Marketing in Iranian Sports Along with Suggested Solutions

Abdoal Majid Doorandish¹ , Seyed Mohamad Ali Mirhoseini²^ , Ahmad Torkfar³

1. Department of Sport Management, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] 2. Corresponding Author, Department of Sport Management, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.

E-mail: [email protected]

3. Department of Sport Management, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article type:

Research Article

Article history:

Received:

26 August 2021 Received in revised form:

5 December 2021 Accepted:

7 December 2021 Published online:

28 April 2023

Keywords:

Guerrilla Marketing, Sports Club, Sports Industry.

Introduction: The present study was conducted to design a model of opportunities and challenges of using guerrilla marketing in Iranian sports applying a combined approach.

Methods: In terms of applied purpose, the present study was a research method mixed with consecutive exploratory type and a survey collection method. The statistical population in the qualitative part included professors and researchers (13 people) and in the quantitative part included university professors and sports managers (144 people).

Results: In general, it was found that opportunities include: very low cost, high durability, ad sharing, possibility of participation, high diversity, high attractiveness, visual beauty, public acceptance, message comprehensibility, customers' emotional response, impact on the mind unconsciously, engaging the imagination, creating a sense of surprise and creativity. Also, high innovation and challenges include: misinterpretation of the advertising message, improper placement of the ad, failure to provide permission to install the ad, high bureaucracy to get the ad to install the ad, water status and air on propaganda, creating obstacles for people, high risk of guerrilla propaganda, the possibility of creating life-threatening consequences following the installation of guerrilla propaganda (projectors, special billboards, etc.) and cultural-religious restrictions.

Conclusion: Finally, solutions were also provided for this purpose. Given the numerous benefits of guerrilla marketing in the country's sports, it is recommended that the country's sports managers (in the private and public sectors) use guerrilla marketing techniques.

Cite this article: DoorAndish, A., Mirhoseini, S. M.A., & Torkfar, A. (2023). Designing a Model of Opportunities and Challenges of Using Guerrilla Marketing in Iranian Sports Along with suggested solutions. Sport Management Journal, 15(1), 297-312. DOI: http//doi.org/10.22059/JSM.2021.329490.2803.

Journal of Sport Management by University of Tehran Press is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0

| web site: https://jsm.ut.ac.ir/ | Email: [email protected].

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ExtendedAbstract

Introduction

Marketing is one of the most important and key activities today in the direction of promoting, developing and expanding activities, services and products in organizations and companies. Today, marketing and consequently, profitability is the main goal of most government and private companies around the world, and the effort is to make every activity lead to economic profitability for the government or private companies. In this regard, special implementation policies and tricks are applied so that any company or service or production unit can make its products more attractive and best-selling. Sports marketing has become a global money-making industry. As a result, this has resulted in earning a lot of income for sports in various ways, including ticket sales and advertisements.

Without having spectators interested in sports and selling enough tickets, it is not possible to earn money to pay the expenses. The concept of sports marketing is the specific application of marketing principles and processes for sports and non-sports products among people involved in sports.

Methods

In terms of practical purpose, the current research was a descriptive research method and a survey collection method because no manipulation was done on variables and factors and based on the research approach, it was mixed. In the first stage, a qualitative method was used to build the model, and a descriptive-analytical quantitative method was used to test the model, and a correlation type based on the structural equation model was used. The mixed research method was sequential exploratory; That is, first it was qualitative and then quantitative. The tool used in this research was developed after conducting interviews and reaching theoretical saturation, which includes 39 items and in the form of three main components of challenges, opportunities and solutions, in the form of a five-point Likert scale (completely agree, 5 points). To strongly disagree, 1 point) the data were compiled. In the first (qualitative) part, to conduct field interviews, the statistical population of the research consisted of professors of sports management (who had conducted research in the field of marketing) and professors of business administration (who had conducted research in the field of guerrilla marketing), including It is possible that these people, in a targeted manner of a standard type (people who have published at least one article in the field of sports marketing and guerilla marketing in domestic and foreign reputable publications, or have translated and authored writings in this field), for qualitative interviews. were selected in the subject of the

research (13 interviews with 13 people and they were continued until the researchers reached theoretical saturation) and in the second (quantitative) part, after collecting the information from the qualitative research, a questionnaire was created and this questionnaire was used among two groups of university professors and Sports managers were distributed.

Results

The overall model includes both measurement and structural model parts, and by confirming its fit, the fit check is completed in a model. According to the three values of 0.01, 0.25 and 0.36, which are introduced as weak, medium and strong values for partial least square fit, in all 2 variables, more than 0.36 was obtained, which indicates the overall fit. It has a strong model. In general, it was determined that the opportunities include: very low cost, high durability, sharing of the advertisement, the possibility of participation, high variety, high attractiveness, visual beauty, acceptance by the general public, comprehensibility of the message, emotional reaction of customers, influence on the mind.

Unconsciously, involving the imagination, creating a sense of surprise and high creativity and innovation, and the challenges include: misinterpretation of the message of the ad, inappropriate location of the ad, failure to provide permission to install the ad, a lot of bureaucracy to get permission to install the ad, the effect of water conditions and air over advertising, creating obstacles for the people, high risk of guerrilla advertising, the possibility of life risks due to the installation of guerrilla advertising (projectors, special billboards, etc.) and cultural-religious restrictions.

Conclusion

The purpose of this research was to design a model of opportunities and challenges of using guerrilla marketing in Iranian sports along with suggested solutions. The results of the research in the field of guerrilla marketing opportunities in Iranian sports showed that factors such as very low cost, high durability, sharing of the advertisement, the possibility of participation, high variety, high attractiveness, visual beauty, acceptance by the general public, comprehensibility of the message, emotional reaction Customers, influencing the unconscious mind, involving the imagination, creating a sense of surprise and creativity and high innovation are among the opportunities of using guerrilla marketing among Iranian sports. It is suggested that political parties pay more attention to advertise and introduce their products at appropriate opportunities during these events and in this way and at the lowest cost and in parallel with the event, introduce people to their products, also sports industry activists can consider the effects of the important and key factors of this type of marketing

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which include surprising effect, the effect of publication and the effect of low cost, in advertising their products use the tools of this type of marketing in the field of competition and sales of their products.

Ethical Considerations

Compliance with Research Ethical Guidelines

This article has been done considering all ethical principles.

Funding

This article is taken from the doctoral dissertation of the first person.

Authors’ Contributions

All authors have participated in designing, implementing and writing all parts of the present study.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declared no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement

This article is extracted from the doctoral dissertation with the guidance and advice of the author's professors. We would like to thank everyone who helped us with this study.

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لﺪﻣ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ

ﺎﻫ و ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﻫ ي رازﺎﺑ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯾ

ﺑﺎ ﯽ ﺮﭼ ﯾ ﮑ ﯽ ا شزرو رد ﯾ

ناﺮ ﺎﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ

يدﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ يﺎﻫرﺎﮑﻫار

ﺪﯿﺠﻤﻟاﺪﺒﻋ ﺶﯾﺪﻧارود

،1

ﺪﯿﺳ ﻠﻋﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﯽ ﯽﻨﯿﺴﺣﺮﯿﻣ

2

،

ﺪﻤﺣا كﺮﺗ ﺮﻓ

3

1.

هوﺮﮔ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،زاﺮﯿﺷ ﺪﺣاو ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ

، ناﺮﯾا ،زاﺮﯿﺷ . :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار [email protected]

2 . ﻮﻧ ﯾ ﺪﻨﺴ ة لﻮﺌﺴﻣ ، هوﺮﮔ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ،زاﺮﯿﺷ ﺪﺣاو ،ﯽﺷزرو ناﺮﯾا ،زاﺮﯿﺷ ،ﯽﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد

:ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار . [email protected]

3.

هوﺮﮔ ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ و

،زاﺮﯿﺷ ﺪﺣا ناﺮﯾا ،زاﺮﯿﺷ ،ﯽﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار .

[email protected]

ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا هﺪﯿﮑﭼ

:ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ عﻮﻧ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 04 / 06 / 1400

:يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 14

/ 09 / 1400

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺬﭘ ﯾ شﺮ : 15 / 09 / 1400

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رﺎﺸﺘﻧا : 8/

02 / 1402

ﺪﯿﻠﮐ هژاو :ﺎﻫ

،ﯽﮑﯾﺮﭼ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ

،ﯽﺷزرو هﺎﮕﺷ .شزرو ﺖﻌﻨﺻ :ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ

ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﺑ

فﺪﻫ لﺪﻣ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ

ﺎﻫ و ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﻫ ي رازﺎﺑ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯾﺑﺎ

ﯽ ﺮﭼ ﯾﮑ ﯽ ا شزرو رد ﯾﺮ

نا ﺎﺑ

ور ﯾ دﺮﮑ ﮐﺮﺗ ﯿﺒ اﺮﺟا ﯽ ﺪﺷ .

:ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور زا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

اﻮﺘﻣ ﯽﻓﺎﺸﺘﮐا عﻮﻧ زا ﻪﺘﺨﯿﻣآ ،ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ شور ،يدﺮﺑرﺎﮐ فﺪﻫ ظﺎﺤﻟ و ﯽﻟ

ﯿﺷ ﻮة

دﻮﺑ ﯽﺸﯾﺎﻤﯿﭘ يروآدﺮﮔ .

ﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﮥ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﺶﺨﺑ رد يرﺎﻣآ نادﺎﺘﺳا

) ناﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ و 13

و (ﺮﻔﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯽﻤﮐ ﺶﺨﺑ رد

نادﺎﺘﺳا ) ﯽﺷزرو ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ و ﯽﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧاد 144

.دﻮﺑ (ﺮﻔﻧ

ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ : ﻪﺑ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﯽﻠﮐ ترﻮﺻ ﺪﺷ

ﻪﮐ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺰﻫ ﯾﻨ ﮥ ﺴﺑ ﯿ رﺎ ﺎﭘ ﯿﯾ ﻦ ، ﺎﻣ رﺎﮔﺪﻧ ي ﻻﺎﺑ ، ﻪﺑ نﺪـﺷ ﻪﺘﺷاﺬﮔ كاﺮﺘﺷا

ﻠﺒﺗ ﯿ ﻎ ، نﺎﮑﻣا ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ، عﻮﻨﺗ ﻻﺎﺑ ، ﺑاﺬﺟ ﯿ ﺖ ﻻﺎﺑ ، زﯾ ﺎﺒ ﯽﯾ ﺮﺼﺑ ،ي لﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳا مدﺮـﻣ مﻮـﻤﻋ ،

ﻞـﺑﺎﻗ كرد ﭘ ندﻮـﺑ ـﯿ مﺎ ، ـﮐاو ﺶﻨ

ﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﯽ ﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﯾ نﺎ ، ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ هﺎﮔآدﻮﺧﺎﻧ ﻦﻫذ ﺮﺑ ،

ﮔرد ﯿﺮ ﺮﮐ ند ﺨﺗ ـﯿ ﻞ ،ا ﯾ دﺎـﺠ ﮕﻠﻓﺎـﻏ ﺲـﺣ ﯿﺮ

و ي ﻗﻼﺧ ـﯿ ﺖ و ـﻧ روآﻮ ي ﻻﺎـﺑ و

ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﻫ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺴﻔﺗ ﯿﺮ ﭘ زا ﺖﺳردﺎﻧ ﯿ

مﺎ ﻠﺒﺗ ﯿ ﻎ ، ﻞﺤﻣ ﻠﺒﺗ ﺐـﺳﺎﻨﻣﺎﻧ يﺮﯿﮔراﺮﻗ ـﯿ

ﻎ ، مﺪـﻋ ـﺋارا ﮥ زﻮـﺠﻣ اﺮـﺑ ي ﻠﺒﺗ ﺐـﺼﻧ ـﯿ ﻎ ،

ﺑﻮ ﺳاﺮﮐور ﯽ ز ﯾ دﺎ اﺮﺑ ي ﻠﺒﺗ ﺐﺼﻧ زﻮﺠﻣ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﯿ

ﻎ ، ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ ﻌﺿو ﯿ ﺖ اﻮﻫ و بآ ﯽﯾ ﻠﺒﺗ ﺮﺑ ،ﻎﯿ اﯾ دﺎـﺠ ﻊﻧﺎـﻣ اﺮـﺑ ي مدﺮـﻣ ، رﯾ ﮏـﺴ

ﻻﺎﺑ ي ﻠﺒﺗ ﯿ ﻎ ﺮﭼ ﯾﮑ ،ﯽ لﺎﻤﺘﺣا اﯾ دﺎﺠ ﺮﻄﺧ يﺎـﻫ ﻧﺎـﺟ ﯽ ـﭘ رد ﯽ ﺐـﺼﻧ ﻠﺒﺗ ـﯿ ﻎ ﺮﭼ ﯾ ـﮑ ﯽ ﺑ ،رﻮـﺘﮐژوﺮﭘ) ﯿ

درﻮـﺒﻠ ـﺧ (... و صﺎ و

دوﺪﺤﻣ ﯾ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ - ﺒﻫﺬﻣ ﯽ ﺖﺳا .

ﺘﻧ ﯿ ﻪﺠ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي : ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﻫرﺎﮑﻫار ﻦﯾﺪﺑ

ﻪﺋارا رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﺪﺷ

. ﺎﺑ ﯽـﺑ يﺎﯾاﺰﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﮐ شزرو رد ﯽـﮑﯾﺮﭼ ﯽﺑﺎـﯾرازﺎﺑ رﺎﻤـﺷ

،رﻮـﺸ

ﻪﯿﺻﻮﺗ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ زا (ﯽﺘﻟود و ﯽﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﺶﺨﺑ رد) رﻮﺸﮐ شزرو ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻨﮑﺗ

ﯿ ﮏ ﺎﻫ ي ﯾﺮﭼ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﮑ

ﻨﮐ ﺪﻨ .

دﺎﻨﺘﺳا : ﺶﯾﺪﻧارود ، ﺪﯿﺠﻤﻟاﺪﺒﻋ

؛ ﯽﻨﯿﺴﺣﺮﯿﻣ ، ﯽﻠﻋﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺪﯿﺳ و

كﺮﺗ ﺮﻓ ، ﺪﻤﺣا ) 1402 .(

لﺪﻣ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ

ﯽ ﺮﭼ ﯾﮑ ﯽ ا شزرو رد ﯾ ناﺮ

يدﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ يﺎﻫرﺎﮑﻫار ﺎﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ .

ﺮﺸﻧ ﺪﻣﮥﯾ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ﺷزرو ﯽ

، )1 ( 15 ، 12 3 - 7 29 . 29490.2803 2021.3

JSM.

/ 10.22059 DOI: http//doi.org/

.

اﯾ ﻦ ﺮﺸﻧ ﯾﻪ ﻤﻠﻋ ﯽ ار ﯾ نﺎﮕ ﮑﻟﺎﻣ ﻖﺣ و ﺖﺳا ﯿ

ﺖ ﺮﮑﻓ ي ﻻ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ار دﻮﺧ ﯾ

ﺲﻨﺴ ﺮﮐ ﯾﺘ ﯿﻮ ) ﺰﻨﻣﺎﮐ CC BY-NC 4.0 ﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ (

ﯾ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴ

ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮐ راﺬﮔاو .

:ﻪﯾﺮﺸﻧ سردآ| /

https://jsm.ut.ac.ir :ﻞﯿﻤﯾا |

. [email protected]

.ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد تارﺎﺸﺘﻧا :ﺮﺷﺎﻧ .نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ©

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301

رﺎﻬﺑ ،لوا ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدﺰﻧﺎﭘ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ 1402

ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻢﻬﻣ زا ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ

يﺪﯿﻠﮐ و ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ شﺮﺘﺴﮔ و ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ،ﺞﯾوﺮﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ رد يزوﺮﻣا يﺎﻫ

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ و تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ،ﺎﻫ ﺎﻫ

ﺖﮐﺮﺷ و ﺎﻫ ﺖﺳا رﺪﯿﻫ) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و1

2019 هزوﺮﻣا .(

رازﺎﺑ ﯾﺑﺎ ﯽ و روآدﻮﺳ ي

، فﺪﻫ ﺳﺎﺳا ﯽ ﺐﻠﻏا ﺖﮐﺮﺷ يﺎﻫ ﺘﻟود ﯽ و ﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﯽ رد ﺮﺳاﺮﺳ

نﺎﻬﺟ ﺖﺳا و شﻼﺗ ﺮﺑ اﯾ ﻦ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ ﺮﻫ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿﺘ ﯽ ﻪﺑ روآدﻮﺳ ي دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ي اﺮﺑ ي ﺖﻟود ﯾﺎ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ يﺎﻫ ﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﯽ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ دﻮﺷ . رد اﯾ ﻦ صﻮﺼﺧ

ﺎﻫﺪﻨﻓﺮﺗ و ﺖﺳﺎﯿﺳ يﺎﻫ اﺮﺟا ي ﺻﺎﺧ ﯽ لﺎﻤﻋا ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ ﺎﺗ ﺮﻫ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﯾﺎ ﺪﺣاو ﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻟﻮﺗ ﯿﺪ ي ﺪﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﻻﺎﮐ ي دﻮﺧ ار باﺬﺟ ﺮﺗ و شوﺮﻓﺮﭘ ﺮﺗ

ﻨﮐ ﺪ . رازﺎﺑ ﯾﺑﺎ ﯽ شزرو ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻧﺎﻬﺟ

ﯽ لﻮﭘ زﺎﺳ ي ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ هﺪﺷ .ﺖﺳا رد ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ اﯾ ﻦ ﺮﻣا ﺐﺴﮐ ﺪﻣآرد زﯾ دﺎ ي ار اﺮﺑ ي شزرو ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ قﺮﻃ زا

ﻪﻠﻤﺟزا شوﺮﻓ ﻠﺑﯿ ﺖ و ﻠﺒﺗ ﯿ تﺎﻐ رد ﭘ ﯽ ﻪﺘﺷاد نوﺪﺑ .ﺖﺳا ﻦﺘﺷاد

ناﺮﮔﺎﺷﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﻗﻼﻋ

ﺪﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺷر يﺎﻫ ﺷزرو ﯽ و شوﺮﻓ ﻠﺑﯿ ﺖ ﻓﺎﮐ ﯽ

، ﺐﺴﮐ

ﺪﻣآرد ﺖﻬﺟ ﺖﺧادﺮﭘ ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ .ﺖﺴﯿﻧ ﺮﺴﯿﻣ هﺪﺷدﺎﺠﯾا يﺎﻫ رازﺎﺑ

ﯾﺑﺎ ﯽ ﺷزرو ﯽ ﻪﺑ يﺮﯿﮔرﺎﮐ ﺻﺎﺼﺘﺧا

ﯽ لﻮﺻا و ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ ي رازﺎﺑ ﯾﺑﺎ ﯽ اﺮﺑ ي

و ﯽﺷزرو تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﯽﺷزروﺮﯿﻏ

رد ﻣﯿ نﺎ داﺮﻓا ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ شزرو ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ .ﺖﺳا ﺮﺛﺆﻣ

رد رازﺎﺑ ﯾﺑﺎ ﯽ ﺖﺤﺗ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻣآ ﯿ ﻪﺘﺨ رازﺎﺑ ﯾﺑﺎ ﯽ حﺮﻄﻣ

ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ترﺎﺒﻋ زا

ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺎﻫراﺰﺑا

ي دﻮﺟﻮﻣ رد ﺖﺳد نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻪﮐ زا ﺮﻃ ﯾ ﻖ

،نآ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻻﺎﮐ ﯾﺎ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ دﻮﺧ ار ﻪﺋارا ﯽﻣ ﺪﻫد

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و رﺎﻬﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﺒﻌﺷ) 2017

ﺐﺒﺳ زوﺮﻣا ﺮﺼﻋ رد ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا .(

ﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﺎﺗ ﺖﺳا ه دﺎﺠﯾا صﻮﺼﺧ ﻦﯾا رد ﯽﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ

دﻮﺷ . لﺎﮑﺷا

ﻞﮑﺷ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ زا ﯽﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ

ﻪﺑ ﯽﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور و ﻠﺌﺴﻣ

ﮥ ﺎﻨﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ

ﺐﺒﺳ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﺪﺷ

ار ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ هزوﺮﻣا ﺎﺗ ﺖﺳا ه

ﻪﺑ هزﻮﺣ ناﻮﻨﻋ داﺪﻤﻠﻗ يا

ﺮﮐ د هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻢﺠﺣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ دﻮﺧ ﻪﮐ هزﻮﺣ ﻦﯾا رد نﻼﮐ و ﺰﯾر ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ زا يا

ﺖﺳا نزوﺎﻫ گﺮﺑ و ﺮﻤﻟﺎﺑ) ،2

2019 .(

زوﺮﻣا ه ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ناﺮﻈﻧ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ار شزرو ، ﻣز

ﯿ ﻪﻨ ﺎﻫ ي و يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﻪﺑ نﺪﯿﺳر ياﺮﺑ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ و بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا

تﺎﺒﺛﺎﺑ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻧاد

،يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ) 2007

.(

ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ ﺎﻫ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻫد رد شزرو ﻪﮐ ﻣز

ﯿ ﻪﻨ ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ و ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ

رﯾ ﺰ ي ، روﺎﻨﻓ ي ﺎﻫ ي ﺎﻣﺪﺧ ،ﻦﯾﻮﻧ تﺎﻐﯿﻠﺒﺗ و ت

،ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﺧﺎﺳ تاﺰﯿﻬﺠﺗ و ﻞﯾﺎﺳو ءﺰﺟ ﯽﻧﺎﻣﺮﻬﻗ و ﯽﻧﺎﮕﻤﻫ شزرو ،ﯽﺷزرو

ﻣز ﯿ ﻪﻨ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ياﺮﺑ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ زرو رد ﯽﻨﯾ

ش ﺖﺳا ﺳا) ،ﯽﻠﯿﻌﻤ

2011 نﺎﮑﻣا ،ﯽﺷزرو تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ يراﺰﮔﺮﺑ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﯽﮐﺮﺤﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻦﺘﺷاد ﺖﺳد رد ﺎﺑ شزرو ﺖﻌﻨﺻ .(

هﺮﻬﺑ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي زا ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺗﺎﻐﯿﻠﺒﺗ و

ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ﺎﻫ ﻨﺻ ﻦﯿﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ياﺮﺑ مزﻻ ﺮﺘﺴﺑ دﻮﺧ ﻪﮐ هدﺮﮐ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ار هدﺮﮐ دﺎﺠﯾا ار شزرو و ترﺎﺠﺗ ،ﺖﻌ

ا ﯽﻠﭘ و ﺖﺳ ر

يدﺮﺒﻫا رد ﺮﯿﺴﻣ ﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﮥ

شزرو نآ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻖﻧور و ﻪﺑ

رﺎﻤﺷ ﻣ ﯽ دور ،ﯽﻧﺎﻫاﺮﻓ ﯽﻟﻼﺟ) 2013

زا شزرو يرادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ .(

ﺪﻨﻤﻧاﻮﺗ ي ﺎﻫ ي ﻪﺑﺮﺼﺤﻨﻣ دﺮﻓ هﺪﺷ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺖﺳا

ﺗ ﺎ

ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﯾﻪ ناراد توﺮﺛ و ﺖﻌﻨﺻ نﺎﺒﺣﺎﺻ و ﺑﯿ

ﺶ زا ﭘﯿ ﺶ ور روآدﻮﺳ رازﺎﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ي

ﺪﻧروآ ) ﺸﻤﺟ ﯿﺪ ﯾ نﺎ ، 2006 (،

ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ي ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا هﺎﮕﻧ

نآ ﺐﻗﺎﻌﺘﻣ و شزرو ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ

رﯾ ﺰ ي ،يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ) ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷر ﻦﯾا تﺎﯾروﺮﺿ زا ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ 2007

فﺪﻫ ﻪﮐ ( آ

ياﺮﺑ ﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ دﺎﺠﯾا و ﺖﯾﺎﺿر ن

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﺗﺮﻀﺣ) ﺖﺳا تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ 2016

شزرو ،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺮﺼﻋ رد .(

ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺑ زا ﻪﭼ ،يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﯽﺸﺨﺑ ﯽﻠﻤﻋ ﺪﻌ

د ،ﯽﻣﺮﮔﺮﺳ ﻪﭼ و ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ر

فﺮﺼﻣ و ﺎﻫﻻﺎﮐ

و ﯽﺷزرو تﺎﻣﺪﺧ و ﻌﺳﻮﺗ

ﮥ و دراد ﯽﺳﺎﺳا ﺶﻘﻧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﻣاﻮﺟ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻢﻫ

نﻮﻨﮐا زا ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻦﯾﺮﺗﺮﺛﺆﻣ ا

رد راﺬﮔﺮﺛ ر

ﺪﺷ

رد ﻊﯾﺎﻨﺻ ﻦﯾﺮﺗازﺪﻣآرد زا و ﯽﻠﻣ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺖﺴﯿﺑ ةﺪﺳ

ﻢﮑﯾو ﻪﺑ رﺎﻤﺷ ﻣ ﯽ دور ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ) 2009

.(

ﺎﺑ ﻦﯾا لﺎﺣ ﺐﺴﮐ يﺎﯿﻧد رد ﮐو

ﻪﻤﻫ ،يزوﺮﻣا رﺎ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﻠﻤﺟزا ﺰﯿﭼ

هﺪﯾا و ﺎﻫ ﺪﯿﻠﻘﺗ و راﺮﮑﺗ .ﺖﺳا توﺎﻔﺘﻣ و نﻮﮔﺮﮔد ﯽﺗﺎﻐﯿﻠﺒﺗ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﺑ رد هﺪﺷاﺮﺟا يﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟا زا فﺪﻫ لد ﺰﺟ ﯽﻠﺻﺎﺣ ،ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ

ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا و ﺐﻃﺎﺨﻣ ﯽﮔدز ﯽﺑ

ﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﮥ ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ﺑ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﯾا و ﺖﺷاد ﺪﻫاﻮﺨﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻪ

صﻮﺼﺧ

يداﺮﻓا ﻪﮐ ناﻮﺟ ﻞﺴﻧ درﻮﻣ رد ﻦﯿﭽﻠﮔ

ﻤﺘﻋا ﺎﺑ ،هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻪﺑدﺎ

ﯽﺑ و ﻻﺎﺑ ﺲﻔﻧ ﯽﻣ ناﺪﻨﭼود ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﻠﺻﻮﺣ و ﺮﺒﺻ

يرازﺎﺑ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .دﻮﺷ

ﯽﻣ نآ بﺬﺟ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻞﺴﻧ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ ﯽﺷزرو تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ رازﺎﺑ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

ﺖﺳا ) نﻮﺴﻨﯾﻮﻟ ،3

2021 ( ﻦﯾازا ، ور ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﯾا يﺎﻫﺪﻧﺮﺑ زا ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ

ﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﯽﺗوﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ ،ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺪﯾﺮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ و ﻪﻘﺒﻃ درﻮﻣ ﯽﺘﻨﺳ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﻢﺘﺴﯿ

.ﺖﺳا زﺎﯿﻧ

ﯽﮑﯾﺮﭼ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﻪﺋارا

ﺪﻨﻫد ة ياﺮﺑ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ يﺎﻫرﺎﮑﻫار ر

ﻊﻓ لﺎﺣ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﻣ و ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﯾا ﻞﺴﻧ ﻦﯾا ياﻮﻫ و

ﺖﺳا ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﮏﺒﺳ ﻦﯾا .

ﻪﻤﻬﻤﻫ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ،ﯽﺳوﺮﯾو ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ،ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ،ﯽﺳﺎﺴﺣا ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﯽﯾﺎﻫراﺰﺑا زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ يا

هﺎﮕﻨﯿﻤﮐ رد ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ و ﺐﺒﺳ

ﻞﻓﺎﻏ ﺮﺛا ﻪﺳ دﺎﺠﯾا ،هﺪﺷ ﻢﻫ يﺎﺘﺳار رد ﻢﮐ ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ﺮﺛا و رﺎﺸﺘﻧا ﺮﺛا ،يﺮﯿﮔ

هوﻼﻋ ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺮﺑ رد ،ﺎﻫ

ﻋ ﯿ ﻦ و يرﺎﮔﺪﻧﺎﻣ ،ﻪﺑذﺎﺟ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا لﺎﺣ

1. Haider

2. Balmer & Burghausen

3. Levinson

(6)

302

مﺎﯿﭘ يراﺬﮔﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ فﺮﺼﻣ و ناراﺪﯾﺮﺧ ﻦﻫذ رد ﯽﺗﺎﻐﯿﻠﺒﺗ يﺎﻫ

ﺖﮐﺮﺷ زا ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ دﺎﺠﯾا ﺚﻋﺎﺑ و دراد ﯽﭘ رد ار نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ ،ﺪﻧﺮﺑ زا ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ ،

فﺮﺼﻣ يﻮﺳ زا ... و يرادﺎﻓو ،ﺪﯾﺮﺧ ﯽﻣ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ

ﻮﯾراﺮﺳ) دﻮﺷ ،1

2021 ﺲﯿﯾواد .(

)2

2021 ( ياﺮﺑ يراﺰﺑا ار ﯽﮑﯾﺮﭼ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ

ندروآ ﺖﺳد

ﺎﺑ ﻻ ﺎﺑ نﺪﺷ هﺪﯾد و يراﺬﮔﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ناﺰﯿﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ .دﺮﮐ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ و نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﮐ فﺪﻫ

ﺎﺘﭘﺎﮔ )3

2020 ( نآ ،ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ار

ياﺮﺑ فرﺎﻌﺘﻣﺮﯿﻏ ﻪﺑ

ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﮐ زا ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ندروآ ﺖﺳد ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪﻧاد ﻪﺑ ناﺰﯿﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ عﻮﻧ ﻦﯾا . ﺧ يﺮﯿﮔرﺎﮐ

ﻼ نﺎﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﺖﯿﻗ

رﺎﮐوﺮﺳ ﺎﺑ ﺎﺗ دراد ﻪﺑ ناﺰﯿﻣ يﺮﯿﮔرﺎﮐ ﺟدﻮﺑ

ﮥ نﺎﻧآ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ . شور ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ﯽﮑﯾﺮﭼ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﺰﯾﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﺟو رﺎﭘ ،ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ مﻮﺳﺮﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﺎﯾ يﺮﯿﮕﻠﻓﺎﻏ ﺮﺘﻣا

ﺖﻔﮕﺷ بﻮﺒﺤﻣ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﻪﺑ ،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ هرود رد ار نآ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﺐﻃﺎﺨﻣ ندﺮﮐ هدز ﻦﯾﺮﺗ

ﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار ي هدﺮﮐ ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﺖﺳا

مﺎﻧ .

» ﮏﯾﺮﭼ

« ﺎﯾ

» ناﺰﯿﺗرﺎﭘ

« ﻃا ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﻞﺻا رد ﻼ

ﯽﻣ ق هدﺎﯿﭘ ياﺮﺑ ﻦﺸﺧ يدﺮﮑﯾور ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ يدﺎﻘﺘﻋا ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ و يژﻮﻟﻮﺋﺪﯾا يزﺎﺳ

ﺪﻧراددﻮﺧ ) وﺮﻣﺎﺳ و4

رﺎﮑﻤﻫ ،نا 2021 .(

ﻢﻬﻣ ﺘﺧا ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﻼ ﻪﭼﺮﮔا .ﺖﺳا رﺎﮐ ﯽﻨﻫذ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ،ﯽﺘﻨﺳ و ﯽﻧاﺰﯿﺗرﺎﭘ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﺑ ف ﻞﻣﺎﮐ

ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﺺﺨﺸﻣ

دﺮﻓ ،ﯽﻧاﺰﯿﺗرﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ

لﺎﻧﺎﮐ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا لﺎﺒﻧد شور و ﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ يﺎﻫ فﺮﺼﻣ ﻪﺑ نﺪﯿﺳر رﻮﻈﻨﻣ

ﯽﺻﺎﺧ يﺎﻫﺮﺛا ياراد رﺎﮐ ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا ﺪﯾﺪﺟ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ

نآ ﺮﺛا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻠﺑ

ﻪﺑ و ﺖﺳا تﺪﻣﺪﻨ ﺐﻨﺟ و ﻪﻤﻬﻤﻫ دﺎﺠﯾا

شﻮﺟو ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ ) يﺎﭽﯾودﺮﮔ

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و5

2020 .(

ﮏﯿﺘﮐﺎﺗ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ دﻮﺳ ﺐﺴﮐ ﻪﺑ نﺪﯿﺸﺨﺑ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ فﺪﻫﺎﺑ ﯽﻧاﺰﯿﺗرﺎﭘ هﺪﺷ

ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا نوﺪﺑ ،ﺪﻧا يراﺬﮔ

يور ﯽﻤﯿﻈﻋ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ﺎﯾ نﺎﻣز

.دﺮﯿﮔ

ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯽﮑﯾﺮﭼ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار

ﯽﯾ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻣ

ﯽ ﺗ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ﺎﺑ و ﯽﺘﺣار ﺖﮐﺮﺷ رد كﺪﻧا يا

ﺎﻫ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ و ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا

ﺪﻧﻮﺷ .

ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻄﺻا

ﻼ ﯽﮑﯾﺮﭼ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ح ﻒﯿﺻﻮﺗ

ةﺪﻨﻨﮐ دﺮﺒﻫار ﺎﻫ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ و ﺖﺳا يدادراﺮﻗﺮﯿﻏ و لواﺪﺘﻣﺮﯿﻏ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ تازرﺎﺒﻣ ﺎﯾ و رد ﯽﻬﺟﻮﺗ

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ دراد دﺮﺒﻫار

ﺎﻫ ار ﻪﺑ ﯽﻣ رﺎﮐ ﮔ دﻮﺑ ﺎﺑ ار رﺎﮐ ﻦﯾا و دﺮﯿ كﺪﻧا ﻪﺟ

مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﻣ ﻮﭼﺎﯾﻮﺒﮔﺎﯾ .ﺪﻫد

6 ) 2021 ( تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد

ﯽﻣ نﺎﯿﺑ دﻮﺧ ﺧ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﯽﮑﯾﺮﭼ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ

ﻼ ﺐﻠﻏا ﺖﻠﻋ ﻦﯿﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ،ﺖﺳا ﻞﯿﺨﺗ ترﺪﻗ و ﺖﯿﻗ ﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا

ي ﺎﻫ ي زا يرﺎﻤﺷ رد ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ

مﺎﺠﻧا تﺎﻣاﺪﻗا ﯽﻣ

ﻧﺮﯿﮔ ﺪ ازﺎﺑ عﻮﻧ ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا ﯽﺘﻨﺳ تﺎﻐﯿﻠﺒﺗ ﺎﺑ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻪﮐ هﺮﻬﺑ ﺎﺑ ،ﯽﺑﺎﯾر

شور و ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ زا ﻪﻧاروآﻮﻧ يﺮﯿﮔ ار ﻪﻨﯾﺰﻫ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ﺎﻫ

ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ياﺮﺑ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ

ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ .

ﺎﺑ ﻨﯾا ﻦﯾا ﻪﮑ لﺎﺳ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﻦﯾﻮﻧ ﮏﺒﺳ ﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ رد ﺖﺳﺎﻫ

ﭘﯿ هدﺎ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا و ﯽﻣ

دﻮﺷ ﺎﻣا ، رﻮﺸﮐ رد ﻣ زﻮﻨﻫ ﺎ ﻬﻔﻣ ﺖﺳﺎﻨﺷآﺎﻧ ﯽﻣﻮ

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد و يﺎﻫ

ترﻮﺻ ﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﮥ ﯽﻠﺧاد صﻮﺼﺧ رد رازﺎﺑ

ﻪﺑ ،ﯽﺑﺎﯾ ﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﮥ ﻪﺑ ﯽﮑﯾﺮﭼ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﻣ يﺎﻫرﺎﮑﻫار زا ﯽﮑﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ

رد ﻢﻬ ﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﮥ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ

.ﺖﺳا هﺪﺸﻧ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ شزرو رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ و ﯽﯾاﺮﭼ كرد ﺎﺑ ﯽﺷزرو ﻖﻓﻮﻣ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ لﺎﺣ ﻦﯿﻋ رد

فﺮﺼﻣ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻣ و ﺒﻃﺎﺨ ﺎ زرو ن ﯽﺷ زﺎﻏآ

ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ رﺎﺘﻓر ، فﺮﺼﻣ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯽﺷزرو ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ

ﻮﮔ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و ﯽﻧاور يﺎﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻧﻮﮔﺎﻧ

ﺶﯿﭘ و ﺲﭘ زا ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي فﺮﺼﻣ و ﺪﯾﺮﺧ

دراد دﻮﺟو .

رﺎﺘﻓر ﻦﯾا ﺘﺷر ﮥ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ يﺪﯿﻠﮐ ﻪﺘﮑﻧ و ﺖﺳا ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﭘ دﺮﺒﻫار

د ،ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ تﺎﻬﺟ زا ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﻣ رﺎﺘﻓر كر

ﺒﻃﺎﺨ ﺎ رو ن ﯽﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ و ﯽﺷز

ﻤﺼﺗ ﯿ ﻢ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ،ﯽﮑﯾﺮﭼ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ نﻮﭼ لﺎﺣ ﻦﯿﻋ رد و ﺖﺳا ﯽﺷزرو ناراﺪﯾﺮﺧ 70

و ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ﺪﺻرد ﺰﻫ

ﯾ ﻪﻨ ﺎﻫ ي تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ﻪﺑ فﻮﻄﻌﻣ ار دﻮﺧ

ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ و (ﯽﮑﯾﺮﭼ تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا) 30

ﺪﺻرد ﯽﻗﺎﺑ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ فﺮﺻ ار هﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﻣآ

ﯿ ﻪﺘﺨ ﺎﻫ ) ﻗﯿ ﺖﻤ راﺬﮔ ي ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ، و ﯽﻣ (ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ﻨﮐ

ﺪ،

ﻦﯾازا ور ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ يدﺮﺒﻫار

رد ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻨﯿﻣز

ﮥ ﺎﺑ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﯽﺷزرو نﺎﺒﻃﺎﺨﻣ تﺎﺤﯿﺟﺮﺗ و ﻖﺋﻼﻋ ،ﺎﻫزﺎﯿﻧ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ اﯾ

ﻦ ا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ و لﺎﺣ ﯽﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛ

زﺎﺑ ﯾﺮﭼ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرا دﻮﺒﻬﺑ رد ﯽﮑ

ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ و ﺎﻫ

ﺎﻫ رد يدﺮﺑرﺎﮐ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا زﻮﻨﻫ ﻨﯿﻣز

ﮥ عﻮﻧ ﻦﯾا شزرو ﺖﻌﻨﺻ رد ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ دﻮﺟو رﻮﺸﮐ

و دراﺪﻧ

ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ و ﺎﻫ

رد رﻮﺸﮐ شزرو ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ يﺎﻀﻓ رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻨﯿﻣز

ﮥ ﻪﺑ ﯽﮑﯾﺮﭼ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ يﺮﯿﮔرﺎﮐ ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻨﯿﻣز ﮥ ﺳا زا هدﺎﻔﺘ

ار ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﮏﺒﺳ ﻦﯾا ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ

ﮐ ﺪﻨ و ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﻪﺑ .دﻮﺷ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ شزرو ﺖﻌﻨﺻ رد ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ

ﻦﯾازا ور ﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا زا فﺪﻫ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺶ

ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ و ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﻫ ي رازﺎﺑ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯾﺑﺎ

ﯽ ﺮﭼ ﯾﮑ ﯽ ا شزرو رد ﯾ

ناﺮ ﺖﺳا .

1. Serazio

2. Davis

3. Gupta

4. Soomro

5. Girdwichai

6. Yagboyaju

(7)

ﯽ ﺮﭼ ﯾ ﮑ ﯽ ا شزرو رد ﯾ

ناﺮ يدﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ يﺎﻫرﺎﮑﻫار ﺎﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ

303

شور ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

زا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻮﺗ ،ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ شور ،يدﺮﺑرﺎﮐ فﺪﻫ ظﺎﺤﻟ

دﻮﺑ ﯽﺸﯾﺎﻤﯿﭘ يروآدﺮﮔ هﻮﯿﺷ و ﯽﻔﯿﺻ

؛ ﭻﯿﻫ نﻮﭼ يرﺎﮑﺘﺳد ﻪﻧﻮﮔ

ﻣ يور ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘ

ور زا ﻮﮕﻟا ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ياﺮﺑ ،لوا ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ رد .دﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﺨﯿﻣآ ،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ دﺮﮑﯾور سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ و ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧ ترﻮﺻ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ و ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ش

آ ياﺮﺑ و زا ﻮﮕﻟا نﻮﻣز

ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ ﯽﻤﮐ شور -

ﺗ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ تﻻدﺎﻌﻣ يﻮﮕﻟا ﺮﺑ ﯽﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ عﻮﻧ زا و ﯽﻠﯿﻠﺤ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ي

ﺪﺷ ﯿﻣآ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور . عﻮﻧ زا ﻪﺘﺨ

ا ﯽﻓﺎﺸﺘﮐ

ﺎﺼﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا زا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد هدﺎﻔﺘﺳادرﻮﻣ راﺰﺑا .دﻮﺑ ﯽﻤﮐ ﺲﭙﺳ و ﯽﻔﯿﮐ اﺪﺘﺑا ﯽﻨﻌﯾ ؛دﻮﺑ ﯽﻟاﻮﺘﻣ و ﻪﺒﺣ

ر ا ﻪﺑ نﺪﯿﺳ ﺪﺷ ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ يﺮﻈﻧ عﺎﺒﺷ

ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﮐ 39

ﻪﺳ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد و ﻪﯾﻮﮔ ﻔﻟﺆﻣ

ﮥ ﯽﻠﺻا ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﻫ ، ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ،ﺎﻫرﺎﮑﻫار و ترﻮﺻ

ﺞﻨﭘ ﺰﮔ ﯾﻨ ﻪا ي

ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ) تﺮﮑﯿﻟ ،ﻢﻘﻓاﻮﻣ

5 ﺘﻣا ﺎﺗ زﺎﯿ

،ﻢﻔﻟﺎﺨﻣ ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ 1

(زﺎﯿﺘﻣا .ﺪﺷ ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ ﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ياﺮﺑ (ﯽﻔﯿﮐ) لوا ﺶﺨﺑ رد

ﮥ يرﺎﻣآ ﭘ ار ﺶﻫوﮋ ادﺎﺘﺳا

ن و ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﺷزر

) رد ﻪﮐ ﻨﯿﻣز ﮥ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ مﺎﺠﻧا هداد و (ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ نادﺎﺘﺳا ﯽﻧﺎﮔرزﺎﺑ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ )

ﻨﯿﻣز رد ﻪﮐ رازﺎﺑ ﻪ

ﭼ ﯽﺑﺎﯾ ﯽﮑﯾﺮ ﻫوﮋﭘ ﺶ ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ هداد مﺎﺠﻧا

(ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ

، ﯽﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ ،داﺮﻓا ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ ترﻮﺻ يرﺎﯿﻌﻣ عﻮﻧ زا

) رد ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﮏﯾ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ﻪﮐ يداﺮﻓا زﻮﺣ

ة ﺑ و ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ و ﯽﺷزر

ﻟﺄﺗ و ﻪﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﻦﯾا رد ﯽﺒﺘﮐ ﺎﯾ و ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ هﺪﻧﺎﺳر پﺎﭼ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺟرﺎﺧ و ﯽﻠﺧاد ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻣ تﺎﯾﺮﺸﻧ رد ﯽﮑﯾﺮﭼ ﻒﯿ

ﺷاد ﺘﻪ ﺪﻧا

،(

ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ياﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ

بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ رد ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﺪﺷ

) ﺪﻧ 13 ﺎﺑ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ 13

(ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﻪﻣادا يﺮﻈﻧ عﺎﺒﺷا ﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ و ﺮﻔﻧ و

ﺨﺑ رد ) مود ﺶ (ﯽﻤﮐ ﺲﭘ وآدﺮﮔ زا ير

تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ماﺪﻗا ،ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ زا ﻞﺻﺎﺣ

ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ رد ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﯾا و ﻦﯿﺑ

ﺮﺸﻗ ود دﺎﺘﺳا نا ﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧاد اﺮﯾﺪﻣ و ﯽ زرو ن

ﯽﺷ

ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ﺪﺷ . نادﺎﺘﺳا ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯽﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧاد نادﺎﺘﺳا

نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد و رود

ة رد ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ يﺮﺘﮐد ﻧاد

هﺎﮕﺸ ﺎﻫ ي ازآ و ﯽﺘﻟود زاﺮﯿﺷ ﺮﻬﺷد

) 35 زاﺮﯿﺷ ﺮﻬﺷ شزرو ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ و (ﺮﻔﻧ )

ﻧوﺎﻌﻣ و ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺎ

ن رادا ة ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ،نﺎﻧاﻮﺟ و شزرو ﻞﮐ هﺎﮕﺷﺎﺑ

ﺎﻫ ي رد ﯽﺷزرو ﺮﻬﺷ ﺢﻄﺳ

ﺷ و زاﺮﯿ

ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺎﮕﺷوﺮﻓ ه ﺎﻫ ي (زاﺮﯿﺷ ﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﺷزرو تاﺰﯿﻬﺠﺗ و مﻼﻗا گرﺰﺑ )

149 ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ (ﺮﻔﻧ ﺪﺷ

. ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ مﺎﻤﺗ مﺎﺠﻧا رﺎﻤﺷ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ

. زا

ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ داﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﯾا ﮥ

ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ،هﺪﺷ 29 ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ نادﺎﺘﺳا

و نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد و 115

طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺷزرو ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ

ترﻮﺻ

ﺪﺷ هداد تدﻮﻋ ﺢﯿﺤﺻ )

عﻮﻤﺠﻣ رد 144

.(ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ

،ﯽﯾاور ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد ﯾ

ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ياﺮﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ

نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻦﺘﻣ و ﻪﺋارا ﻧ

ﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﯾﺮﻈ و ﻪﻌﻟ

دﯾ ﮔﺪ هﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﺎﻬﻧآ

لﺎﻤﻋا هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا ،نﺎﯾﺎﭘ رد . ﻂﺳﻮﺗ

نادﺎﺘﺳا ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽﻨﯿﺑزﺎﺑ و هﺪﺷ

و ﺎﯾ حﻼﺻا ﺖﻬﺟ يدراﻮﻣ ﺗ

ﺮﯿﯿﻐ ﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﮥ ﻬﻧ ﯽﯾﺎ ﺑﯿ نﺎ ﺪﺷ ه

ﯽﮑﯾ .ﺖﺳا زا

هار ﺎﻫ ي ،ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ نداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ

ﮥ ﯽﺳﺮﺑﺎﺴﺣ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ

نآ .ﺖﺳا ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻧﺎﻣز ،نآ ﻫ ﯽﺳﺮﺑﺎﺴﺣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ

ﺤﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴ ﺮﮕﯾد ﻖﻘ

ﻪﺑ ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ ﺮﯿﺴﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﻣ لﻮﻃ رد ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺘﻓررﺎﮐ

ﺪﻫد نﺎﺸﻧ ار ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼ ؛

ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ هداد

ﺎﻫ ﺸﻧ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ار ﺮﯿﺴﻣ نداد نﺎ

ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و دﻮﺧ تﺎﻤﯿﻤﺼﺗ ﺮﻗ

نداد را ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ هداد ﺎﻫ ي ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ،مﺎﺧ ،ﺎﻫﺪﮐ ،هﺪﺷ

ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﺎﻫ ، ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ وا فاﺪﻫا ،ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ و ﻪﯿﻟ

لاﺆﺳ ﺎﻫ رﺎﯿﺘﺧا رد

نادﺎﺘﺳا راﺮﻗ روﺎﺸﻣ و ﺎﻤﻨﻫار ﻖﯿﻗد ﯽﺳﺮﺑﺎﺴﺣ ﺎﺑ و داد

ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ناﺮﻈﻧ مﺎﻤﺗ ﯽﺘﺳرد مﺎﮔ

ﺎﻫ ي ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﺪﺷ . هوﻼﻋ ﯽﻧﻮﻨﮐ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ

شور زا ﻖﻓاﻮﺗ نورد ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﮥﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ

ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ ي مﺎﺠﻧا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺪﺷ

ه ياﺮﺑ .ﺖﺳا ﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ

ﮥ ﺼﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ شور ﺎﺑ ﻪﺒﺣﺎ

ﻖﻓاﻮﺗ نورد ود ﯽﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ) راﺬﮔﺪﮐ

ﺗ ﺪﺷ ﺖﺳاﻮﺧرد ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ يﺮﺘﮐد ﻊﻄﻘﻣ يﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﮏﯾ زا ،(بﺎﯾزرا ﻪﺑ ﺎ

رﺎﮑﻤﻫ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﭘ

ﺶﻫوﮋ

؛ﺪﻨﮐ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد (راﺬﮔﺪﮐ) شزﻮﻣآ

ﺎﻫ و ﻨﮑﺗ ﯿ ﮏ ﺎﻫ ي مزﻻ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ

ﺎﻫ هداد لﺎﻘﺘﻧا نﺎﺸﯾا ﻪﺑ ﺷ

رد .ﺪ ﺮﻫ ﮐ ماﺪ زا

ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﺮﻔﻧ ود ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻫﺪﮐ ،

، ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ

» ﻖﻓاﻮﺗ « ﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣﺮﯿﻏ يﺎﻫﺪﮐ و نا

» اﻮﺗ مﺪﻋ ﻖﻓ « ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﺷ ﺪ ﺲﭙﺳ .

ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ ار ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻪﺳ داﺪﻌﺗ ،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﻦﯾا هاﺮﻤﻫ دﺮﮐ

ﺪﻧ ﻮﺗ ﺪﺻرد و ﻪﮐ ﯽﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ نورد ﻖﻓا

ﻪﺑ ﯾﺎﭘ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﯽﯾﺎ

ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ رﺎﮐ ﻣ ﯽ دور

، يﺎﻫﺪﮐ ﻞﮐ داﺪﻌﺗ .ﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ نآ لﻮﻣﺮﻓ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﺖﺒﺛ

هﺪﺷ ود ﺮﻫ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻧ

ﻓ و ﻖﻘﺤﻣ) ﺮﻔ دﺮ

يرﺎﮑﻤﻫ (هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ

98 ﺎﻫﺪﮐ ﻦﯾا ﻦﯿﺑ تﺎﻘﻓاﻮﺗ ﻞﮐ داﺪﻌﺗ ، 38

ﺎﻫﺪﮐ ﻦﯾا ﻦﯿﺑ تﺎﻘﻓاﻮﺗ مﺪﻋ ﻞﮐ داﺪﻌﺗ و 22

ﺖﺳا ﻦﯿﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ . ،لﻮﻣﺮﻓ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ود

5/

77 ﺪﺻرد زا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا 60

ﺪﺻرد ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ

،ﺖﺳا دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ﺖﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ راﺬﮔﺪﮐ

ي ﺎﻫ .ﺖﺳا ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ درﻮﻣ

ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ و ﯽﯾاور رد ﭘ ﯽ لا سا رد ود ﺶﺨﺑ هﺪﯿﺠﻨﺳ ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ : (ﻒﻟا ﺶﺨﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ لﺪﻣ ﺎﻫ ي هزاﺪﻧا ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي و (ب ﺶﺨﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ لﺪﻣ

يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ .

لﺪﻣ ﻧا هزاﺪ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﻪﺑ ﻠﯿﺳو ﮥ ﺐﯾاﺮﺿ يﺎﻫرﺎﺑ

،ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ يﺎﻔﻟآ خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ و ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ . ﻠﻣﺎﻋ رﺎﺑ ﯽ زا ﻖﯾﺮﻃ

ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ راﺪﻘﻣ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ

ﺎﻫ ي ﮏﯾ هزﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ نآ هزﺎﺳ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﻪﮐ ﻦﯾا ﺮﮔا راﺪﻘﻣ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ و ﺎﯾ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ زا راﺪﻘﻣ 4 /0 دﻮﺷ

، ﺪﯾﺆﻣ

ﻦﯾا ﺐﻠﻄﻣ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻦﯿﺑ هزﺎﺳ و ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺎﻫ ي نآ زا ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو يﺎﻄﺧ هزاﺪﻧا ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي نآ هزﺎﺳ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ هدﻮﺑ و ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ رد درﻮﻣ نآ هزﺎﺳ

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304

ﻞﺑﺎﻗ لﻮﺒﻗ ﯽﯾاور صﻮﺼﺧ رد .ﺖﺳا اﻮﺘﺤﻣ

زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ مﺮﻓ

ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﯾاور ﯽﺠﻨﺳ وCVI

ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﯽﯾاورCVR

ﺪﺷ راﺪﻘﻣ . ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑCVR

داﺪﻌﺗ نادﺎﺘﺳا ) 8 ،(ﺮﻔﻧ 81 /0 راﺪﻘﻣ و زا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑCVI

82 /0 ﻪﺑ

؛ﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﺎﻣ راﺰﺑا يﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﯽﯾاور ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ

ﺪﺷ ﻪﮐ اﺮﮕﻤﻫ و اﺮﮔاو ﯽﯾاور .

ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ،ﺖﺳا يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ تﻻدﺎﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺪﺷ

.

ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ يﺎﻫرادﻮﻤﻧ و لواﺪﺟ زا ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ رﺎﻣآ ﺶﺨﺑ رد .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﻃﺎﺒﻨﺘﺳا رﺎﻣآ و ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ رﺎﻣآ ﺶﺨﺑ ود زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد نﺎﯿﺑ وﯾ ﮔﮋ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ي ﮏﯿﻓاﺮﮔﻮﻣد زا .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ و

مﺮﻧ راﺰﻓا

Max QDA

ﮥﺨﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ Pro

ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ

ﺎﻫ و

راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي ﺎﻫ زا .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺺﺧﺎﺷ

ﺎﻫ ي ﻪﺑ ﯽﮕﻟﻮﭼ و ﯽﮔﺪﯿﺸﮐ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ

هداد ﺎﻫ و ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ و (ندﻮﺑ ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃﺮﯿﻏ ﺎﯾ ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ)

ﻪﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ لﺪﻣ ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ و ﻢﺳر و ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ هزاﺪﻧا

ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي زا يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ لﺪﻣ و مﺮﻧ

ﺎﻫراﺰﻓا ي ﮥﺨﺴﻧSPSS

24 و

Smart PLS

ﮥﺨﺴﻧ

0/

2 .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا

ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

لوﺪﺟ 1 ﺖﯿﻌﺿو . ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﻮﺷ

ﻒﯾدر ﻦﺳ

ﺖﯿﺴﻨﺟ ﮥﻘﺑﺎﺳ

ﯽﻠﻐﺷ ﻒﯾدر

ﻦﺳ ﺖﯿﺴﻨﺟ

ﮥﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﯽﻠﻐﺷ

1 45

دﺮﻣ 20

8 35

دﺮﻣ

10 دﺮﻣ 46 9 36 دﺮﻣ 55 2

21

3 56

دﺮﻣ 31

10 47

دﺮﻣ 24

4 41

نز 18

11 53

دﺮﻣ

27 نز 52 12 38 دﺮﻣ 61 5

25

6 50

دﺮﻣ 23

13 64

دﺮﻣ

40 18 نز 43 7

ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ

ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﮏﯾ ﻪﺑ ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ ﯽﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺪﮐ ﺪﻨﭼ ،ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻦﯾا رد ﻣ

ﯽ دﻮﺷ هدروآ تﻻﻮﻘﻣ و ﯽﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ يﺎﻫﺪﮐ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ زﺎﺑ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺮﯾز لواﺪﺟ رد .

.ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ

لوﺪﺟ 2 راﺬﮔﺪﮐ . و ﻪﯾﻮﻧﺎﺛ ي ﻞﮑﺷ

ﻫد ﯽ تﻻﻮﻘﻣ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ و ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﻫ

ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ

ﺪﮐ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﻮﺷ

ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ ﻨﯾﺰﻫ

ﮥ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ P1, P2, P3, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9,

P10, P12, P13

يرﺎﮔﺪﻧﺎﻣ دﺎﯾز P1, P3, P8, P10, P11

ﻎﯿﻠﺒﺗ نﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺷاﺬﮔ كاﺮﺘﺷا ﻪﺑ P2, P5, P9, P12, P13

ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ نﺎﮑﻣا P2, P4, P5, P6, P11

عﻮﻨﺗ دﺎﯾز P5, P7, P8, P9, P10

ﻻﺎﺑ ﺖﯿﺑاﺬﺟ P6, P8, P9, P12

يﺮﺼﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﺒﯾز P2, P3, P4, P9, P11

مدﺮﻣ مﻮﻤﻋ لﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳا P1, P7, P8, P11

ﻞﺑﺎﻗ مﺎﯿﭘ ندﻮﺑ كرد P3, P6, P7, P10

نﺎﯾﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﯽﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﺶﻨﮐاو P2, P6, P9, P11

هﺎﮔآدﻮﺧﺎﻧ ﻦﻫذ ﺮﺑ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ P2, P4, P5, P7

ﺮﯿﮔرد ﺮﮐ ﻞﯿﺨﺗ ند P1, P5, P9, P10, P12

يﺮﯿﮕﻠﻓﺎﻏ ﺲﺣ دﺎﺠﯾا P1, P7, P8

ﻻﺎﺑ يروآﻮﻧ و ﺖﯿﻗﻼﺧ P4, P6, P9, P10, P13

ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﻫ ﻎﯿﻠﺒﺗ مﺎﯿﭘ زا ﺖﺳردﺎﻧ ﺮﯿﺴﻔﺗ

P2, P3, P5, P7, P8, P11

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ﯽ ﺮﭼ ﯾ ﮑ ﯽ ا شزرو رد ﯾ

ناﺮ يدﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ يﺎﻫرﺎﮑﻫار ﺎﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ

305

ﻎﯿﻠﺒﺗ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣﺎﻧ يﺮﯿﮔراﺮﻗ ﻞﺤﻣ P1, P2, P9

ﺋارا مﺪﻋ ﮥ ﻎﯿﻠﺒﺗ ﺐﺼﻧ ياﺮﺑ زﻮﺠﻣ P3, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9

ﺑﻮ ﻎﯿﻠﺒﺗ ﺐﺼﻧ زﻮﺠﻣ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ياﺮﺑ دﺎﯾز ﯽﺳاﺮﮐور P2, P3, P7, P9, P11

بآ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﻎﯿﻠﺒﺗ ﺮﺑ ﯽﯾاﻮﻫو

P1, P2, P7, P10

مدﺮﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﻊﻧﺎﻣ دﺎﺠﯾا P6, P8, P9, P11

ﯽﮑﯾﺮﭼ ﻎﯿﻠﺒﺗ يﻻﺎﺑ ﮏﺴﯾر P1, P2, P5, P6, P8

ﺮﻄﺧ دﺎﺠﯾا لﺎﻤﺘﺣا يﺎﻫ

ﺒﺗ ﺐﺼﻧ ﯽﭘ رد ﯽﻧﺎﺟ ﻎﯿﻠ

ﺮﭼ ﯾﮑ ﯽ ) رﻮﺘﮐژوﺮﭘ ﺑ ، رﻮﺒﻠﯿ

د ( ... و صﺎﺧ

P1, P2, P7

دوﺪﺤﻣ ﯾ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ - ﯽﺒﻫﺬﻣ P1, P3

رد ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ 23 ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ود ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ﯽﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺪﮐ ﻠﺻا

ﯽ ) ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ و ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﻫ .ﺪﺷ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا (

لوﺪﺟ 3 و ﻪﯾﻮﻧﺎﺛ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ . ﻞﮑﺷ

ﻫد ﯽ ﺎﻫرﺎﮑﻫار تﻻﻮﻘﻣ

ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ

ﺪﮐ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﻮﺷ

ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﺳاﺮﮐوﺮﺑ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ

P1, P2, P3, P12, P13

مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ رﯾ ﺰ ي و ﯽﺗﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ) يدﺮﺒﻫار ( P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, P11

ﯽﮑﯾﺮﭼ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﻢﯾﻮﻘﺗ ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ P1, P2, P3, P8, P9, P10, P11,

P13

هﺮﻬﺑ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻂﻠﺴﻣ ﯽﻐﯿﻠﺒﺗ ناروﺎﺸﻣ زا ﺮﭼ ﯽﺑ

P3, P4, P5, P6, P8, P9, P10, ﯽﮑﯾ P12

ﺟدﻮﺑ صﺎﺼﺘﺧا ﮥ

ﻎﯿﻠﺒﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ P1, P , P6, P7, P8, P9, P10,

P12, P13

زا يرادﺮﺑﻮﮕﻟا هژوﺮﭘ

ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﯽﺗﺎﻐﯿﻠﺒﺗ ﯽﮑﯾﺮﭼ

د ر

ﺶﺨﺑ ﺎﻫ ي رﻮﺸﮐ يﺮﮕﯾد P1 , P7, P8, P10, P11, P12

زا يرادﺮﺑﻮﮕﻟا هژوﺮﭘ

ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﯽﺗﺎﻐﯿﻠﺒﺗ ﯽﮑﯾﺮﭼ

د ر

شزرو رد ﺮﮕﯾد يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ P1, P2, P3, P4, P12, P13

ﻎﯿﻠﺒﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ مواﺪﻣ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا P4, P7, P8, P9, P12

ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﯽﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺶﻨﯿﺑ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﭼ

ﮑﯾﺮ ﯽ

شزرو رد P1, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P11,

P13

ﯽﮑﯾﺮﭼ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ زا ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺐﺴﮐ رد ﺮﺒﺻ P1, P2, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9

ﯽﺗﺎﻐﯿﻠﺒﺗ ﺎﻫﺮﻨﺑ ﻦﻤﯾا ﺐﺼﻧ

P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6

ﺎﻐﯿﻠﺒﺗ رد ﻪﻤﻫ ياﺮﺑ ﻢﻬﻓ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ت

P1, P2, P12, P13

دﺎﺠﯾا ﻠﺒﺗ ﯿ ﻎ ﺎﻫ ي ﺎﺟ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﻣ و ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﻣ

P1, P2, P3, P4, P12, P13

ﻪﺑ ﻎﯿﻠﺒﺗ مﺎﺠﻧا تﻮﻠﯾﺎﭘ ترﻮﺻ

P1, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P13

ﻎﯿﻠﺒﺗ رد يروآﻮﻧ و ﺖﯿﻗﻼﺧ P1, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, P12

ﻎﯿﻠﺒﺗ ﺐﺼﻧ ياﺮﺑ ﻖﯿﻗد ﯽﺑﺎﯾﺎﻤﻧﺎﺟ P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P12, P13

رد ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ 16 ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ود ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ﯽﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺪﮐ ﻠﺻا

ﯽ ) .ﺪﺷ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا (ﯽﺗﺎﻐﯿﻠﺒﺗ و ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ

يرﻮﺤﻣ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ :مود مﺎﮔ تﻻﻮﻘﻣ نﺎﻤﻫ ﻊﻗاورد ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يرﻮﺤﻣ يﺎﻫﺪﮐ رد جﺮﺨﺘﺴﻣ

ﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﮥ زﺎﺑ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ ﺘﺴﻫ

ﺪﻨ

؛ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻟﺎﭼ ﺶ ﺎﻫ و ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ، و

ﯽﺗﺎﻐﯿﻠﺒﺗ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يرﻮﺤﻣ يﺎﻫﺪﮐ

يرﻮﺤﻣ ﺪﮐ ود ،ﯽﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧا يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ رد ﺶﻟﺎﭼ

ﺎﻫ و ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار ﺮﺑ ﻣ

ﯽ ﺪﻧراﺬﮔ ﻞﮑﺷ) 1(

.

(10)

306

ﻞﮑﺷ 1 ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ لﺪﻣ ﯽﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧا يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ .

ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﻪﻣادا رد مﺮﻧ

راﺰﻓا ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﺑSPSS

وﯾ ﮔﮋ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ي ﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﺖ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﻫ ي زا ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﺲﭙﺳ و ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻊﻤﺟ

روآ ي

ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺎﻫ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ مﺮﻧ

راﺰﻓا

Smart PLS

و ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﻪﺑ

ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ةﺪﺷدﺎﺠﯾا يﺎﻫ .ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ هداد ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

ﺖﯿﺴﻨﺟ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﮥﻧﻮﻤﻧ

داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﮐ

7 / 84 ﺪﺻرد ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺗ رد دﺮﻣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ

ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ .

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﻫ ي رد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ةدر

ﯽﻨﺳ 35 ﺎﺗ 50 لﺎﺳ ) ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ 9/

72 ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .(ﺪﺻرد 5/

46 ﺪﺻرد ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ،ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ كرﺪﻣ 4/

24 ﺪﺻرد

و ﺪﺷرا ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ 1/

29 .ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد يﺮﺘﮐد كرﺪﻣ ﺪﺻرد

ﻦﯿﺑ ﯽﮕﻟﻮﭼ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ 3

و 3 - ﻦﯿﺑ ﯽﮔﺪﯿﺸﮐ و 5

و 5 -

؛دراد راﺮﻗ داﺪﻌﺗ ﺎﻣا

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﻫ ي زا ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ 200

ﺮﻔﻧ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺑ و

،ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﺮﻫ يازا 3

؛دراد دﻮﺟو ﻪﯾﻮﮔ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ

ا رد ﯾ ﻦ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ زا ، مﺮﻧ ﺎﻫراﺰﻓا ي راو ﯾ ﺲﻧﺎ رﻮﺤﻣ سا لا ﯽﭘ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا

ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ .

ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ شزاﺮﺑ لﺪﻣ ﺎﻫ ي هزاﺪﻧا ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي

، ﻪﺳ رﺎﯿﻌﻣ ﯽﯾاور ،ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ اﺮﮕﻤﻫ

و ﯽﯾاور اﺮﮔاو هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ و دﻮﺧ زا ﻪﺳ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ

ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺐﯾاﺮﺿ يﺎﻫرﺎﺑ

،ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﺐﯾاﺮﺿ يﺎﻔﻟآ و خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ

ترﻮﺻ ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﻣ

ﯽ ﺬﭘ ﯾ دﺮ ) لوﺪﺟ 4 .(

لوﺪﺟ 4 لﺪﻣ شزاﺮﺑ . هزاﺪﻧا

ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي

ﺎﻫرﺎﯿﻌﻣ نﻮﻣزآ

ﺎﻫ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ

ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ يﺎﻫرﺎﺑ ﺐﯾاﺮﺿ

زا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ 5/

0 7/ زا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ يﺎﻔﻟآ

0

ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ زا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ

7/

0

ور اﺮﮕﻤﻫ ﯽﯾا ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ

جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا ) هﺪﺷ ( AVE زا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ

4/

0

اﺮﮔاو ﯽﯾاور تﻻاﺆﺳ) لوا شور

طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻫ ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ دﻮﺧ نآ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ

ﺪﻧراد ﺎﺗ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺪﺷ ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ

(11)

ﯽ ﺮﭼ