Presenting A Human Resource Development Model in Sports Organizations with an Entrepreneurial Approach Using Grounded Theory (Case Study of

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Presenting A Human Resource Development Model in Sports Organizations with an Entrepreneurial Approach Using Grounded Theory (Case Study of

Lorestan Province)

Saeed Alisarlak¹ , Hamid Foroghipour²^ , Mohammad Nikravan³

1. Deprtment of physical education, borujerd branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] 2. Corresponding Author, Deprtment of physical education, borujerd branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran, Iran.

E-mail: [email protected]

3. Deprtment of physical education, borujerd branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article type:

Research Article

Article history:

Received:

17 1 January 2022 Received in revised form:

2 March 2022 Accepted:

5 March 2022 Published online:

1 January 2023

Keywords:

Human resources Development Entrepreneurship Sports

Lorestan

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to design a human resource development model in sports organizations with an entrepreneurial approach using grounded theory in Lorestan province. Considering philosophical underpinnings of research in interpretive paradigm, in terms of the purpose, the study was part of an exploratory research.

Methods: The method of work was qualitative in which grounded theory research strategy with a systematic approach was used. Data were collected through semi- structured interviews and then open, axial and selective coding was performed. The statistical population of the study was the managers of sports organizations in Lorestan province. Due to the theoretical saturation of the data, the participants of the study included 20 senior managers of sports organizations in Lorestan province.

Results: The findings showed that causal conditions consisted of the attitude and responsibility of sports organizations to entrepreneurship, central conditions included having entrepreneurial resource management and individual and organizational strategies, intervening conditions was composed of administrative and managerial system, contextual conditions comprised of entrepreneurship development and finding incentives for it and finally, consequences were individual and organizational development (job performance, job satisfaction and job quality).

Conclusion: Considering the increasing importance of human resources as an important factor in the transformation of organizations in the era of competition, the continuous development and improvement of human resources and their cultivation seems inevitable. Managers of sports organizations should plan for human resource training and pay special attention to entrepreneurial skills.

Cite this article: Alisarlak, S., Foroghipour, H., & Nikravan, M. (2023). presenting A Human Resource Development Model in Sports Organizations with an Entrepreneurial Approach Using Grounded Theory (Case Study of Lorestan Province).

Sport Management Journal,14 (4), 323-340.

¹^BDOI: http//doi.org/10.22059/JSM.2022.337572.2883

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ExtendedAbstract

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to design a human resource development model in sports organizations with an entrepreneurial approach using grounded theory in Lorestan province. Considering philosophical underpinnings of research in interpretive paradigm, in terms of purpose, the study was part of exploratory research.

Methods

The method of work was qualitative in which grounded theory research strategy with a systematic approach was used. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and then open, axial and selective coding was performed. The statistical population of the study was the managers of sports organizations in Lorestan province. Due to the theoretical saturation of the data, the participants of the study included 20 senior managers of sports organizations in Lorestan province.

Results

The findings showed that causal conditions consisted of the attitude and responsibility of sports organizations to entrepreneurship, central conditions included having entrepreneurial resource management and individual and organizational strategies, intervening conditions was composed of administrative and managerial system, contextual conditions comprised of entrepreneurship development and finding incentives for it and finally, consequences were individual and organizational development (job performance, job satisfaction and job quality).

Conclusion

Today, according to the necessity and importance of entrepreneurship, sports organizations should be able to use this blessing to achieve success and gain customer satisfaction and loyalty. In this research, the important factor in the development of human resources with an entrepreneurial approach in sports organizations was the type of attitude and responsibility of the organizations towards the issue of entrepreneurship.

Organizations' view of entrepreneurship and innovation should be changed and the traditional view in which they gave the least importance to entrepreneurship should be abandoned.

Therefore, sports organizations particularly need to use entrepreneurial and creative approaches in order to survive and stay competitive with other competitors, so that they can achieve their organizational goals by providing new solutions.

Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelines:

Funding: The research was done without using financial resources

Authors’ contribution: The authors have contributed equally

Conflict of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments: This research was done with the guidance of distinguished professors and the cooperation of research participants.

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ﻪﺋارا نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ لﺪﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ

ﺮﻈﻧ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﯾﻪ

هداد دﺎﯿﻨﺑ درﻮﻣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ) ي

( نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻟ نﺎﺘﺳا

ﯽﻠﻋ ﺪﯿﻌﺳ ﮏﻟﺮﺳ

، 1

ﯽﻏوﺮﻓ ﺪﯿﻤﺣ رﻮﭘ

2

، 

ناوﺮﮑﯿﻧ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ

3

1 . هوﺮﮔ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ ، دﺮﺟوﺮﺑ ﺪﺣاو ، ﯽﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،

دﺮﺟوﺮﺑ .ناﺮﯾا ، :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار : [email protected]

2 . ﺴﻣ هﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ وﺆ ،ل هوﺮﮔ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ ، دﺮﺟوﺮﺑ ﺪﺣاو ، ﯽﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،

دﺮﺟوﺮﺑ :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار .ناﺮﯾا ، [email protected]

3.

هوﺮﮔ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ ، دﺮﺟوﺮﺑ ﺪﺣاو ، دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯽﻣﻼﺳا

، دﺮﺟوﺮﺑ :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار .ناﺮﯾا ،

@yahoo.com 89

nikravan

ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا هﺪﯿﮑﭼ

:ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ عﻮﻧ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 27 / 10 / 1400

:يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 11

/ 12 / 1400

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺬﭘ ﯾ شﺮ : 14 / 12 / 1400

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رﺎﺸﺘﻧا : 11 / 10 / 1401

ﺪﯿﻠﮐ هژاو :ﺎﻫ ،ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ

،ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ

،ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ

،شزرو نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻟ ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ

: ﺪﻫ ﺣاﺮﻃ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا ف ﯽ

ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ لﺪﻣ ﯽ

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﺎﻫ ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ور ﺎﺑ ﯾ دﺮﮑ ﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ﯾ ﻪﻧﺎﻨ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ

ﺮﻈﻧ ﯾﻪ ﻨﺑ هداد ﯿ دﺎ رد نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻟ نﺎﺘﺳا دﻮﺑ

.

:ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور ا

تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ءﺰﺟ فﺪﻫ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ زا ،ﯽﯾاﺮﮔﺮﯿﺴﻔﺗ ﻢﯾادارﺎﭘ رد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﯽﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﺚﯿﺣ زا ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﯾ

ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ رﺎﮐ ياﺮﺟا شور و ﯽﻓﺎﺸﺘﮐا دﻮﺑ

هداد يزادﺮﭘ ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ دﺮﺒﻫار زا ﻪﮐ مﺎﻈﻧ ﺖﻓﺎﯿﻫر ﺎﺑ دﺎﯿﻨﺑ

ﺎﺑ و ﺪﻨﻣ

هداد ،ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﻤﯿﻧ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺎﻫ

ﻊﻤﺟ ﺤﻣ ،زﺎﺑ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ و يروآ مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧا و يرﻮ

.ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يرﺎﻣآ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ .ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻟ نﺎﺘﺳا ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ

نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ هداد يﺮﻈﻧ عﺎﺒﺷا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺎﻫ

20 ﺮﻔﻧ

ﺪﻣ زا ﯾ ناﺮ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺪﺷرا ﺎﻫ

ي ﺷزرو ﯽ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻟ نﺎﺘﺳا .ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ

:ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ اﺮﺷ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻫ ﯾ

ﻂ ﻠﻋ ﯽ ﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ و شﺮﮕﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯿ

ﺖ ﺎﻫ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﯾﻨ

ﯽ

، اﺮﺷ ﯾ ﻂ

رﻮﺤﻣ ي ﺪﻣ ﻦﺘﺷاد ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯾﺮ

ﯾ ﺖ ﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯾ

ﻪﻧﺎﻨ يﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار ؛ يدﺮﻓ

و ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ؛ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ

ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺮﮔ

مﺎﻈﻧ ﻦﺘﺷاد يرادا

و ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ؛ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻦﺘﺷاد يا و

قﻮﺸﻣ ﯽﯾﻮﺟ اد ﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﯿﭘ و ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻦﺘﺷ

و يدﺮﻓ

دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ) ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺖﯾﺎﺿر ،يرﺎﮐ

ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ و ﯽﻠﻐﺷ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ (يرﺎﮐ

.

:يﺮﯿﮔ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ لﻮﺤﺗ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ نوﺰﻓازور ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ

،ﺖﺑﺎﻗر ﺮﺼﻋ رد ﺎﻫ و ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ

و ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ شروﺮﭘ

ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ يروﺮﺿ ،ﺮﯾﺬﭘﺎﻧ بﺎﻨﺘﺟا يا ﯽﻣ

ﺪﺳر . ﺪﻣ ﯾ ناﺮ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺷزرو ﯽ

ﺎﺑﯾ ﺪ ﻣز رد ﯿ ﻪﻨ ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ شزﻮﻣآ ﯽ

ر ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﯾﺰ ي ترﺎﻬﻣ ﻪﺑ و هدﺮﮐ ﺎﻫ

ي ﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ﯾ ﻪﻧﺎﻨ و هﺎﮕﻧ ﯾ هﮋ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد .

دﺎﻨﺘﺳا : ﮏﻟﺮﺳ ﯽﻠﻋ ، ﺪﯿﻌﺳ

؛ ﯽﻏوﺮﻓ رﻮﭘ ، ﺪﯿﻤﺣ و ؛ ناوﺮﮑﯿﻧ ، ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ) 1401 .(

دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻬﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ لﺪﻣ ﻪﺋارا هداد ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ

(نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻟ نﺎﺘﺳا يدرﻮﻣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ) دﺎﯿﻨﺑ .

ﻪﯾﺮﺸﻧ ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ،)

4(

14

، 340 - 323 .

7572.2883

2022.33 JSM.

/ 10.22059 DOI: http//doi.org/

ﺎﻧ :ﺮﺷ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ

و ﯽﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ .

.نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ©

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326

نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ،مرﺎﻬﭼ ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ 1401

ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد هزوﺮﻣا ﻪﮐ ﯽﺘﺑﺎﻗر ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ رد ﻪﺑ و ﯽﻧورد ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ،دراد دﻮﺟو ﺎﻫ

،ﺖﺳا رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﯽﯾﻻﺎﺑ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا زا ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ صﻮﺼﺧ

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ اﺮﯾز ﻦﺘﺷاد رﺎﯿﺘﺧا رد مﺰﻠﺘﺴﻣ هﺪﯿﭽﯿﭘ و ﯽﺘﺑﺎﻗر ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﻦﯾا رد ﺎﻫ

،ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺴﯾﺎﺷ و ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ ،ﺪﻣآرﺎﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻫوﺮﯿﻧ

ﻢﻬﻣ ﯽﺑ و هدﻮﺑ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺮﻫ ﯽﺘﺑﺎﻗر ﺖﯾﺰﻣ و ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﺤﻣ و ﻢﻬﻣ يﺎﻫﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ زا ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﮏﺷ

ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ رد يرﻮ

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و رﻮﭘﺎﺿر) ﺖﺳا 1395

.(

ﺎﺳ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ياﺮﺑ و ﺖﺳا نآ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا يوﺮﯿﻧ ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺮﻫ يﺎﻨﺑﺮﯾز نﺎﻣز

ﻪﺘﺴﯾﺎﺷ زا ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ رد داﺮﻓا ﻦﯾﺮﺗ

ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﺗ ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻦﯾ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻌﻣﺎﺟ) دﺮﮐ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﻠﻐﺷ يﺎﻫ

1400 .(

ﺴﺑ ﯿ رﺎ ي ﺪﻣ زا ﯾ ناﺮ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻤﻬﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ار ﯽ

ﻣ ﯽ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻧاد

ﻣ ﯽ د ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﯾ

ﺮﮕ ﻟﺎﻣ) ﯽ ﻬﺴﺗ ، ﯿ ﺗﻼ ﯽ دﺎﻣ و ي ﺛﺄﺗ ( ﯿﺮ ار ﺎﻬﻧآ و دراﺬﮕﺑ يﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ

ﺪﺒﺗ ﯾ ﻞ ﺪﻨﮐ ) ﻻدﺎﻣ و يرودﻼﭼ ،1

.( 2006 ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ

ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯽ

اراد ي ﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ي ﺎﻫ ﯾ ي ﻪﭼرﺎﭙﮑ و ﯾ ﮏ ور ﯾ دﺮﮑ اﺮﺑ ﻢﺠﺴﻨﻣ ي

ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ﺘﺳد لﺎﺒﻧد ﻪﺑ و ﺖﺳا لﺎﻐﺘﺷا ﯿﺑﺎ

ﯽ ﻪﺑ ﯾ ﮏ ﺰﻣ ﯾ ﺖ ﺘﺑﺎﻗر ﯽ زا

ﺮﻃ ﯾ ﻖ ﯾ ﮏ ﻧﯿ وﺮ ي ﺴﺑ رﺎﮐ ﯿ رﺎ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ،ﺪﻨﻤﻧاﻮﺗ و ﺪﻬﻌﺘﻣ ا

ي ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ زا رﯾ ﺰ ي ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯽ

ﺳ ، ﯿ ﺖﺳﺎ ﺎﻫ شور و ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ ﺪﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯾﺮ

ﯾ ﺖ

داﺮﻓا ﯾﺎ ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﻣ ﺮﺑ رد ار هﺮﯿﻏ و ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا ،نداد شادﺎﭘ ،شزﻮﻣآ ،يﺮﮕﻟﺎﺑﺮﻏ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﯽ

دﺮﯿﮔ ) رﻮﻠﯿﺗ و ﮓﻧاﺮﺘﺴﻣرآ ،2

2014 و ﺖﯿﺒﺴﯾآ ؛

ﯽﯾﻮﻫ ،3

.( 2015 ﺮﻌﺗ ﻖﺒﻃ ﯾ ﻒ ﺮﺗﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا ،قﻮﻓ ﯾ

ﻦ اراد ﯽﯾ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا

،ﺖﺳا ﯾ ﻨﻌ ﯽ داﺮﻓا ي اﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ي ﻣ رﺎﮐ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯽ

ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ و ﺪﻨﻨﮐ

ﻌﻤﺟ و ﻪﻧﺎﮔاﺪﺟ ﯽ

ﺘﺳد رد ﯿﺑﺎ ﯽ ﻬﺳ نآ فاﺪﻫا ﻪﺑ ﯿ

ﻢ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ) ، ﮓﻧاﺮﺘﺴﻣرآ .( 2006

ا ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ ﯾ

ﻦ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ، ﺪﻣ زا ﺎﻫ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ اﺮﺑ لﺎﻐﺘﺷا ي

ﺘﺳد ﯿﺑﺎ ﯽ

ﻪﺑ ﯾ ﮏ ﺰﻣ ﯾ ﺖ ﺘﺑﺎﻗر ﯽ ﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽ .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ اﯾ ﻦ ﺮﻃ زا ﺮﻣا ﯾ ﻖ ﺎﻤﺘﻣ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﯾﺰ

ﺳ ﯿ ﺖﺳﺎ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ، شور و ﺎﻫ ﺎﻫ

ﯾ ي ﻪﭼرﺎﭙﮑ ﻣ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ) ﺮﻠﺳد ،4

.(2008 ﯽﺗﺮﻫود )5

1998 ( ﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽ ﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد ي

ﺎﻫ ي ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻣ

ﯽ ﺘﻧ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ ﯿ

ﻪﺠ رﺎﺘﻓر ي ﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا و ﯽ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ

ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ .ﺪﻧراﺬﮕﺑ د ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯾ

هﺎﮔﺪ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ،ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﯾ ﯽ

ﮏ ور ﯾ دﺮﮑ ﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﯾ ﮏ فاﺪﻫا ﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ

و ﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﯽ

ﺘﺳد ﯿﺑﺎ ﯽ ﺖﺳا ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺘﻣ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻪﺑ )

ﻦﮐاﺮﯾو ،6

.( 2016

ﯾ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ و نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﮑ

ﯽ ﻢﻬﻣ زا ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ اراد ﯽﯾ ﺎﻫ ﯾﺎ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯾ ﮏ ز ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯾ

اﺮ ﻘﻓﻮﻣ و ﺪﺷر رد ﯿ

ﺖ ﺪﻧراد ﺶﻘﻧ نآ )

آﯾ ﺒﺴ ﯿ ﺖ ﻮﻫ و ﯽﯾ

، (. 2015 ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻨﯿﺴﺣ) ﺖﺳا دﻮﺧ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا يوﺮﯿﻧ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻓﺎﮐ و ﻖﯿﻤﻋ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ ﺮﻫ يﺎﻘﺑ طﺮﺷ هزوﺮﻣا 1397

.(

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ

ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯽ

ا ﻪﺑ ﯾ هﺪ ترﺎﻬﻣ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا و ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﺶﻧاد و ﺎﻫ

ﯽ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﯾ

ﮏ صﺎﺧ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ نآ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ شزﻮﻣآ و ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ

اﺰﻓا و دﻮﺒﻬﺑ فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﯾ

ﺶ ﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﯽ

دراد هرﺎﺷا )

نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺖﺳارﺎﭘ ﯽﺘﯿﺴﻣﺮﺟ ،7

.(2019 ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺪﻧور ﯽ

ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻧ

ﺗ شزﻮﻣآ و ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ،داﺮﻓا شزﻮﻣآ و ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﯿ

ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ ﺖﺳا نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ نآ رد ﻞﻏﺎﺷ داﺮﻓا زا )

نﻮﺘﻠﯾو ،8

( .2016 اﯾ ﻦ ﺗ و داﺮﻓا ﯿ ﻢ ﻠﺻا فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ ﯽ

اﺰﻓا ﯾ ﺶ دﺮﻓ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ي

ﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ و ﯽ ﻣ شزﻮﻣآ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﯽ

ﺑﯿ ﺪﻨﻨ . ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﯽ

ﻢﻬﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺞﻨﭘ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﯾ

ﻨﻌ ﯽ ﺪﺷر ﺪﻨﻣرﺎﮐ يدﺮﻓ ،

ﭘﯿ ﺖﻓﺮﺸ ﻠﻐﺷ ﯽ ﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ،ﺪﻨﻣرﺎﮐ ﯿﻤ

ﮏﯾ ﯽ ﺗﯿ ﻢ داﺮﻓا زا ﻞﮑﺸﺘﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ

ﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ، ﯾ ﯽ

ﮏ ﻞﻏﺎﺷ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و شزﻮﻣآ ﺪﻧور و ﺖﮐﺮﺷ

رد ﯾ ﮏ ﺖﺳا صﺎﺧ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ )

ﮏﺳاﺮﮐ و سﺮﺗاو ،9

( .2016 ا ﻪﻤﻫ ﯾ ﻦ ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺪﻧور ﻞﮐ ﻊﻗاو رد ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﯽ

ﺮﻌﺗ ار ﯾ ﻒ ﺒﺗ و ﯿﯿ ﻦ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ

) ﻞﯿﻧد و ﮏﻨﯿﺳ

10 ، (2016 ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ .ﺖﺳا ﯽﺻﺎﺧ ﯽﯾاﺮﺟا يﺎﻫرﺎﮑﻫار و دﺮﺒﻫار ﺪﻨﻣزﺎﯿﻧ ،نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺮﻫ رد ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ .

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ ،ﺎﻫ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ و ﺎﻫ

ﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﯾﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ ن

دﻮﺷ ) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و رﻮﭘﺎﺿر (1395

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﯽﻠﺻا فﺪﻫ .

ﺶﻟﺎﭼ و تﻼﮑﺸﻣ زا يﺮﯿﮔﻮﻠﺟ و دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﯽﻠﻌﻓ تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﻞﺣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻞﯾﻻد ﻪﺻﻼﺧ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ .ﺖﺳا نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﯽﺗآ يﺎﻫ

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻂﯿﺤﻣ نﺪﺷ ﯽﺸﻟﺎﭼ :ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﯿﯿﻐﺗ ،يروآﻮﻧ و ﺖﯿﻗﻼﺧ نوﺰﻓازور بﺎﺘﺷ ،ﺎﻫ

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯽﺒﺴﻧ ﺖﯾﺰﻣ ﺮ يﺎﻫوﺮﯿﻧ زا ﺎﻫ

1. Chelladurai & Madella

2. Armstrong & Taylor

3. Aisbett & Hoye

4. Dessler

5. Doherty

6. Weerakoon

7. Jermsittiparsert

8. Wilton

9. Waters & Craske

10. Saengchai

(5)

...ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻬﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ لﺪﻣ ﻪﺋارا

327

ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ياﺮﺑ ﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ و تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا و تﺎﻋﻼﻃا يروﺎﻨﻓ رﻮﻬﻇ و زوﺮﺑ ،رﺎﮐ و ﺐﺴﮐ ﻂﯿﺤﻣ رد ﺪﯾﺪﺷ ﺖﺑﺎﻗر ،ﺶﻧادﺎﺑ و قﻼﺧ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ يﺪﯾ .ﺖﺳا ﺮﺘﻬﺑ و ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﻟﺎﺣ رد

ﯽ ﻪﮐ ﯾ ﮏ اﺮﺑ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ي

ﺘﺳد ﯿﺑﺎ ﯽ زﺎﺳﺪﻨﻤﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ دﻮﺧ فاﺪﻫا ﻪﺑ ي

ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﯽ ﻧﯿ زﺎ هزﺎﺟا وا ﻪﺑ ﺎﻣا ،دراد

ﻤﻧ ﯽ ﻧﻻﻮﻃ رد ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد ﯽ

ﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ تﺪﻣ ﯿ

ﺖ ﺖﺳد ﯾ ﺪﺑﺎ ) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻠﯿﻠﺟ .( 1399

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد رد نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ و ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ،ﯽﺘﺑﺎﻗر رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ دﻮﺟو مﺪﻋ ﺰﯿﻧ و ﮏﯿﺗاﺮﮐوﺮﺑ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻞﯿﻟد ﻪﺑ ،رﻮﺸﮐ ﯽﺘﻟود يﺎﻫ

لﺎﺳ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﺮﯿﺧا يﺎﻫ )

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺮﻓ ﯽﻔﯾﺮﺷ (1397

و ﺖﯿﻌﻃﺎﻗ مﺪﻋ ،ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ نﺎﻨﯿﻤﻃا مﺪﻋ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .

ﺶﻟﺎﭼ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ياﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ يﺎﻫرﺎﮑﻫار زا ﯽﮑﯾ ،دﺎﯾز يﺎﻫ هﺪﻧز و ﺎﯾﻮﭘ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻪﺑ و ﺪﻨﻫد قﺎﺒﻄﻧا ﻊﯾﺮﺳ تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﺎﺑ ار دﻮﺧ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﯽﺘﻟود يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ﺖﻤﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺶﯾاﺮﮔ ،ﺪﻨﻫد ﻪﻣادا دﻮﺧ تﺎﯿﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺑ

ﺪﺷﺎ ) ، ﮏﺳاﺮﮐ و سﺮﺗاو .( 2016

يدﺮﺒﻫار راﺰﺑا ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا يﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ

هﺪﺷ ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ ﻊﻣاﻮﺟ رد يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ داﺮﻓا يزﺎﺳﺪﻨﻤﻧاﻮﺗ مﺰﯿﻧﺎﮑﻣ و هﺪﯾا شروﺮﭘ و ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ،ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ دﺎﺠﯾا مﺰﻠﺘﺴﻣ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا

اﺮﺑ ) ﺖﺳا ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ يﺎﻫﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ ياﺮﺟا ي

،يرﻮﭘ نﻮﮕﯿﻣ و ﯽﮔرﺰﺑ ﻊﻣﺎﺟ .( 1400

ﺮﺑ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ﺎﺑ و ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ اﺬﻟ

هﺎﮕﺘﺳد يﺮﯾﺬﭘ قﺎﺒﻄﻧا ناﻮﺗ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ياﺮﺑ يرﺎﮑﻫار ﺪﯾﺎﺷ ،ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ،يدﺮﻓ ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ رد تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﺎﻘﺗرا و ﺎﻫ

ﺖﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ و ﺎﻫ

ﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﯾﺎﻫ ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ و ﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ياﺮ

ﯽﻣ دﺎﺠﯾا ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ يﺎﻫ دﺮﮑﯾور ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .ﺪﯾﺎﻤﻧ

ﯽﻣ ار ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ناﻮﺗ

ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ ﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺖﯿﺒﺜﺗ و فاﺪﻫا ندﺮﮐ ﯽﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ فﺪﻫ ﻪﺑ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔ ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا يﺮﯿﮔ

ﯽﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا نآ زا نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ زاﺪﻧا ﻢﺸﭼ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ

) زﺮﭘ - نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﻮﻧﻮﻟ

1، (2010 ياراد ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ دﺮﮑﯾور . 5

ﯽﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ ،يروآﻮﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﮐ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

ﮏﺴﯾر ﺳا ،ﯽﻣﺎﮕﺸﯿﭘ ،يﺮﯾﺬﭘ .ﺖﺳا ﻪﻧارﻮﺴﺟ ﺖﺑﺎﻗر و ﯽﯾاﺮﮔ لﻼﻘﺘ

نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و نﺎﺧ

2 ) 2021 نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ (

دراد ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ تﺎﯿﻧ رد يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ .

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺴﻣ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ ظﺎﺤﻟ زا ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ،ﺪﻧراد ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد ﯽﺘﻣﻼﺳ و شزرو ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز رد ﺖﻟﺎﺳر و ﺖﯿﻟﻮﺌ

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا رد ﮏﯿﺗاﺮﮐوﺮﺑ ﻼﻣﺎﮐ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ .ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﻤﻧ ﺎﻫ

دﻮﺷ ﯽﻌﺳ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﺲﭘ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

يروآﻮﻧ زا ﮏﻤﮐ ﺖﻬﺟ رد نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﯽﺗاذ يﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا و ﺎﻫ ﻧﺎﺳر

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺖﻟﺎﺳر مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺑ ﯽ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ دﺮﮑﯾور .دﻮﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ صﻮﺼﺨﺑ ﯽﺘﻟود يﺎﻬﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا رد ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ار ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ دﺮﮑﯾور نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ .دﻮﺷ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ

ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺮﺑ ﯽﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ تﺎﯿﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ

ﺖﮐﺮﺷ و ﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ ﮏﻤﮐ ﺎﻫ

ار ﺎﻬﻧآ و ﺪﻨﮐ ﯽﻣ هدﺎﻣآ شزرا دﺎﺠﯾا ياﺮﺑ

ﺪﻨﮐ ) ،ﻞﯿﻧد و ﮏﻨﯿﺳ .( 2016

ﻦﺘﺷاد

و ﺶﻧاد ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﺑ ﯽﯾورﺎﯾور ياﺮﺑ مزﻻ ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ يﺎﻫ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﻪﮐ يداﺮﻓا ياﺮﺑ ،شزرو ﺖﻌﻨﺻ رد هﮋﯾو ﻪﺑ ،ﺎﻫ

،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ

ﺖﺳا ﯽﻣاﺰﻟا )

ﻻدرﺎﮐ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و3

.(2021 ﯽﻌﯿﺳو دﺎﻌﺑا ياراد ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ دﺮﮑﯾور نﺎﺸﻧ ،ﯽﻓﺮﻃ زا ،ﺖﺳا

ﺖﺳﺎﯿﺳ هﺪﻨﻫد ﺖﺳا ﯽﯾﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟا و ﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ تﺎﻣاﺪﻗا و تﺎﻤﯿﻤﺼﺗ ياﺮﺑ يرﻮﺤﻣ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ دﺮﮑﯾور ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .ﺪﻨﮐ

يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ يﺎﻫﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ زا ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

ناﺮﯿﮔ ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ ﻪﺘﺴﯾﺮﮕﻧ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ ،ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ فﺪﻫ ﻊﺿو ياﺮﺑ نآ زا يﺪﯿﻠﮐ

ﺖﯾﺰﻣ ﻖﻠﺧ و زاﺪﻧا ﻢﺸﭼ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﺘﺑﺎﻗر يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ) ﺪﻨﻟﺮﯾآ ،ﺖﯿﻫ ،چار ،4

(2009 نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ندﺮﮐﺪﻨﻤﻧاﻮﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ مزﻻ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺺﯿﺼﺨﺗ ياﺮﺑ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺮﮕﯾد فﺮﻃ زا .

هﺪﯾا ﻖﻠﺧ ياﺮﺑ ﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺢﻄﺳ يﺎﻘﺗرا و ﯽﻠﻌﻓ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ و تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ رد يروآﻮﻧ ،ﺪﯾﺪﺟ تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ و ﺎﻫ

ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺖﻬﺟ رد ﺎﺒﻗر ﻪ يﺎﻫ

ﺖﺳا ﯽﺘﺑﺎﻗر رازﺎﺑ رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ )

، ﮏﺳاﺮﮐ و سﺮﺗاو .(2016

نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﻦﯿﮑﭙﻣﻻ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ )5

2009 نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ،(

ﯽﻣ ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﻫاﻮﺧ

ﯽﺘﺴﯾﺎﺑ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﻖﻓﻮﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ .ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ دﺮﮑﯾور

،يروآﻮﻧ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ يدﺎﻌﺑا ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﻪﮐ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ دﺮﮑﯾور

ﮏﺴﯾر لﻼﻘﺘﺳا ،ﯽﻣﺎﮕﺸﯿﭘ ،يﺮﯾﺬﭘ هﺪﺷ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا ﻪﻧارﻮﺴﺟ ﺖﺑﺎﻗر و ﯽﺒﻠﻃ

ﻪﺘﺷاﺬﮔ ﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا يﺪﯿﻔﻣ راﺰﺑا ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻧا

ﯽﻣ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ار نآ و ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ .ﺪﺸﺨﺑ

ﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ و داﺮﻓا ﻂﺳﻮﺗ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ نورد ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ زﺎﻏآ ن

ﯽﻣ اﺪﯿﭘ مواﺪﺗ و دﻮﺷ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد .ﺪﻨﮐ

ﯽﻣ ﻪﺑ ،نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﺶﻧاد لدﺎﺒﺗ و يﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﮏﺴﯾر ،يروآﻮﻧ ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﮏﺴﯾر و وﺮﺸﯿﭘ ،روآﻮﻧ ،ﺶﯾﺎﻀﻋا ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

1. Perez

2 . Khan

3 . Cardella

4. Roach, Hitt, Ireland, Camp & Sexton

5. Lumpkin

(6)

328

نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ،مرﺎﻬﭼ ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ 1401

ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ حﺮﻄﻣ تروﺮﺿ ﮏﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ )

ﺳ ﯿ ﮏﻨ ﻧد و ﯿ ﻞ ، ( .2016 ﻣ ﺮﺑ ﯽﻨﺘﺒﻣ هﺎﮔﺪﯾد ﺎﺑ ،هﺎﮕﻧ عﻮﻧ ﻦﯾا ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﻊﺑﺎﻨ

ﯽﻣ ﺪﯿﮐﺎﺗ ﯽﺘﺑﺎﻗر ﺖﯾﺰﻣ ﺐﺴﮐ و ﻻﺎﺑ يروآدﻮﺳ ،ﺪﺷر كﺮﺤﻣ اراد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا روﺎﺑ ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﺑ ﯽﻨﺘﺒﻣ هﺎﮔﺪﯾد .ﺖﺳا رﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ،ﺪﯾﺎﻤﻧ

ﯽﮔﮋﯾو ﺎﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﯿﻈﻧ يﺪﯿﻠﮐ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ندﻮﺑ شزرا نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

ﻼﺧ و روآﻮﻧ ،ندﻮﺑ دﺮﻓ ﻪﺑﺮﺼﺤﻨﻣ ،ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآ ﯽﻣ ندﻮﺑ ق

ﺖﯾﺰﻣ ﻖﻠﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

شﺮﮕﻧ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﻞﻤﻋ رﺎﮑﺘﺑا ،يروآﻮﻧ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ،ﯽﺘﺑﺎﻗر ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .ﺪﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﮏﻤﮐ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ نورد ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ يﺎﻫ

ﻞﯿﺧد ﺎﻬﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ رد ار ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ،ﺎﻬﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ﺪﺷر و ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺗ دﺮﮐ

ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻬﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ .ﺪﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﮏﻤﮐ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ يروآﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻖﯾﻮﺸﺗ ﻪﺑ زﺎﯿﻧ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ وﺮﺑور نآ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ سﺎﺴﺣا ﺶﯿﭘ زا ﺶﯿﺑ دﻮﺧ رد ار ﺶﺨﺑ رد دﻮﺧ يروآﻮﻧ .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ

ﻢﺸﭼ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ ﯽﯾاﺮﺟا و ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ و يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ،رﺎﺘﻓر ،زاﺪﻧا

ﺷ دﻮ ) ،ﻞﭼ

سﺎﺗارﺎﮐ و ﻮﻠﭘﻮﻟﻮﮑﯿﻧ ،1

.(2010 نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯽﻣ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯽﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺶﺨﺑ رد ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ دﻮﺧ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻠﮑﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ عﻮﻧ و ﺪﻨﻨﮐ

ﯽﻣ ﻪﺋارا ﻪﮐ ﯽﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧ رد ار تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﻦﯾا و ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﺎﯿﻧد تﻻﻮﺤﺗ و تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﺎﺑ ار نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺮﮔا ﺪﻨﻫد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺪﻨﻫد

ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺘﻧ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ

ياراد ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧراد زﺎﯿﻧ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻂﯿﺤﻣ و ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﻦﯾا رد ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺪﺷ ﺪﻨﻫاﻮﺧ جرﺎﺧ ﺖﺑﺎﻗر ﻪﻨﺤﺻ زا ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﮓﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﺎﺑ ار دﻮﺧ ﻢﻬﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ اﺮﯾز ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ و ﻪﻧاروآﻮﻧ دﺮﮑﯾور نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﯽﺸﺨﺑ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ

ﯽﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ ﺖﺨﺳ و ﯽﺘﺑﺎﻗر ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ

اﺪﺗ .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻦﯿﻤﻀﺗ ار نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ تﺎﯿﺣ مو رد

ﯾ ﮏ ﺷزرو نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽ

ﺑﺮﻣ ، ﯿ نﺎ ﺎﺳ و ﯾﺮ ﺖﻟﺎﺳر ناﺪﻨﻣرﺎﮐ ﺖﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ و

ﺼﺨﺸﻣ ﺪﻧراد ﯽ ﻢﻬﺳ و

ﻤﻬﻣ ﯽ اﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .ﺪﻧراد نآ مﺎﺠﻧا هار رد ﯾ

ﻦ ﺘﺳد ،نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﯿﺑﺎ

ﯽ اﺮﺑ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ شادﺎﭘ هﻮﺤﻧ و فاﺪﻫا ﻪﺑ ي

ﺷزرو نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻞﮐ هﺎﻓر ﯽ

ﻤﻫا زا ﯿ ﺖ

ﯾ ﻧﺎﺴﮑ ﯽ ﺖﺳا رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ )

ﻫ ،چار ﯿ

،ﺖ آ ﯾ ﺪﻨﻟﺮ ، .( 2009 ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺑ زا

ﯿ ﻦ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﺎﻫ ي ﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﯽ ﻪﮐ رد شزرو دراد ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ،

ﯽ

اﺮﺑ ي ﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﯿ ﺖ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺮﻫ ﯿﺘ ﯽ ﺸﻘﻧ ﯽ ﺳﺎﺳا ﯽ ز ،ﺪﻧراد ﯾ اﺮ اﯾ ﺎﻬﻨ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯾ

ﮏ ﻟﺎﺗﺎﮐ ﯿ روﺰ اﺮﺑ ي ﺎﻫدراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا ي

ﺪﻣ ﺪﻣآرﺎﮐ ﯾﺮ

ﯾ ﺖ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﺮﻫ رد

ﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﯽ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ) ﺗﯿ رﻮﻠ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ( ،2015

ﺪﺑ ﯾﻬ ﯽ ﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯿ

ﺖ ﺷﻼﺗ ﺮﻫ ﯽ اﺮﺑ ي ز ﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ شزرو ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﯾ

دﺎ ي ﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾ ﺎﺷ و ﯾ ﮕﺘﺴ ﯽ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ

ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﯽ ﮕﺘﺴﺑ ﯽ دراد ) ،يارودﻼﭼ (. 2006

ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯾ ﯽ

ﮏ اﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ،ﺖﺳا ردﺎﻧ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﯾ

ﻦ ر ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﯾﺰ ي ﻗد ﯿ ﻖ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ شادﺎﭘ و شزﻮﻣآ ،بﺎﺨﺘﻧا و

اﺮﺑ ﻢﻬﻣ دراﻮﻣ زا ،نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ مﺎﻏدا و ي

ﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯾ

ﮏ ﺖﺳا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ زا ﺪﻣآرﺎﮐ و )

نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺰﯾﺮﭘ ،2

(2010 رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ عﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ا نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﯽﺗاذ يﺎﻬﺗرﺎﻬﻣ و داﺪﻌﺘﺳا زا و ﺖﺳا ﮏﯿﺗاﺮﮐوﺮﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻪﮐ ناﺮﯾا رد ﯽﺘﻟود يﺎﻫ ﯽﻤﻧ يدﺎﯾز هدﺎﻔﺘﺳ

ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ،دﻮﺷ

ترﺎﻬﻣ ﻪﺑ دﻮﺷ ﯽﻌﺳ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﺮﺜﮐاﺪﺣ زا ﺎﺗ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ يدﺮﮑﯾور نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺪﯾﺎﺑ و دﻮﺷ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﯽﻧورد يﺎﻫ

ترﺎﻬﻣ هﺮﻬﺑ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ نﺪﯿﺳر ﺖﻬﺟ رد ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .دﻮﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ يرو

ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﻢﻬﻣ

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ .دﻮﺷ هﮋﯾو ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ مﺪﻋ ﺎﯾ و ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز رد ﻼﺒﻗ ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا ناﺮﯾا ﯽﺘﻟود يﺎﻫ

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ تارﺎﮑﺘﺑا زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا و ﺲﯿﺳﺎﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد ﯽﺘﻟود يﺎﻫ

ﯽﮔﮋﯾو دﻮﺒﻬﺑ و هدﻮﺒﻧ ﻖﻓﻮﻣ ناﺮﯾا نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا رد ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ و ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﺖﺳا زﺎﯿﻧ ﯽﺘﻟود ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ رد راﺪﯾﺎﭘ و يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﺪﻨﻣزﺎﯿﻧ ﺎﻫ

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و هداز ﻦﺴﺣ) 1398

( ﯽﻤﻧ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﻪﻧﺎﻔﺳﺎﺘﻣ شﻼﺗ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﺮﮕﻣ ﺪﺑﺎﯾ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

ﻞﮑﺷ ﺖﻬﺟ رد ﯽﯾﺎﻫ ﺖﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﯽﻫد

ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﻪﮐ دﺮﯿﮕﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ دﻮﺷ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ و ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ رﺎﺘﻓر و ﺖﻟﺎﺣ رد ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ و ﯽﻌﻗاو تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

و يﺪﻤﺣا)

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ 1390

.(

ﺞﻨﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ نﻮﻧﺎﻗ رد ،ﻪﻟﺎﺳ

ﺖﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻢﺸﺷ ناﺮﯾا يرﻮﺸﮐ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ و يرادا مﺎﻈﻧ ﯽﻠﮐ يﺎﻫ

ﺶﺨﺑ رد ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﯽﻟو ؛ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هرﺎﺷا يرادا مﺎﻈﻧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ يﺎﻫ نﺎﺸﻧ ار نآ فﻼﺧ ،رﻮﺸﮐ رد

ﯽﻣ .ﺪﻫد نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ د يﺎﻫ

ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ رد ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ دﺮﮑﯾور ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ﯽﺷزرو و ﯽﺘﻟو

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ،نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯽﻣ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ دﺮﮑﯾور ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ار نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻟ نﺎﺘﺳا ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ

ﺪﻨﮐ

ﺎﻫ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ لﺪﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا لاﻮﺳ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﯽﭘ رد و

؟ﺖﺳا ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻟ نﺎﺘﺳا ﯽﺷزرو ي

1. Chell

2. Perez – Luno , Wiklund.& Cabrera,

(7)

...ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻬﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ لﺪﻣ ﻪﺋارا

329

شور ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ هدر رد ﯽﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﯽﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾاﺮﺟا شور ﺎﺑ و ﯽﻓﺎﺸﺘﮐا تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ءﺰﺟ فﺪﻫ ﺮﻈﻧ زا و ﯽﯾاﺮﮔﺮﯿﺴﻔﺗ يﺎﻫ

.ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻒﺸﮐ ﯽﺋاﺮﻘﺘﺳا ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ شور ﮏﯾ ،دﺎﯿﻨﺑ هداد يزادﺮﭘ ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ

ﺖﺳا ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ

،ﻦﯿﺑرﻮﮐ و سواﺮﺘﺳا) 1998

( ياﺮﺑ ار نﺎﮑﻣا ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ

ﯽﻣ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﮔﮋﯾو رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻟﺎﺣ رد ،ﺪﻫد شروﺮﭘ يﺮﻈﻧ ﯽﺷراﺰﮔ ﺎﺗ دروآ

رد ار شراﺰﮔ ﻦﯾا ﻪﯾﺎﭘ ،نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ زا عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ يﺎﻫ

هداد ﯽﺑﺮﺠﺗ تاﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﻢﮑﺤﻣ دزﺎﺳ

،ﻦﯿﺑرﻮﮐ و سواﺮﺘﺳا ) 1998

ﻨﺑ .(

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎ ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ هﺮﻬﭼ ﻪﺑ هﺮﻬﭼ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ زا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣ

ﺪﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻖﯿﻤﻋ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﻤﯿﻧ و ﯾ

ناﺮ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺪﺷرا ﺎﻫ

ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ) نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻟ نﺎﺘﺳا 20

ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ (ﺮﻔﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﺮﮐذ ﻪﺑ مزﻻ ،

دﺎﯿﻨﺑ هداد يﺎﻬﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد

ﻪﺸﯾر لﺎﺒﻧد ﻪﺑ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺳا ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ هزﻮﺣ رد ﻊﻣﺎﺟ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﻪﺑ ﯽﺳﺮﺘﺳد و ﯽﺑﺎﯾ

ﻊﻤﺟ ياﺮﺑ و ﺖ ﺪﻨﻣزﺎﯿﻧ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا يروآ

ﺪﺷرا ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﯽﯾﻻﺎﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ رد ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧاد تﻼﯿﺼﺤﺗ ظﺎﺤﻟ زا ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و هدﻮﺑ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﻦﯾﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ياراد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا يداﺮﻓا ﺪﻧﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ياﺮﺑ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻟ نﺎﺘﺳا ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻬﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ،

اﺮﺑ ي روآدﺮﮔ ي هداد ﺎﻫ ي ﮐ ﯿﻔ ﯽ شور زا ﻣﯿ ﻧاﺪ ﯽ (ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ)

ﺗرﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽ

داﺪﻌﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ زا ﺲﭘ ي

ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ،نﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ زا ﺎﻫ

ﯽﯾ ﻠﺤﺗ شور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ و حﺮﻄﻣ نﺎﻧآ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﯿ

ﻞ ﺗﺎﻤﺗ ﯿ ﮏ )

راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي ا ( ﯾ ﻦ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻊﻤﺟ زا ﺲﭘ .ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺎﻫ روآ

ي ﺎﻫﺪﮐ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا و ي

راﺬﮔﺪﮐ) ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ي

ﺰﮔ ﺪﮐ ،زﺎﺑ ﯾ

ﺸﻨ ﯽ رﻮﺤﻣ ﺪﮐ و ي

(

ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻐﺘﻣ و ﺎﻫ ﯿ ﺎﻫﺮ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ،

ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا .

لاﺆﺳ اﺪﺘﺑا ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ زا يﺮﯿﮔﻮﻠﺟ ياﺮﺑ يرﻮﺤﻣ يﺎﻫ

يﺮﯿﮔﻮﺳ لاﻮﺳ .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻞﺒﻗ زا ﯽﻤﯾادارﺎﭘ لﺪﻣ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ دﺪﻌﺘﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺪﻣ ﺪﯿﯾﺎﺗ درﻮﻣ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﯾ ناﺮ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺪﺷرا يﺎﻫ

ﺷزرو ﯽ نﺎﺘﺳا

ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﺲﭙﺳ .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ درﻮﻣ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ نﺎﻣز رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﺰﯿﻧ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻟ كرد ﺖﻬﺟ رد لاﺆﺳ ﺮﻫ هاﺮﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ يﺮﮕﯾد ﯽﻋﺮﻓ يﺎﻫ

.ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ حﺮﻄﻣ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻦﯿﺣ رد نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ برﺎﺠﺗ و شﺮﮕﻧ ﻖﯿﻤﻋ و ﺢﯿﺤﺻ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ نﺎﻣز ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ

60 .ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ ﻪﻘﯿﻗد ﭘ

نﺪﯿﻨﺷ زا ﺲ

ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﮑﻧ ،هﺪﺷ ﻂﺒﺿ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ يﺪﯿﻠﮐ تﺎ

.ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ يرادﺮﺑ ﺖﺷاددﺎﯾ ﺎﻫ ﺮﯿﺴﻣ ﻦﯾا رد ﯽﻟﻮﺻا رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ

ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻪﻣادا ﯽﻧﺎﻣز ﺎﺗ ﺖﻓﺎﯾ

ﻪﮐ

ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﺎﻫ ﺳﺮﺑ عﺎﺒﺷا ﻪـﺑ ﻨﺪ

) و ﻦﯿﺑرﻮﮐ سواﺮﺘﺳا

، 1998 ﺑ .(

تﺎﻘﺒﻃ زا يا ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻪـﺑ نﺪﯿﺳر ،ًﺎﻓﺮﺻ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ عﻮﻧ ﻦﯾا زا فﺪﻫ ،ﺮﮕﯾد نﺎﯿﺑ ﻪ

ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻪـﺑ يﺮـﻈﻧ عﺎﺒـﺷا ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ﺖﺴﯿﻧ يﺪﻨﺑ

ﯽﮔﮋﯾو يﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺎﺑ نﺎﺷا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﻂﺑاور و تﺎﻋﻮﻨﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﮐ دراد هرﺎﺷا نﺎﺷدﺎﻌﺑا و ﺎﻫ

زا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد .ﺖﺳا ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺮﮕﯾد 20

ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ مزﻻ

.ﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ هداد ﺎﺒﯾﺮﻘﺗ ،ﻢﻫدﺰﻧﺎﭘ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا زا ﺲﭘ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد

ﺎﻫ

اﺮﺑ ﯽﻟو ،دﻮﺑ هﺪﺷ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ يﺮﻈﻧ عﺎﺒﺷا و ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ يراﺮﮑﺗ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا ،ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ رﺎﺒﺘﻋا و نﺎﻨﯿﻤﻃا ي

20 .دﺮﮐ اﺪﯿﭘ ﻪﻣادا د

لﺪﻣ ﻦﯾا ر

هﺪﯾﺪﭘ ﺮﺑ ﯽّﻠﻋ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﯽﻣ ﺮﺛا يرﻮﺤﻣ ي

هﺪﯾﺪﭘ ،ﺪﻧراﺬﮔ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ،يرﻮﺤﻣ ي

يا ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ و ﯽﻣ ﺮﺛا ﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار ﺮﺑ ﺮﮔ ﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﯿﭘ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار و ﺪﻧراﺬﮔ

ﯽﻣ ﺮﺛا ﺮﺑ .دراﺬﮔ ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﯽﻧﺎﺒﻣ و ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﻪﯾﺎﭘ

مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻪﯿﺿﺮﻓ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ،يدﺎﯿﻨﺑ يزﺎﺳ ﯽﻤﻧ عوﺮﺷ يزﺎﺳ

ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ،دﻮﺷ

دراﺪﻧ ﯽﻠﺒﻗ سﺪﺣ و باﻮﺟ ﭻﯿﻫ نآ ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾﻮﮔ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳور ﻪﺑور ﯽﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ هداد ندﻮﺑ ﻖﺛﻮﻣ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ياﺮﺑ .

ﯽﻔﯿﮐ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد ﻪﮐ ﺎﻫ

اﺬﮔﺪﮐزﺎﺑ شور ود زا ﺖﺳا ﯽﻤﮐ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد ﯽﯾاور و و ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ لدﺎﻌﻣ ﺎﻀﻋا ﯽﻨﯿﺑزﺎﺑ شور و ﺮﮕﯾد ﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﮏﯾ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ (نﻮﻣزآزﺎﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ) ير

،يراﺬﮔﺪﮐزﺎﺑ شور رد .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا 3

نﻮﻣزآزﺎﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﺐﯾﺮﺿ .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ يﺮﮕﯾد ﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رﺎﯿﺘﺧا رد ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ 85

نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ ﺪﺻرد هﺪﻨﻫد

ﺑ .ﺖﺳا يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ رد بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻖﻓاﻮﺗ ﻪﺟرد و تﺎﺒﺛ ،ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ود رد يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ ﻖﻓاﻮﺗ ناﺰﯿﻣ زا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ناﺰﯿﻣ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎ

60 ﺪﺻرد

،لاﻮﮐ) ﺖﺳا 1996

هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﻀﻋا ﯽﻨﯿﺑزﺎﺑ شور زا يﺮﯾﺬﭘﺪﯿﯾﺎﺗ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺖﺳا ﺪﯿﯾﺎﺗ درﻮﻣ و بﻮﻠﻄﻣ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ﺖﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ ،(

،ورﺪﻧآ) ﺪﺷ 2011

يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ .(

ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ زا ﺮﻔﻧ ﻪﺳ رﺎﯿﺘﺧا رد ﯽﯾﺎﻬﻧ لﺪﻣ و ﺎﻫ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﻮﺷ

ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ رد و لﺎﻤﻋا ار دﻮﺧ يﺎﻫﺮﻈﻧ ﺎﻬﻧآ و

.ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﺪﯿﯾﺎﺗ ار ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﯽﻠﮐ لﺪﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا لوﺪﺟ رد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ

1 .ﺖﺳا هﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﻪﺋارا

(8)

330

رو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ،مرﺎﻬﭼ ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ،ﯽﺷز

1401

لوﺪﺟ 1 . نﺎﮔﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ

ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ هﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻦﺳ

تﻼﯿﺼﺤﺗ ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ

ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ هﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻦﺳ

تﻼﯿﺼﺤﺗ ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ

1 56

ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ 9

11 39

يﺮﺘﮐد 16

2 45

ﺪﺷرا ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ 11

12 47

3 37

يﺮﺘﮐد 7

13 43

4 58

14 44

54 5 ﺪﺷرا ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ 5

15 41

6 52

يﺮﺘﮐد 9

16 40

يﺮﺘﮐد 8

7 48

17 38

8 46

يﺮﺘﮐد 9

18 48

45 9 ﺪﺷرا ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ 6

19 50

10 38

20 43

ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ اﺪﺘﺑا ﻰﻔﯿﮐ ﺶﺨﺑ رد ﺎﻫ

ي ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﯽ

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﺎﻫ

ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ور ﺎﺑ ﯾ دﺮﮑ ﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ﯾ ﻪﻧﺎﻨ نﻮﻤﻀﻣ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ شور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ

ا ﺮﺨﺘﺳ ا ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ج

، ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻰﯾﺎﻬﻧ ﻦﯿﻣﺎﻀﻣ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﯽ

نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﺎﻫ

ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا . ﺪﮐ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ رد ﻤﺟ زﺎﺑ يراﺬﮔ

تﻼ رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ و ﻢﻬﻣ

ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ و جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا ﺑ ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﯽﻤﻠﻋ يراﺬﮔ

ﻪ يرﻮﻃ داﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ يﺎﻫﺪﮐ ﻊﯿﻤﺠﺗ زا ﺲﭘ نﺎﯾﺎﭘ رد ﻪﮐ 156

ﺪﮐ زﺎﺑ ) مﻮﻬﻔﻣ (،

11 ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ يرﻮﺤﻣ

و 8 ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﯽﺸﻨﯾﺰﮔ شراﺰﮔ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﯾ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ دﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ

ﺪﺷ . لﺪﻣ قﻮﻓ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ

،ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻣز ﯿ ﻪﻨ ا

،ي ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ

،ﯽﺠﻧﺎﯿﻣ هﺪﯾﺪﭘ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ و ؛يرﻮﺤﻣ

دﺮﺒﻫار ﺖﻬﺟ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رد ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ و ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻟ نﺎﺘﺳا ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ

.دﻮﺑ ﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﯿﭘ اﺮﺷ ﯾ ﻂ ﻠﻋ :ﯽ

ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ اﺮﺷ ﯾ ﻄ ﯽ ﻪﮐ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ رﻮﺤﻣ ي ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧراﺬﮔ . اﺮﺷ ﯾ ﻂ ﻠﻋ ﯽ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ اﯾ دﺎﺠ و ﻞﮑﺷ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﺪﭘ ﯾ هﺪ ﯾﺎ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ا ي

ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ) ﺎﻧاد ﯽﯾ دﺮﻓ و ﻣﺎﻣا ﯽ

، 1386 ( رد ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﻮﺷ رد

طﺎﺒﺗرا ﺎﺑ اﺮﺷ ﯾ ﻂ ﻠﻋ ﯽ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﯽ رد نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺷزرو ﯽ

ﺎﺑ ور ﯾ دﺮﮑ ﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ﯾ ﻪﻧﺎﻨ ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﯾ ﺪﺷ ﻪﮐ رد ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﻠﺻا ﯽ ) ﺖﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ و شﺮﮕﻧ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ يﺮﯾﺬﭘ

ﻪﺑ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ

ﯽﻋﺮﻓ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ و (

) ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﯾﻪ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ،ﯽ ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ﺎﮐ ﺮﻓآ ﯾﻨ ،ﯽ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ زا ﺐﺴﮐ و يﺎﻫرﺎﮐ ﯽﺷزرو ( رد لوﺪﺟ 2 هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳا .

لوﺪﺟ 2 . ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ زا هﺪﺷ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ و دﺎﻌﺑا و ﺎﻫ اﺮﺷ

ﯾ ﻂ ﻠﻋ ﯽ

مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ

ﯽﻠﺻا ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ

ﯽﻋﺮﻓ ﺎﻫﺪﮐ

ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ) (هﺪﺷ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ

رﺎﺘﻔﮔﺪﻫاﻮﺷ ي

ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ

نﺎﮔﺪﻧﻮﺷ

ﯽﻠﻋ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ

ﺖﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ و شﺮﮕﻧنﺎﻣزﺎﺳيﺮﯾﺬﭘﻪﺑ ﯽﺷزرويﺎﻫﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ

ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ يﺎﻫﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا 1

- شزﻮﻣآ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻤﺳر

و ناﺪﻘﻓ-2 ،ﯽﻤﺳرﺮﯿﻏ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ

شزﻮﻣآ ﺎﻫ ﺮﺑ دﺎﺠﯾا

هﺰﯿﮕﻧا يﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ 3

- يﺎﻫيﺪﻨﻤﻧاﻮﺗ

ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ

رد ﺶﺨﺑ شزرو 4 - از

ﻦﯿﺑ ردرﺎﮐ يوﺮﯿﻧ ﻦﺘﻓر ﺶﺨﺑ-5ﯽﺷزرو تاﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ دﻮﺒﻧ يﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗرﺎﮐيوﺮﯿﻧ شزﻮﻣآ

هﺪﯾد رد هﺪﻨﯾآ م

1 ﯽﻣ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز دﺎﺠﯾا(

دﻮﺷ 5م .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺪﺷر دﺎﯾز ﻞﻏﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﮐ رد ﺎﻣ رﻮﺸﮐ (

ﻞﯿﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ شزرو ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز يدﺎﯾز يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﻪﮐ دراد ﻮﺗ

شزرو ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﺪﺷر ﺮﺑ ﺪﻧا

ﮏﻤﮐ م .ﺪﻨﮐ يدﺎﯾز يﺎﻫ 7

ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺮﻫ زا ﺶﯿﺑ(

ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﺖﻟود ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا زﺎﯿﻧ ﯽﺘﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ يﺎﻫ

ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﻢﻬﻣ شزﻮﻣآ اﺮﯾز ،ﺪﻨﮐ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ار .ﺖﺳا ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآ رﺎﮐ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﺪﺷر ياﺮﺑ

ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ 1

- ناﺪﻘﻓ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ يﺰﯾر

ردﯽﺘﻨﺳهﺎﮕﻧ- 2ناﺮﯾﺪﻣرﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ لﺎﻐﺘﺷا ورﺎﮐ وﺐﺴﮐ م

3 ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ رد ﯽﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧا ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ(

نﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻫ

ﺪﻧراد ﻪﮐ يﺎﻫ ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ و ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﻪﻄﯿﺣ رد ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ اﺮﯾز ،دﺮﮐ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا