Design a Paradigm Pattern of Sport Businesses Resilience Based on Grounded Theory
Mohammad Reihani1 , Abolfazl Darvishi2 , Khadijeh Pourzabih Sarhamami3
1. Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran, E-mail: [email protected] 2. Corresponding Author, Department of sport management, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran,
E-mail: [email protected]
3. Department of sport management, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, IranE-mail: [email protected]
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article type:
Research Article
Article history:
Received:
3 December 2020 Received in revised form:
4 April 2021 Accepted:
12 April 2021 Published online:
16 September 2022
Keywords:
grounded theory, innovation, qualitative, research method, Resilience, sport industry
Introduction: The aim of this study was to design a paradigm pattern of sport businesses resilience.
Methods: The research method was qualitative and the grounded theory was used. The statistical population included sports management professors, sport entrepreneurs, sport economics researchers and sport industry activists. A semi-structured interview was used to identify the factors. The interview was conducted with 14 people of statistical population and 127 codes and 43 sub-categories were extracted. The sampling method was targeted and available. The qualitative data were analyzed with a set of open, axial and selective coding and the pattern was drawn based on the generated codes.
Results: Based on the paradigm pattern in the resilience of sport businesses, several factors have causative importance that some of which refer to the country's current economic situation.
Some of the fields influencing the resilience of sport businesses included the capacity of sport businesses and economic impact of sport businesses; Moreover, some intervening factors consisted of adaptability and foresight and the structures required for business; Some important strategies for resilience of sport businesses including the use of management strategies and improving and organizing the distribution of financial resources and the consequences of the resilience of sport businesses including the financial and economic consequences for business, the entrepreneurial and innovative consequences in business and the economic consequences for the country.
Conclusion: According to the results, the government, managers and the business owners are the main actors that should provide the necessary conditions to increase the resilience of sports businesses.
Cite this article: Reihani, M., Darvishi, A., & Pourzabih Sarhamami, Kh. (2022). Design a Paradigm Pattern of Sport Businesses Resilience Based on Grounded Theory. Sport Management Journal, 14 (2), 159-175.
DOI: http//doi.org/10.22059/JSM.2021.312699.2609
© The Author(s). Publisher: University of Tehran, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health.
Introduction
Sports businesses are one of the main pillars of the sport industry; therefore, to improve the situation in the sport industry, its businesses need to be considered. Today, the social, economic and cultural dimensions of each country are influenced by the success of small and medium -sized businesses. Resilience is one of the most important factors for business sustainability and vital factors. Therefore, one of the main causes of the durability and sustainability of various businesses, especially sports businesses in the complex environment of the present age is the attention to resilience.
Businesses that fail to have a good resilience to potential changes and challenges, as well as not having good flexibility in changing strategy when necessary are condemned to death and destruction in the highly complex and complex business environment of today's business environment, and is condemned and sport businesses are no exception. The aim of this study was to design a paradigm pattern of sport businesses resilience.
Methods
The research method was qualitative and was used the grounded theory. Due to the division of scientific research in terms of purpose, the present study is fundamental-applied research. The statistical population included sports management professors, sport entrepreneurs, sport economics researchers and sport industry activists. For collect data were used related studies and semi -structured interviews with the statistical population. A semi-structured interview was used to identify the factors that interview was conducted with 14 people of statistical population and were extracted 127 codes and 43 sub-categories. The sampling method was targeted and available. Qualitative data were analyzed with a set of open, axial and selective coding and the pattern was drawn based on the generated codes. In order to accredited the results of the present study, out of the three angle methods (consensus/
triangle), member control (survey by members), and evaluation based on 10 acceptance indicators, from the control method (member control Or responsive validity is a technique that means the researcher controls his findings with one or more of the informed people under investigation, and this technique is used to verify the researcher's interpretations), in two sections, verification and validation reviewed it placed.
The verification process was carried out by the interviewees, assessing several specialists outside the research process and by reviewing and modifying these experts. Its validation process was also evaluated by participants from the research and sending the codes extracted to other participants, whose point of view was applied in most cases.
Results
Based on the paradigm pattern in the resilience of sport businesses, several factors are important that some of them include capacity and capabilities of sport businesses, economic impacts of sport business, improving sport business in the country and improving the country's sport infrastructure.
Some of the fields influencing the resilience of sport businesses were including adaptation and futurism, business
support, business cooperation and communication space, attention to business cultural environment, business management, entrepreneurial and innovative attitudes, using marketing and advertising programs, support laws, business investors, business education; Also, some intervening factors were included the country's economic situation; Private -sector investment in sport; legal positions, resources needed for business, cultural approaches in business; The important strategies for resilience of sport businesses include using management strategies in sport businesses, improving and organizing the status of distributing financial resources in sport businesses, promoting and improving the human resources of sport businesses, increasing sport infrastructure resources, improving communication status in sport businesses, Increasing innovative activities and paying more attention to entrepreneurship and innovation in sport businesses, promoting sport culture in society, eliminating legal barriers to sport business, formulating a system to attract domestic and foreign investors, Quantitative and qualitative promotion of sport products, applying a marketplace approach to business, introducing sport businesses and the consequences of the resilience of sport businesses were including establishment knowledge management in sports businesses, agile structure in sports organizations, reducing staff stress, commitment and interest in work, improving infrastructure in sports, increasing per capita sport, increasing turnover in the sport industry, creating sustainable jobs, people's tendency To domestic goods, enhancing social well -being, improving products, improving products distribution, gaining market share, and increasing power in competitiveness.
Conclusion
According to the results and paradigm pattern of the research, it can be said that resilience is one of the essential factors for sports businesses in Iran and it can have great results for business and country; Also, given the results, most of the factors and conditions for increased resilience of sports businesses are back to management and business owners, coordination and assistance of the government, and they are the main organs and individuals to provide these factors;
Therefore, managers and business owners must consider the factors identified in this study for success. At the same time, one of the most influential variables in the resilience of business owners is that it was not addressed as an independent variable due to the nature of the present study, so it is suggested that future researchers focus on small businesses.
And considering the psychological characteristics and resilience of sports business owners, examine the individual and psychological variables and resilience of sports business owners.
Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelines:
Funding: The research was done without using financial resources
Authors’ contribution: The authors have contributed equally Conflict of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest Acknowledgments: This research was done with the cooperation of research participants.
ﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽ ﻮﮕﻟا ي ادارﺎﭘ ﯽﻤﯾ بﺎﺗ روآ ي ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ﺮﻈﻧ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ ﮥﯾ
هداد ﻨﺑ دﺎﯿ
ﯽﻧﺎﺤﯾر ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ، 1
ﯽﺸﯾورد ﻞﻀﻔﻟاﻮﺑا
2
،
ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺣﺮﺳ ﺢﯿﺑذرﻮﭘ ﻪﺠﯾﺪﺧ
3
1 . ﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ هوﺮﮔ
،ﯽ ﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ة ﻧﺎﺴﻧا مﻮﻠﻋ
،ﯽ ا ،درﻮﻨﺠﺑ ،درﻮﻨﺠﺑ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد .ناﺮﯾ
:ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار : [email protected]
2 . ،لوﺆﺴﻣ ةﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ هوﺮﮔ
:ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار ناﺮﯾا ،ﺮﺴﻠﺑﺎﺑ ،نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ m
@yahoo.co 446
abolfazl
3 هوﺮﮔ.
نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ ،ﺮﺴﻠﺑﺎﺑ ،نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ .
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار : [email protected]
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا هﺪﯿﮑﭼ
:ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ عﻮﻧ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 13 /9 / 1399
:يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 15
/ 01 / 1400
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺬﭘ ﯾ شﺮ : 23 / 01 / 1400
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رﺎﺸﺘﻧا : 25 / 06 / 1401
ﺪﯿﻠﮐ هژاو :ﺎﻫ ،يروآبﺎﺗ
،ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ شور شزرو ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ،
ﮥﯾﺮﻈﻧ هداد ،دﺎﯿﻨﺑ
روآﻮﻧ ي
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
: زا فﺪﻫ ﺮﺿ ﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﻤﯾادارﺎﭘ يﻮﮕﻟا ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ
بﺎﺗ روآ ي ﺐﺴ ﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور .دﻮﺑ ﯽﺷ زرو ي
زا و دﻮﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ هداد ﮥﯾ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا دﺎﯿﻨﺑ
:ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور ﮥﻌﻣﺎﺟ
شزرو دﺎﺼﺘﻗا نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ،شزرو ةزﻮﺣ نﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ،رﻮﺸﮐ ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ نادﺎﺘﺳا ﻞﻣﺎﺷ يرﺎﻣآ
ﻪﻤﯿﻧ ﮥﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ زا ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ياﺮﺑ .دﻮﺑ شزرو ﺖﻌﻨﺻ نﻻﺎﻌﻓ و شور .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﮔﯿ ﺮ و ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ ي
سﺮﺘﺳد رد ﺎﺑ .دﻮﺑ
14 و ﺖﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ يرﺎﻣآ ﮥﻌﻣﺎﺟ داﺮﻓا زا ﺮﻔﻧ 127
ﺪﮐ و 43 .ﺪﺷ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا ﯽﻋﺮﻓ ﮥﻟﻮﻘﻣ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ هداد :ﺎﻫ
ﺎﻫ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ي ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ
ا رد ﯽﻤﯾادارﺎﭘ يﻮﮕﻟا سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ .ﺪﺷ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﯽﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧا و يرﻮﺤﻣ ،زﺎﺑ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ زا ي
بﺎﺗ روآ ي ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ﯽﻠﻋ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺪﻨﭼ ﯽﺷزرو ي ﻤﻫا
ﯿ ﺖ زا ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧراد ﺎﻬﻧآ
ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ .ﺪﻧرﻮﺸﮐ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺖﯿﻌﺿو
زا ﻣز ﯿ ﻪﻨ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﺛﺆﻣ رد بﺎﺗ روآ ي ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ
ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ؛ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﯽﺷزرو ي
ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ﺮﮔ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ نآ رد ﻖﺑﺎﻄﺗ
ﺬﭘ ﯾﺮ و ي آﯾ هﺪﻨ ﺮﮕﻧ ياﺮﺑ ﻢﻬﻣ يﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار زا ﯽﻀﻌﺑ ؛ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ي بﺎﺗ
روآ ي ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ﯽﺷزرو ي
ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ ﮔرﺎﮐ ﯿﺮ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﯽﻫﺪﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ و دﻮﺒﻬﺑ و ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ يﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار ي يﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﯿﭘ و ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
بﺎﺗ روآ ي
ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ياﺮﺑ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا و ﯽﻟﺎﻣ يﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﯿﭘ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯽﺷزرو ي ﺐﺴﮐ
رﺎﮐو .ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ
ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ :يﺮﯿﮔ
،ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻖﺒﻃ نﺎﺒﺣﺎﺻ و ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ،ﺖﻟود
ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ﯽﻠﺻا زا مزﻻ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﯽﻧاﺮﮕﯾزﺎﺑ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ
ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ياﺮﺑ بﺎﺗ
روآ ي ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ار ﯽﺷزرو ي .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
دﺎﻨﺘﺳا : ر ؛ﻞﻀﻔﻟاﻮﺑا ،ﯽﺸﯾورد ؛ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ،ﯽﻧﺎﺤﯾ و
ﻪﺠﯾﺪﺧ ،ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺣﺮﺳ ﺢﺑذ رﻮﭘ )
1401 .(
ﺣاﺮﻃ ﯽ ﻮﮕﻟا ي ادارﺎﭘ ﯽﻤﯾ بﺎﺗ روآ ي ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ﺮﻈﻧ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ ﮥﯾ
هداد ﻨﺑ دﺎﯿ ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻪﯾﺮﺸﻧ.
،) 2(
14
، 159-175 .
2021.312699.2609
JSM.
/ 10.22059 DOI: http//doi.org/
ﺎﻧ ،ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد :ﺮﺷ .ﯽﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ و ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد
.نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ©
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﮥ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا و ﺎﻘﺗرا ي ﮔﺪﻧز ﺢﻄﺳ
،ﯽ تﺎﻗوا نارﺬﮔ كﺮﺘﺸﻣ شور ﻪﺑ شزرو ﺖﻏاﺮﻓ
ﺎﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ شزرا ﺎﻫ ي ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا و ي هﺪﺷ ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ
ﺖﺳا . هﺎﮕﻨﺑ و ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﻫ
ي ﺷزرو ﯽ نﺎﻬﺟ ﺮﺳاﺮﺳ رد ﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ
ﮥ ﺮﺳ ﻊﯾ ﺪﺷر دﺎﺼﺘﻗا هدﺮﮐ
ﺪﻧا ) كرﺎﭙﺳا و ﺲﺗﺮﯿﻫود ،1
2003 ﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ رد .(
ي
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
،ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﻪﺑ شزرو ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﮏﯾ
ﻌﺳﻮﺗ رد نﻮﺘﺳ ﮥ
ﻠﻣ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﯽ ﺪﺒﺗ ﻞﯾ ) ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ پﻮﭘ
،2
2010 ﻟﺎﻣ شزرا ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ رد .(
ﯽ رد شزرو ﺖﻌﻨﺻ
ﺮﻣآ ﺎﮑﯾ ود ﺒﻣﻮﺗا ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﻞﯿ
ﺳ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﺖﻔﻫ و يﺎﻤﻨﯿ
نآ دﻮﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ لﺎﺣ رد و 470
ﺑ نﻮﯿﻠﯿ ) ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ دروآﺮﺑ رﻻد نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و كرﺎﭘ
،3
2015 .(
ﺎﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ ﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﮥ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا
، اﺰﻣ شزرو ﺖﻌﻨﺻ يﺎﯾ
دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ي هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ار دﻮﺧ ﻠﻣ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا دﻮﺒﻬﺑ رد شزرو ﺖﻌﻨﺻ .ﺖﺳا
،ﯽ اﺪﻫ ﺖﯾ فﺮﺼﻣ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ ﻈﻨﺗ و ﻢﯿ ﺘﻌﻨﺻ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ
،ﯽ ﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ ﻞﯿ ﮔرﺰﺑ ﯽ ) ﺖﺳا هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ار ﮓﻧﺎﯾ
،4
2020 ﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ رد شزرو .(
ي ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ
، ﮏﯾ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ و ترﺎﺠﺗ
ﻣ بﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻢﻬﻣ ﯽ
دﻮﺷ ﭘ و ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿ ز يدﺎﯾ ا ؛ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاد ﻦﯾ
ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﯽﮑﯾ ﺶﺨﺑ زا ﺎﻫ ي ا دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻢﻬﻣ ﻦﯾ
ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ
ﯽ دور ﺮﻃ زا و ﻖﯾ
ﻟﻮﺗ و فﺮﺼﻣ ﺪﯿ
ﺷزرو تﺎﻣﺪﺧ و ﺎﻫﻻﺎﮐ ﯽ
ﻌﺳﻮﺗ رد ﮥ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ي ا ﻦﯾ ﺛﺄﺗ ﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﯿﺮ
ا دﻮﺟو ﺎﺑ ؛ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاﺬﮔ ﻦﯾ
ا رد ناﺮﯾ ﻪﺑ شزرو ناﻮﻨﻋ ﮏﯾ
ﺎﺟ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﯽﻫﺎﮕﯾ
ا ؛ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاﺪﻧ ﻦﯾ
ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﺘﺣ و نﺪﺷ ﮓﻧﺮﻤﮐ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﯽ
ﺧﺮﺑ نﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷﺎﻧ ﯽ
ﺎﺳ رد ﻪﮐ شزرو ﺖﻌﻨﺻ دﺎﻌﺑا ﺮﯾ
ﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ
ﻬﺳ هﺪﻤﻋ ﻢ ا ي ﻟﻮﺗ رد ﺪﯿ ﻠﻣ ﺪﻣآرد ﯽ ﻣ ،ﺪﻧراد ﯽ دﻮﺷ ) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ 1397
ﺐﺴﮐ .(
ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ﻠﺻا نﺎﮐرا زا ﯽ
شزرو ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﺘﺴﻫ
ﺪﻨ
،
اﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻦﯾ اﺮﺑ ي ﻌﺿو دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﺖﯿ
ﺎﺑ شزرو ﺖﻌﻨﺻ رد ﺪﯾ
ﺐﺴﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ي .ﺖﺷاد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نآ هزوﺮﻣا
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا دﺎﻌﺑا
،ﯽ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ي ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ و ﯽ رﻮﺸﮐ ﺮﻫ
ﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﯿﺮ ﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺖﯿ ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ي ز نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ .ﺖﺳا ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ و ﮏﭼﻮﮐ يدﺎﯾ
ور ي ﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﮥ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ي ﺮﻃ زا ﻖﯾ ﺐﺴﮐ ﻤﻫا و ﺪﻧراد ﻖﻓاﻮﺗ رﺎﮐو ﺖﯿ
دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ي ار نآ ﺶﯿﭘ ﺮﮕﯾد درﻮﻣ ﺮﻫ زا ي
ﺑ نﺎﯿ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺤﻣ هزوﺮﻣا . ﻂﯿ
ﺐﺴﮐ ﺘﺑﺎﻗر ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ رﺎﮐو ﯽ
ﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ و ﺖﺳا ﻦﯿ
ﻟد ﻞﯿ ﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺖﯿ ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ
ﻓدﺎﺼﺗ ﯽ ﻤﻧ خر ﯽ ﺪﻫد ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺲﭘ . ﯽﯾ
اﻮﻋ و ﻞﻠﻋ ﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻞﻣ
ﺖﯿ ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ي ﺴﻣ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا و دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺮﯿ
ﻤﻫ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﯿ
اﺮﺑ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ي
ﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺖﯿ ﺐﺴﮐ رد روﺮﺿ رﺎﮐو ي
) ﺖﺳا ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و هدازراﺮﺑ 1398
ا .(
دﺎﺠﯾ هار و زاﺪﻧا ي ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ﺐﺒﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺪﺟ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ نﺪﻣآ دﻮﺟو ﺪﯾ
و توﺮﺛ
ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ ي ﺪﺟ ﺪﯾ ﺐﺴﮐ رﺎﮐو ي ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﻈﻋ) ﯿ ﻢ هداز ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و 1393
(.
ﺤﻣ ﯿ ﻂ ﺎﻫ ي ﺐﺴﮐ رﺎﮐو ﻪﺘﺳﻮﯿﭘ ﻐﺗ لﺎﺣ رد ﺮﯿﯿ
اراد و ي ر ﮏﺴﯾ ز يدﺎﯾ
) ﺖﺳا نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﭻﯿﺴﮑﻟا ،5
2013 لﺎﺳ رد .(
ﺎﻫ ي ﺧا ﺮﯿ ﻪﺑ ﻟد ﻞﯿ ﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﯽ ﺐﺴﮐ و ﺎﻫرازﺎﺑ نﺪﺷ ﭘ و ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو
ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿ ﻨﻓ رد ﺎ رو ي ﺎﻫ
، ﺑ ﺖﺑﺎﻗر ﻦﯿ
ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ي ﺐﺴﮐ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا و ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو
ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ﻪﺑ اﺰﻓا تﺪﺷ ﺶﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ .ﺖﺳا شزرو هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺪﺷر لﺎﺣ رد ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ا
ي شزرا و ﺖﺳا
ﻟﺎﻣ ﯽ ﺴﺑ رﺎﯿ يدﺎﯾز دراد . ا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻦﯾ
ﺐﺴﮐ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو
ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ا زا ﺖﻌﻨﺻ و تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺶﺨﺑ رد ﻦﯾ
ﻧ ﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﻣ هﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﯿ
ﻣ و ﯽ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ رد
ﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ ﮥ
ﺎﭘ راﺪﯾ ﺐﺴﮐ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﻢﻬﺳ ﻪﮐاﺮﭼ ،ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ شزرو رد ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو
ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ﺎﻨﺻ و تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺶﺨﺑ رد ﻊﯾ
ﺎﺷ نﺎﯾ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
ﻟﺪﻨﻣ) ﯽ هداز ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و 1395
ﺎﻘﺑ .(
ي ﺐﺴﮐ ز ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ و دراﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو يدﺎﯾ
؛ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺴﺑاو ﯽﮑﯾ
ا زا ﻦﯾ بﺎﺗ ،ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ روآ
ي ﺐﺴﮐ .ﺖﺳﺎﻫرﺎﮐو
بﺎﺗ روآ ي ﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯽ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ قﺮﻃ زا زﺎﺳ
ي ﻧورﻮﮐ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺲﯿ
ﻧﻮﭘ و ﺲﯿ
6 ) 2018 ا ( ﻦﯾ ﻪﺑ ار عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺑ اﺰﺠﻣ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻪﺳ ناﻮﻨﻋ
نﺎﯿ
هدﺮﮐ :ﺪﻧا 1.
ﻓﺮﻇ ﺖﯿ ﮏﯾ اﺮﺑ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ي
زا ﺲﭘ (نﺪﻧﺎﻣ هﺪﻧز) ﺐﻘﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺸﮔزﺎﺑ ﮏﯾ
راﻮﮔﺎﻧ قﺎﻔﺗا ﺎﯾ
ﺳآ ﯿ ﺐ از،
2 . ﻓﺮﻇ ﺖﯿ ﮏﯾ اﺮﺑ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ي
اﺮﺷ ﺎﺑ قﺎﺒﻄﻧا ﻂﯾ
و ثداﻮﺣ ﺶﯿﭘ ا زا ﻪﮑﻨﯾ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﮏﯾ ﺳآ ﺐﯿ ﺎﺷﺎﻧ ﺖﺴﯾ ﺎﯾ و ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ار ناﺮﺤﺑ 3.
ﻓﺮﻇ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي اﺮﺑ داﺮﻓا ي ناﺮﺤﺑ بﺬﺟ ﺎﻫ
و
قﺎﺒﻄﻧا يدﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺎﺑ
ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﺪﺟ ﺪﯾ بﺎﺗ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ًﺎﺳﺎﺳا . روآ
ي ﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯽﯾ ﮏﯾ ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ﺎﯾ ﺳ ﻢﺘﺴﯿ اﺮﺑ ي ﺎﭘ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺸﮔزﺎﺑ راﺪﯾ
زا ﺲﭘ ﮏﯾ
دﺰﻧ طﺎﺒﺗرا ،لﻼﺘﺧا ﯽﮑﯾ
د درا ) نﻮﺳرﺪﻧﺎﮔ ،7
2000 بﺎﺗ .(
روآ ي ﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﯽﯾ ﺐﺴﮐ اﺮﺑ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ي
دراد ﺖﻟﻻد ثداﻮﺣ و تﻻﻼﺘﺧا مﺎﻤﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ
) ﺐﻣﻮﮑﻟﻮﻫ و فورﺎﻣﻮﻧﻮﭘ ،8
2009 بﺎﺗ .(
روآ ي ﺴﺑ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا رﺎﯿ
اﺮﺑ ﻢﻬﻣ ي ﺎﭘ يراﺪﯾ ﺐﺴﮐ ماود و ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو
ﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ ﯽ دور ﺣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا و ﯽﺗﺎﯿ
ﺖﺳا
1. Dewhirst & Sparks
2. Pope
3. Park, Mahony, Kim, Yukyoum & Do Kim
4. Yang
5. Aleksić, Stefanović, Arsovski & Tadić
6. Koronis and Ponis
7. Gunderson
8. Ponomarov & Holcomb
و ﺐﺴﮐ يروآ بﺎﺗ ﯽﻤﯾادارﺎﭘ يﻮﮕﻟا ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ دﺎﯿﻨﺑ هداد ﮥﯾﺮﻈﻧ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫرﺎﮐ
163
) ﯽﺴﺘﯿﺘﯿﺑ و ﺲﺗآ ،1
2011 اﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .(
ﻦﯾ ﻠﺻا ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا ﯽ
ﺎﭘ و ماود يراﺪﯾ ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ي ﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨ ﻪﺑ ﺐﺴﮐ صﻮﺼﺧ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو
ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ﺤﻣ رد ﻂﯿ
ﺮﺼﻋ ةﺪﯿﭽﯿﭘ بﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ
يروآ ﺖﺳا .
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﻦﯿﻤﻫ رد ﺶﺨﺑ ﺮﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ
يﺎﻫ بﺎﺗ روآ ي ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ي .ﺪﻧا
ﭼﯿ ﺖ نازﺎﺳ و
) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ 1397
رد دﻮﺧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد ( ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺎﯾ
ﻠﻣاﻮﻋ ﻪﮐ ﯽ اراد ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﯽﯾ ﺎﻫ ﺎﻔﮐ) نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ و ﺖﯾ
ﺳﺮﺘﺳد و ﯽ ﻟوا داﻮﻣ
،ﻪﯿ ﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯽ ﻪﮑﺒﺷ و ا ي (
ﺖﺑﺎﻗر و ﺬﭘ ﯾﺮ ي ﻮﭘ يﺎﯾ ﺐﺴﮐ ﮕﻧوﺰﻓا) رﺎﮐو ﯽ
فﺎﻄﻌﻧا ،ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺬﭘ
ﯾﺮ ي ﻪﮑﺒﺷ و زﺎﺳ ي ﻓﺮﻇ ﺮﺑ ( ﺖﯿ بﺎﺗ روآ ي ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ي رد ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ و ﮏﭼﻮﮐ
ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﺛﺄﺗ وردﻮﺧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ نازﺎﺳ ﯿﺮ
ﺰﻣرو .دراد يرﺎﯾ
ا و ﯽﻧﺎﻤﯾ ) 1396 ﺘﻧ ( ﻪﺠﯿ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﺗ ناﻮﺗ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺬﭘ
ﯾﺮ ي آ و ﯾ هﺪﻨ ﺮﮕﻧ
،ي ﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ
،نﺎﯾ
ﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺖﯿ ﺒﻠﻃ
،ﯽ ﺎﻤﺣ ﺖﯾ راﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ، رﯾ ﺰ ي دﺮﺒﻫار ي ﺎﻤﺣ و ﺖﯾ بﺎﺗ رد ﺖﻟود روآ
ي ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ي ﺎﺘﺳور ﯽﯾ ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و نﻮﺴﻨﻔﺘﺳا .دراد
2
) 2010 بﺎﺗ رد ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا ( روآ
ي ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ رﯾ ﺰ ي ﻓﺮﻇ و ﺖﯿ ﻗﺎﺒﻄﻧا ﯽ ﺎﺘﺷا .ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ هرﺎﺷا ﺮﻨﯾ
نﻮﺘﻨﺗآ و
3 ) 2015 ﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد ( ﯽ
رد ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻪﮐ
ﺐﺴﮐ رد عﻮﻨﺗ ر ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ،رﺎﮐو
،ﮏﺴﯾ ﺐﺴﮐ رد ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ا و رﺎﮐو
دﺎﺠﯾ ﺎﻤﺘﻣ رازﺎﺑ
،ﺰﯾ ﻢﺸﭼ ﻦﺘﺷاد ور و زاﺪﻧا
دﺮﮑﯾ رﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ي ﻪﮑﺒﺷ و زﺎﺳ ي ﺮﺑ
بﺎﺗ روآ ي ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ي ﺎﺘﺳور ﯽﯾ رد .ﺪﻧراﺬﮔﺮﺛا تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ
زا ﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﺖﯿ فﺎﻄﻌﻧا ﺬﭘ ﯾﺮ ي اﺮﺑ ي ﻐﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ تاﺮﯿﯿ
ﻤﻃا مﺪﻋ و نﺎﻨﯿ
ﺤﻣ ﯽﻄﯿ و
ور ﻦﺘﺷاد دﺮﮑﯾ ﭘ ﻪﻧاﺮﯿﮕﺸﯿ ﻪﺑ
ﻠﻣﺎﻋ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﯽ
بﺎﺗ رد ﻢﻬﻣ روآ
ي نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ هرﺎﺷا ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ )
نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و نارﺎﮑﺳﺎﻧﻮﮔ ،4
2011
؛ اﺮﻣﺎﺑ و درﺎﻧرﻮﺑ ،5
2011 .(
ﯿﻧورﻮﮐ ﻧﻮﭘ و ﺲ ﺲﯿ ) 2018 بﺎﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا ( روآ
ي ﮔدﺎﻣآ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ
،ﯽ ﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ
،ﯽﯾ رﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ي ﺎﻧاﻮﺗ و ﯽﯾ ﺎﻫ ي يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ
ﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ هرﺎﺷا ﻦﯿ
ﮏﻣ ﺲﻧﺎﻣ و نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ
6 ) 2007 ( زا ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺮﺑ بﺎﺗ روآ ي ﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯽ ﻫﺎﮔآ ار ﯽ ﻠﺌﺴﻣ زا ﮥ بﺎﺗ روآ
،ي زرا ﯽﺑﺎﯾ زا دﻮﺧ
ﺳآ ﯿ ﺐ ﺬﭘ ﯾﺮ
،ي ﻮﻟوا ﯾ ﺖ ﺪﻨﺑ ي ﻠﮐ طﺎﻘﻧ يﺪﯿ ﺳآ ﯿ ﺐ ﺬﭘ ﯾﺮ اﺰﻓا و ﺶﯾ ﻓﺮﻇ ﺖﯿ رﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ي .ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ناﻮﻨﻋ
لﺎﺳ زا 2000 بﺎﺗ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻗﻼﻋ ، روآ
ي ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ مﻮﻠﻋ رد
،ﯽ ﻓاﺮﻐﺟ
،ﺎﯿ ﻪﺑ ... و دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺖﺳا هﺪﻣآ دﻮﺟو
. ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻦﯿ ﻃ ﯽ لﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺧا
،ﺮﯿ
بﺎﺗ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ روآ
ي ﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد ﮥ ﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯽ ﺎﻤﺣ ﺖﯾ ﻧوﺰﻓازور ﯽ ﭘ اﺪﯿ ،اﺮﻣﺎﺑ و درﺎﻧرﻮﺑ) ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮐ 2011
ﻪﺑ .(
ﻟد ﻞﯿ ﻐﺗ دﻮﺟو تاﺮﯿﯿ ز دﺎﯾ ﺤﻣ رد ﻂﯿ
ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ي ﺷزرو ﯽ آ دﻮﺟو و ةﺪﻨﯾ ﻪﺑ ﻦﺌﻤﻄﻣﺎﻧ ناﻮﻨﻋ
ﮏﯾ ا رد ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﻦﯾ
ﺐﺴﮐ ﻧآ نﺪﺷ روآ بﺎﺗ ،ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ﺎﻬ
رد ﻦﯾا اﺮﺷ ﻂﯾ ﺮﻣا ي روﺮﺿ ي
ﺐﺴﮐ .ﺖﺳا ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو
ﯽﯾ بﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺘﻧ ﻪﮐ يروآ
ﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﯽ ﻐﺗ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد تاﺮﯿﯿ
ﺶﻟﺎﭼ و يﺎﻫ ﻟﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﯽ اد تﻼﮑﺸﻣ و ﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷ
ﻦﯿ زا
فﺎﻄﻌﻧا يﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﺑﻮﺧ ﯽ ﻐﺗ رد ﺮﯿﯿ دﺮﺒﻫار ﺮﺑ موﺰﻟ ﻊﻗاﻮﻣ رد رادرﻮﺧ
ﺤﻣ رد ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺒﻧ ﻂﯿ
ﺴﺑ رﺎﯿ ﻐﺘﻣ ﺮﯿ ﭘ و ةﺪﯿﭽﯿ ﺎﻀﻓ ي ﺐﺴﮐ زوﺮﻣا رﺎﮐو
،ي ﻪﺑ مﻮﮑﺤﻣ
ﻮﺑﺎﻧ و ﺎﻨﻓ د ي ﺐﺴﮐ و ﺖﺳا ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو
ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ﻧ ﺰﯿ ا زا ﻦﯾ ﻧ ﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﻣ هﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﯿ
. ﺐﯿﺳآ يﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ﻢﻫ هﺪﺷ ﺐﺒﺳ ناﺮﯾا رد ﯽﺷزرو ي
هار زاﺪﻧا ﻦﯾا ي ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو زا ﺪﻌﺑ ﻢﻫ ،دﺮﯿﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺖﻣوﺎﻘﻣ و ﯽﺘﺨﺳ ﺎﺑ هار
زاﺪﻧا ﻦﯾا زا ﯽﻠﯿﺧ ي ﺐﺴﮐ
ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ﻪﺑ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ا ﺖﻠﻋ .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻞﯿﻄﻌﺗ ﻦﯾ
ﻦﯾا ﻪﮑﻨﯾا اﺪﺘﺑا ؛ﺖﺳا ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ ود زا ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﺐﺴﮐ
ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو و ﻪﺘﺷاد ﯽﻫﺎﺗﻮﮐ ﺮﻤﻋ ﺎﻣ رﻮﺸﮐ رد ،ﺪﻧراﺪﻧ يﻮﻗ ﯽﻔﻨﺻ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ
ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻦﯿ
ﻘﺑﺎﺳ دﻮﺒﻧ ﮥ اﺮﺷ ﻦﺘﺷاد) نﺎﺸﺧرد ﻂﯾ
ﻪﺑﺮﺼﺤﻨﻣ شور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا و (دﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ
ي ﺘﻨﺳ ﯽ روﺎﻨﻓ ﺎﺑ ي ﺪﻗ ﯽﻤﯾ ﻟﻮﺗ رد ﺪﯿ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﮥﺋارا و قﺎﺒﻄﻧا
ﺬﭘ ﯾﺮ ي
ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻟﺎﺣ رد ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ ار ﯽﺷزرو ي ﺐﺴﮐ
ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ﺴﺑ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ زا رﺎﯿ
دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻢﻬﻣ ي
ﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ رد ي
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ
ﺖﺳا
، ا رد ﺎﻣا ناﺮﯾ ز ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نآ ﻪﺑ يدﺎﯾ
ﻤﻧ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﻧاواﺮﻓ تﻼﮑﺸﻣ و ﯽ
ﭘ ﺶﯿ ور ي ا ﻦﯾ ﺐﺴﮐ ﻤﻫا دﻮﺟو ﺎﺑ .دراد دﻮﺟو رﺎﮐو ﯽﺘﯿ
اﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ي بﺎﺗ روآ ي
هزﻮﺣ رد ﻫﺎ ي ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻞﺋﺎﻗ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ
، زﻮﺣ رد ﺎﻣا ة
ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ا ﻪﺑ ﻦﯾ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﯽ ا رد و هﺪﺸﻧ ﻦﯾ
ﻣز ﻪﻨﯿ ﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽ ﻧ ﺰﯿ ﮕﻧ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺘﻓﺮ
ﺖﺳا
، اﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻦﯾ ﻤﻫا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺖﯿ
بﺎﺗ روآ ي ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ﺸﻫوﮋﭘ دﻮﺒﻧ و ﯽ
ا رد ﻦﯾ ﻣز
،ﻪﻨﯿ ﻫ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ زا فﺪ ﺣاﺮﻃ
ﯽ ﻮﮕﻟا ي
ادارﺎﭘ ﯽﻤﯾ بﺎﺗ روآ ي ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ي ﺷزرو ﯽ دﻮﺑ . ﺖﯿﻤﻫا و هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ و ﻦﯿﺑ ﻦﯾا رد ﺐﺴﮐ
ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو رد رﻮﺸﮐ ناﻮﺗ و ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ و ﮏﭼﻮﮐ ي
ﻦﯾا زا ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ ﺐﺴﮐ
ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو بﺎﺗ روآ ي ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ﻗاو رد .ﺪﺷ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽﺷزرو ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ و ﮏﭼﻮﮐ ي ﻊ
ﻂﯿﺤﻣ مواﺪﻣ تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﺐﺴﮐ رﺎﮐو ﺪﺟ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ و ﻂﯿﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﺪﯾ
ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ﻪﺑ رﻮﺸﮐ رد ﯽﺷزرو ي ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺮﺼﻋ يﺎﯾﻮﭘ ﻂﯿﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ
ﺮﻈﻧﺪﻣ
.ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ
1. Ates & Bititci
2. Stephenson, Seville, Vargo & Roger
3. Steiner & Atterton
4. Gunasekaran, Rai & Griffin
5. Burnard and Bhamra
6. McManus, Seville, Brunsden & Vargo
شور ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
شور ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ا رد هﺪﺷ ﻦﯾ ﮐ ،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﻔﯿ
ادارﺎﭘ ﺎﺑ ﻢﯾ ﺴﻔﺗ يﺮﯿ هداد شور ﺎﺑ و ﻨﺑ
دﺎﯿ رﻮﺌﺗ ﺪﻧﺮﮔ) ي
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .ﺖﺳا ( ﻪﺘﺳد
ﺪﻨﺑ ي ﻘﺤﺗ تﺎﻘﯿ
ﻤﻠﻋ ﯽ ﻨﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ عﻮﻧ زا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ،فﺪﻫ ﺮﻈﻧ زا يدﺎﯿ
- دﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ي رﻮﺌﺗ ﺪﻧﺮﮔ .ﺖﺳا ي
ﻣ ار ﯽ ناﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ور ناﻮﻨﻋ يدﺮﮑﯾ ﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽ ﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﯽ دﺮﮐ
رد ﻪﮐ نآ هداد سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ
ي ﻌﻗاو ﯽ ﺮﻃ زا و ﻖﯾ ﺷور ﯽ ﻤﻠﻋ ﯽ ﺮﻈﻧ ﯾﻪ ﺎﻫ ي ﻨﺑ ﻦﯾدﺎﯿ ﺪﺟ ﺪﯾ وﺪﺗ ﻦﯾ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ا رد . ﻦﯾ ﺑ زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯿ
ﻫر ﺖﻓﺎﯿ يﺎﻫ
ﺮﻈﻧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﯾﻪ
زﺎﺳ ي هداد ﻨﺑﯿ دﺎ
، ﻧ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ زﺎﯿ ﻫر زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺪﻧور و ﺖﻓﺎﯿ
مﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻨﻣ سواﺮﺘﺳا و ﻦﯿﺑرﻮﮐ دراﻮﻣ رد ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ي
ﻫر ﺎﺑ ﺖﻓﺎﯿ
ﺪﻧﻮﺷﺮﻫﺎﻇ ة
ﻠﮔ رﺰﯿ و زا .ﺖﺳا توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﯾ
ﮔﮋ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ا ﺪﻧور و ﻦﯾ اﺮﻓ ﺪﻨﯾ ﻣ ﯽ ناﻮﺗ اﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﻔﮔ ي
وﺪﺗ ﻦﯾ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﯾ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻄﺑار رد ﮏﯾ
ﺪﭘ
،هﺪﯾ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ا ي
مﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻨﻣ ور زا ﯾﻪ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ار ﻣ رﺎﮐ ﯽ ﮔﯿ دﺮ ﻌﻣﺎﺟ . ﮥ رﺎﻣآ ي ﺳا ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ نادﺎﺘ
ﺪﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾ ﺷزرو ﯽ ﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ،رﻮﺸﮐ نﺎﻨﯾ
زﻮﺣ ة دﺎﺼﺘﻗا نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ،شزرو
ﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ،شزرو ﯽﻨﯾ
روآﻮﻧ و ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ﻻﺎﻌﻓ و ن ﺎﺑ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ زا ﺲﭘ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ شزرو ﺖﻌﻨﺻ 14
ﺎﻬﻧآ زا ﺮﻔﻧ و
ﺎﺑ عﺎﺒﺷا
،يﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﻣ
ﺪﺷ . ياﺮﺑ ﻊﻤﺟ روآ ي هداد ﺎﻫ زا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ ي ﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ و ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﮥ
ﻧﯿ ﻪﻤ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺎﺑ ﮥ رﺎﻣآ ي ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ شور .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﮔﯿ
ﺮ ي
ﻣ .دﻮﺑ سﺮﺘﺳد رد و ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ ﻞﺣاﺮ
راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ 3 ﻟوا) ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ
،ﻪﯿ ﻮﻧﺎﺛ ﻪﯾ ﺻﺎﺼﺘﺧا و ﯽ
ﻠﺣﺮﻣ رد .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا ( ﮥ
راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي ﻟوا ﻪﯿ ﻪﺑ ،(زﺎﺑ)
ﻤﻫ ﮥ ﻠﮐ تﺎﮑﻧ يﺪﯿ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ ﯽﻧاﻮﻨﻋ ﻤﻫ ﺲﭙﺳ ،ﺪﺷ هداد ﮥ
ا ﻦﯾ وﺎﻨﻋ ﻦﯾ ﻟواﺪﺟ رد ﯽ ﺎﻫﺪﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ هدروآ ي
ﻟوا ﻪﯿ ﻠﺤﺗ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ ﻞﯿ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ
ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺎﯾ راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي رﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ فاﺮﮔارﺎﭘ ﺢﻄﺳ رد
،فاﺮﮔا ﺲﭘ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ مﺎﻤﺗا زا ﺎﻫ
مﺎﺠﻧا
؛ﺖﻓﺮﮔ رد مﺎﮔ مود ) يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ ﻮﻧﺎﺛ
ﻪﯾ ﺎﻫﺪﮐ ( ي ﻟوا ﻪﯿ ﻪﺑ ﻟد ﻞﯿ
ﻧاواﺮﻓ ﯽ ﺎﻫﺪﮐ ﻪﺑ ي ﻮﻧﺎﺛ ﻪﯾ ﺪﺒﺗ ﻞﯾ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺲﭙﺳ ،ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻮﻧﺎﺛ ﺪﮐ
ﻪﯾ ﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺪﮐ ﻪﺑ ﯽ
ﺪﺒﺗ هﺪﺷ ﻞﯾ ﺎﻬﻧ رد و ﺖﯾ ﻋﺮﻓ تﻻﻮﻘﻣ ﯽ
.ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا و ﺺﺨﺸﻣ
ﺎﻬﻧ مﺎﮔ رد ﯽﯾ
راﺬﮔﺪﮐ) ي ﺻﺎﺼﺘﺧا ﯽ اﺮﻓ نآ رد ،(
ﺪﻨﯾ طﺎﺒﺗرا د ﯽﻫ راﺬﮔﺪﮐ رد ي
رﻮﺤﻣ ي شﺮﺘﺴﮔ و ﻂﺴﺑ ﺮﺑ ﯽﮑﯾ
راﺬﮔﺪﮐ .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ تﺎﻘﺒﻃ زا ي
رﻮﺤﻣ ي ﻌﺗ و ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻦﯿﯿ
ﮏﯾ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻟﻮﻘﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﮥ
ﻠﺻا ﯽ د تﻻﻮﻘﻣ ﺲﭙﺳ و دراد راﺮﻗ ﺮﮕﯾ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﻫ
ي ﻋﺮﻓ ﯽ هداد طﺎﺒﺗرا نآ ﻪﺑ
ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ا . ﻦﯾ ادارﺎﭘ لﺪﻣ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ رﺎﮐ ﯾﻤ
ﯽ ﺪﭘ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ةﺪﯾ ﻠﺻا
،ﯽ اﺮﺷ ﻂﯾ ﻋ ﯽّﻠ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻞﻠﻋ) ﮔﯿ
ﺮ ي ﺪﭘ ةﺪﯾ ﻠﺻا ﯽ ﻣز ،(
ﻪﻨﯿ اﺮﺷ و ﺮﺘﺴﺑ) ﺮﺘﺴﺑ و ﯽﻄﯾ
ا رد ﻪﮐ دﺎﺠﯾ ﻞﮑﺷ و ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﺪﭘ ةﺪﯾ ﻠﺻا ﯽ اﺰﺴﺑ ﺶﻘﻧ ﯽﯾ
اﺮﺷ ،(ﺪﻧراد ﻂﯾ
ﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ﻪ ) ﺮﮔ ﯽﻄﯾاﺮﺷ ﺪﭘ ،نآ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ هﺪﯾ
اﺰﻓا ﺶﯾ ﺎﯾ ﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﯽ ﯾ ﺪﺑﺎ ،(
ﻢﻫﺮﺑ و ﺶﻨﮐ) ﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار ﺶﻨﮐ
ﺎﻫ ي ﺻﺎﺧ ﯽ ﺪﭘ زا ﻪﮐ ةﺪﯾ رﻮﺤﻣ ي ﻣ ﺞﺘﻨﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﭘ و ( ﺪﻣﺎﯿ ﺘﻧ) ﺎﻫ ﮥﺠﯿ ﻪﺑ سواﺮﺘﺳا شور سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ (ﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار ﻦﺘﺴﺑ رﺎﮐ
ﺑرﻮﮐ و ﻦﯿ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻟﻮﻘﻣ و ﮥ ﻠﺻا ﯽ ﺄﺗ ﺪﯿﯾ ﻪﺑ و ﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ و ﻮﮕﻟا ترﻮﺻ
ي ادارﺎﭘ ﯽﻤﯾ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻢﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ
ﻨﭽﻤﻫ . ﻦﯿ ﻪﺑ ﺸﺨﺑرﺎﺒﺘﻋا رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﯽ
ﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺞﯾ ﻣ زا ،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ نﺎﯿ
واز شور ﻪﺳ ﯾﻪ
ﺪﻨﺑ ي ﺚﻠﺜﻣ /عﺎﻤﺟا) زﺎﺳ
ي رﺮﺑ) ﺎﻀﻋا لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ،(
ﯽﺳ زرا و (ﺎﻀﻋا ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﯽﺑﺎﯾ
سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ 10 ﺺﺧﺎﺷ
ﻟﻮﺒﻘﻣ ﺖﯿ واﺮﺘﺳا) س ﺑرﻮﮐ و
،ﻦﯿ 2008 ﺎﻀﻋا لﺮﺘﻨﮐ) ﺎﻀﻋا لﺮﺘﻨﮐ شور زا ،(
ﺎﯾ ﻨﮑﺗ ،ﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ رﺎﺒﺘﻋا ﯽﮑﯿ
ا ﺳو ناﺪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳ ﻪﻠﯿ
ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ي
ﺎﺑ ار دﻮﺧ ﮏﯾ ﺎﯾ ﺳرﺮﺑ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻊﻠﻄﻣ داﺮﻓا زا ﺮﻔﻧ ﺪﻨﭼ ﯽ
ﻣ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ ا و ﻦﯾ ﻨﮑﺗ ﮏﯿ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﺄﺗ ﺪﯿﯾ ﺳﺎﻔﺗ ﺮﯿ ﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﺮﮕ ﻪﺑ ﻣ رﺎﮐ ﯽ دور ود رد ﻪﮐ ،(
ﺄﺗ ،ﺶﺨﺑ يﺮﯾﺬﭘﺪﯿﯾ ﺠﻨﺳرﺎﺒﺘﻋا و
ﯽ ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ ﺪﺷ اﺮﻓ . ﺪﻨﯾ ﺄﺗ يﺮﯾﺬﭘﺪﯿﯾ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ
ﻪﺑ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﻮﺷ زرا ترﻮﺻ
ﯽﺑﺎﯾ زا جرﺎﺧ نﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ زا ﻦﺗ ﺪﻨﭼ
اﺮﻓ ﺪﻨﯾ ﺑزﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ و ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﻨﯿ
ا ﺮﻈﻧ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ حﻼﺻا و ﻦﯾ
مﺎﺠﻧا نﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ
اﺮﻓ . ﺪﻨﯾ ﺠﻨﺳرﺎﺒﺘﻋا ﯽ
ﻧ نآ
،ﺰﯿ زرا ﺎﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯾ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ زا نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﺎﻫﺪﮐ لﺎﺳرا ﻞﮑﺷ ﻪﺑ و ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ي
جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا ﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ هﺪﺷ ﺮﯾ
ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ا ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﮐ ،دﻮﺑ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ نﺎﺸﯾ
رد ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ .ﺪﺷ لﺎﻤﻋا دراﻮﻣ ﻧ رد
ﺖﯾﺎﻬ 11 ﮥﻟﻮﻘﻣ
،ﯽﻋﺮﻓ 43 و ﯽﻋﺮﻓ ﮥﻟﻮﻘﻣ 127
.ﺪﺷ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا ﺪﮐ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ
ا رد ﻦﯾ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﻌﻤﺟ ﯿ ﺖ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدروآ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﻮﺷ
لوﺪﺟ 1 ﻌﻤﺟ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا . ﺖﯿ
ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﮥ رﺎﻣآ ي
ﯽﻠﯿﺼﺤﺗ كرﺪﻣ ﯽﻠﯿﺼﺤﺗ ﮥﺘﺷر (لﺎﺳ) ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ (لﺎﺳ) ﻦﺳ ﺖﻤﺳ ﻒﯾدر
يﺮﺘﮐد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ 17 50 هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد دﺎﺘﺳا 1
يﺮﺘﮐد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ 6 36 هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد دﺎﺘﺳا 2
يﺮﺘﮐد يﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ 6 32 (ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ) ﯽﺷزرو ﻦﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ 3
و ﺐﺴﮐ يروآ بﺎﺗ ﯽﻤﯾادارﺎﭘ يﻮﮕﻟا ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ دﺎﯿﻨﺑ هداد ﮥﯾﺮﻈﻧ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫرﺎﮐ
165
ﯽﻠﯿﺼﺤﺗ كرﺪﻣ ﯽﻠﯿﺼﺤﺗ ﮥﺘﺷر (لﺎﺳ) ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ (لﺎﺳ) ﻦﺳ ﺖﻤﺳ ﻒﯾدر
يﺮﺘﮐد يﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ 15 37 شزرو ﺖﻌﻨﺻ لﺎﻌﻓ 4
يﺮﺘﮐد يﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ 4 31 شزرو دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻖﻘﺤﻣ 5
يﺮﺘﮐد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ 30 66 هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد دﺎﺘﺳا 6
يﺮﺘﮐد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ 23 42 هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد دﺎﺘﺳا 7
يﺮﺘﮐد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ 44 68 (ﻦﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ) هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد دﺎﺘﺳا 8
يﺮﺘﮐد يﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ 3 32 ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ 9
ﺪﺷرا ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ 6 38 ﯽﺷزرو ﻦﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ 10
يﺮﺘﮐد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ 8 35 نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ ﺮﯿﺑد 11
يﺮﺘﮐد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ 8 34 ﻦﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ و شزرو دﺎﺼﺘﻗا لﺎﻌﻓ 12
يﺮﺘﮐد يﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ 8 36 هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد دﺎﺘﺳا 13
يﺮﺘﮐد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ 8 37 ﯽﺷزرو ﻦﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ 14
نﺎﻤﻫ لوﺪﺟ رد ﻪﮐرﻮﻃ 1
ﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ
، 5 ،هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد دﺎﺘﺳا داﺮﻓا زا ﺮﻔﻧ 4
ﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ﺮﻔﻧ ﻦﯾ
زﻮﺣ رد ة ،شزرو 2 و ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﺮﻔﻧ 3
رد لﺎﻌﻓ ﺮﻔﻧ
زﻮﺣ ة .ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ شزرو ﺖﻌﻨﺻ و دﺎﺼﺘﻗا
لوﺪﺟ 2 جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا) ﯽﻠﻋ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ . زا هﺪﺷ
ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ (
زﺎﺑ يﺎﻫﺪﮐ ﯽﻋﺮﻓ ﮥﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﯽﻠﺻا ﮥﻟﻮﻘﻣ ،شزرو ﺖﻌﻨﺻ رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ نﻼﮐ يﺎﻫﺪﻣآرد
ﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا يﺎﻫوﺮﯿﻧ ي ﺐﺴﮐ
رﺎﮐو ،ﯽﺷزرو ﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ﮥﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ي
ﺐﺴﮐ رﺎﮐو رد ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ رازﺎﺑ ﻢﻬﺳ ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺐﺴﮐ
رﺎﮐو
و ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ ﻠﺑﺎﻗ
ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي
ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ﯽﺷزرو ي
ﯽﻠﻋ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﺛﺄﺗ
ﯿﺮ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ،رﻮﺸﮐ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺮﺑ ﺐﺴﮐ
رﺎﮐو ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا رد ﯽﺷزرو ،ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ
لﺎﻐﺘﺷا از
رﻮﺸﮐ رد ﯽﯾ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا تاﯿﺮﺛﺄﺗ
ﺐﺴﮐ رﺎﮐو ﯽﺷزرو ناﻮﺗ
ﻖﺑﺎﻄﺗ ﺬﭘ ﯾﺮ و ي آﯾ هﺪﻨ ﺮﮕﻧ ماود ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ،ي ﺐﺴﮐ
رﺎﮐو رد يروآﻮﻧ و ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ ،تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد ﺐﺴﮐ
رﺎﮐو ،ﯽﺷزرو
تﺎﻣﺪﺧ و ﻻﺎﮐ ﺖﯿﻤﮐ و ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﺐﺴﮐ
رﺎﮐو ﯽﺷزرو
ﺖﯿﻌﺿو دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﺐﺴﮐ
رﺎﮐو
رﻮﺸﮐ رد ﯽﺷزرو دﻮﺒﻤﮐ
زﯾ ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮ ﺎﻫ زا ﺖﻟود كﺪﻧا ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ ،رﻮﺸﮐ ﯽﺷزرو ي زﯾ
ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮ ﺎﻫ
ﯽﺷزرو ي يﺎﻫﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮزﯾ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ
رﻮﺸﮐ ﯽﺷزرو
لوﺪﺟ رد 2
ﻤﻫا ﻞﻠﻋ ﺖﯿ ﺪﭘ ةﺪﯾ ﻠﺻا ﯽ ﯽﻨﻌﯾ بﺎﺗ روآ ي ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ رﺎﮐو ﯽﯾ
هﺪﺷ ﺪﻧا . ﺲﭘ زا يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ
ﺎﻫ ﯽﻄﯾاﺮﺷ هﺪﺷ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧا
ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ بﺎﺗ روآ ي ﺐﺴﮐ ﺷزرو رﺎﮐو ﯽ
ﻤﻫا ﺖﯿ ﭘ اﺪﯿ ﺪﻨﮐ
، رد 4 ﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﮥ ﻋﺮﻓ ﯽ ﻓﺮﻇ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ هداد راﺮﻗ ﺖﯿ
ﻠﺑﺎﻗ و ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﺐﺴﮐ ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ي ﺷزرو
،ﯽ
ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ تا دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ي ﺐﺴﮐ ﺷزرو رﺎﮐو
،ﯽ ﻌﺿو دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﺖﯿ
ﺐﺴﮐ ﺷزرو رﺎﮐو ﯽ
ز دﻮﺒﻬﺑ و رﻮﺸﮐ رد ﯾ
ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮ ﺎﻫ ي ﺷزرو ﯽ .ﺖﺳا رﻮﺸﮐ
لوﺪﺟ 3 و ﺮﺘﺴﺑ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ . ﻣز
ﯿ ﻪﻨ ﺎﻫ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا) زا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ (
زﺎﺑ يﺎﻫﺪﮐ ﯽﻋﺮﻓ ﮥﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﯽﻠﺻا ﮥﻟﻮﻘﻣ
ﭘﯿ ﺶ ﺑﯿﻨ ﯽ هﺪﻨﯾآ و ﻦﺘﺷاد يﺎﻫﻮﯾرﺎﻨﺳ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺖﻬﺟ ﯽﯾﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ
ﺎﻫﺪﯾﺪﻬﺗ و يﺮﯾﺬﭘﻖﺑﺎﻄﺗ
هﺪﻨﯾآ
يﺮﮕﻧ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ
مﺪﻋ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ رد نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ) نداد رﺎﯿﺘﺧا مزﻻ ﻪﺑ داﺮﻓا ( دﺎﺠﯾا ، ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ مزﻻ و ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ياﺮﺑ مﺎﺠﻧا يﺎﻫرﺎﮐ ﯽﻤﯿﺗ و يﺎﻀﻓ دﺎﺠﯾا ،ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ
رد قﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ
ﺎﻫ ﮥﺋارا ،ﯽﺷزرو ي درﻮﺧزﺎﺑ
ﻪﺑ ﻊﻗﻮﻣ و ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ زا يﻮﺳ ﺮﯾﺪﻣ / ،ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ رﯾ ﺰ ي ﺢﯿﺤﺻ و ،ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ
درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ياﺮﺑ زﺎﯿﻧ
زﺎﺑ يﺎﻫﺪﮐ ﯽﻋﺮﻓ ﮥﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﯽﻠﺻا ﮥﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﮐﺄﺗ
ﯿﺪ
ﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺶﻧاد ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺮﺑ رﺎﮐوﺐﺴﮐ ﺖﯾﻮﻘﺗ
زﯾ ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮ ﺎﻫ ،رﻮﺸﮐ رد ﯽﺷزرو ﮥﻧاﺮﺳ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ،ﯽﺷزرو ي ﻪﺑ
زور ندﺮﮐ روﺎﻨﻓ ي ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ي ﺐﺴﮐ
رﺎﮐو ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﯾز ﺖﯿﻌﺿو
ﺐﺴﮐ رﺎﮐو ﯽﺷزرو ﻪﺑ ﯽﮑﻧﺎﺑ ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ ﺖﯾﻮﻘﺗ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ صﺎﺼﺘﺧا ،ﯽﻟﺎﻣ تﺪﻣﺪﻨﻠﺑ تﻼﯿﻬﺴﺗ ﮥﺋارا رﻮﻈﻨﻣ
ﺐﺴﮐ رﺎﮐو
ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﻟﺎﻣ يﺎﻫﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ
هرود ﺎﻫ رد شزرو ﺶﺨﺑ نﺪﺷ لﺎﻌﻓ ،ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ ﮥﺘﺷر ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ مﺎﻈﻧ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ،قﻼﺧ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ ي كرﺎﭘ
ﺎﻫ ،يروﺎﻨﻓ و ﻢﻠﻋ ي
ﯽﻠﻤﻋ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ
ﺗ ﮥﺘﺷر نادﺎﺘﺳا ﻦﯿﺑ رد يرﻮﺌﺗ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺎﺑ شزﻮﻣآ ،ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮ
ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﮏﺴﯾر ، شزﻮﻣآ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﺪﯾﺪﺟ
ﻪﺑ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا
رد شزﻮﻣآ ﺐﺴﮐ رﺎﮐو ﯽﺷزرو
ﻪﮑﺒﺷ زﺎﺳ ي رد ﺐﺴﮐ رﺎﮐو رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ يﺎﻫﺮﺘﺴﺑ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ،هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد و ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻦﯿﺑ يرﺎﮑﻤﻫ يﺎﻀﻓ دﺎﺠﯾا ، ﻪﻧﺎﺳر
ﺎﻫ يﺎﻀﻓ و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ي
يزﺎﺠﻣ
و يرﺎﮑﻤﻫ يﺎﻀﻓ رد ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا
ﺐﺴﮐ رﺎﮐو ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
شزرو رد ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ يﺎﻀﻓ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ،ﯽﺷزرو نﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ،
،رﻮﺸﮐ رد ﯽﺷزرو ﮥﻧاروآﻮﻧ يﺎﻫداﺪﯾور ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻪﺑ
ﮔرﺎﮐ ﯿﺮ ي ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﺎﻫ ي
بﺎﺘﺷ هﺪﻨﻫد نﺪﻧﺎﺳر ﻞﻤﻋ ﻪﺑ ياﺮﺑ روآﻮﻧ
ي ﺎﻫ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ ﮥﺘﺷر رد يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و هﺪﯾا ﻖﻠﺧ يﺎﻀﻓ دﺎﺠﯾا ،ﯽﺷزرو ي
ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ شﺮﮕﻧ ﻪﻧاروآﻮﻧ و ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ندﺮﮐ ﻪﻨﯾدﺎﻬﻧ
رد يروآﻮﻧ ﺐﺴﮐ رﺎﮐو
ﯽﻠﺧاد تﺎﻣﺪﺧ و ﻻﺎﮐ زا ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ ياﺮﺑ مدﺮﻣ ﻦﯿﺑ رد ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ يﺎﻫﺮﺘﺴﺑ دﺎﺠﯾا ، ﻂﯿﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺐﺴﮐ رﺎﮐو و ﺲﻠﺠﻣ و ﺖﻟود ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ ،شزرو دﺎﺼﺘﻗا زا ﯽﺘﯾﺎﻤﺣ ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻗ دﻮﺟو ﻂﯿﺤﻣ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ
ﺎﻫ دﻮﺟو ،شزرو دﺎﺼﺘﻗا زا ﯽﯾاﺮﺟا ي ﺖﯿﻓﺎﻔﺷ
رد ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻗ
،رﻮﺸﮐ تﺎﺒﺛ رد
ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻗ ﯽﺘﯾﺎﻤﺣ ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻗ
ﮏﺴﯾر ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺎﻣﺮﺳ
ﯾﻪ راﺬﮔ ﻪﺑ تﻼﯿﻬﺴﺗ يﺎﻄﻋا ،ي ﺎﻣﺮﺳ
ﯾﻪ
ناراﺬﮔ ناراﺬﮔﯾﻪﺎﻣﺮﺳ
ﺐﺴﮐ رﺎﮐو ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﺢﯿﺤﺻ رازﺎﺑ و ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ و ﻮﺴﻤﻫ ندﺮﮐ ﺎﺑ زﺎﯿﻧ ﮥﺋارا ،فﺪﻫ رازﺎﺑ ﯽﺠﻨﺳزﺎﯿﻧ مﺎﺠﻧا ،ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ و ﻻﺎﮐ
عﻮﻨﺘﻣ ﮐﺎﺑ ﯿﻔ ﯿ ﺖ و
ﻤﮐ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ،ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﺳر
ﺎﻫ تﺎﻐﯿﻠﺒﺗ ياﺮﺑ يزﺎﺠﻣ يﺎﻀﻓ و
ﻪﺑ ﮔرﺎﮐ ﯿﺮ ي
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ ي
تﺎﻐﯿﻠﺒﺗ و
و ﯽﺑﺎﯾرازﺎﺑ تﺎﻐﯿﻠﺒﺗ
لوﺪﺟ رد 3
راﺬﮔﺪﮐ زا ﺲﭘ ي
ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ
، ﻣز ﯿ ﻪﻨ ﺎﻫ ﺎﻫﺮﺘﺴﺑ و ي اﺮﺑ مزﻻ ي بﺎﺗ روآ ي ﺐﺴﮐ رد ﺷزرو رﺎﮐو ﯽ
رد 12 ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ هداد راﺮﻗ ﺪﻌﺑ
ﻖﺑﺎﻄﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺬﭘ
ﯾﺮ ي آ و هﺪﻨﯾ
،يﺮﮕﻧ ﺎﻫرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ي ﻧ درﻮﻣ زﺎﯿ اﺮﺑ ي ﺐﺴﮐ ﻌﺿو ،رﺎﮐو ﺖﯿ
ز ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﯾ ﺐﺴﮐ ﺷزرو رﺎﮐو
،ﯽ ﺎﻤﺣ ﯾ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻟﺎﻣ
،ﯽ ﺎﻀﻓ ي
رﺎﮑﻤﻫ ي ﻃﺎﺒﺗرا و ﯽ د ر ﺐﺴﮐ ﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ،رﺎﮐو ﻂﯿ
ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ ﺐﺴﮐ ﺪﻣ ،رﺎﮐو ﺖﯾﺮﯾ ﺐﺴﮐ ﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ شﺮﮕﻧ ،رﺎﮐو ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯾ
ﻪﺑ ،ﻪﻧاروآﻮﻧ و ﮔرﺎﮐ
ﯿﺮ ي
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ي رازﺎﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯾ ﻠﺒﺗ و
،تﺎﻐﯿ ﻧاﻮﻗ ﻦﯿ ﺎﻤﺣ
،ﯽﺘﯾ ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﯾﻪ ناراﺬﮔ ﺐﺴﮐ ﺐﺴﮐ رد شزﻮﻣآ ،رﺎﮐو .ﺖﺳا رﺎﮐو
لوﺪﺟ 4 ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ . يا
بﺎﺗ روآ ي ﺐﺴﮐ رﺎﮐو جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا) ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ زا هﺪﺷ (ﺎﻫ
زﺎﺑ يﺎﻫﺪﮐ ﯽﻋﺮﻓ ﮥﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﯽﻠﺻا ﮥﻟﻮﻘﻣ
،شزرو رد ﯽﺘﻨﺳ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ،راﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺪﺒﺳ رد شزرو ندﺮﮐ دراو و مدﺮﻣ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ
ﮔرﺎﮐ ﯿﺮ ي ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﯾ خﺮﻧ
ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ،مرﻮﺗ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا
،دازآ ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿ ﺬﭘﺮ ﯾﺮ ي نﻼﮐ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا
،ﯽﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ناﺮﺤﺑ ﺎﻫ ي يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا هرود ا ي
يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﺖﯿﻌﺿو رﻮﺸﮐ
ﻂﯿﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﮔرﺎﮐ ﯿﺮ ي ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﯾﻪ ﺎﻫ زا ﺺﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ي هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد
ﺎﻫ ثاﺪﺣا ، زﯾ ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ،ﺖﻟود ﮏﻤﮐ ﺎﺑ رﻮﺸﮐ رد ﯽﺷزرو ي ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ندروآ ﺖﺳد
رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ،ﻦﯾﺰﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﺐﺴﮐ
رﺎﮐو
زﺎﯿﻧ درﻮﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﺐﺴﮐ رﺎﮐو ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ،ﯽﺘﯾﺎﻤﺣ ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻗ رد تﺎﺒﺛ ﺳاﺮﮐوﺮﺑ
ﯽ ﺎﻫ ياﺮﺑ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻗ ﺐﯾﻮﺼﺗ ،رﻮﺸﮐ رد يرادا ي هار
زاﺪﻧا زا ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ و ي ﺐﺴﮐ
ﺎﻫرﺎﮐو ي
تﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺘﯾﺎﻤﺣ ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻗ دﻮﺟو ،رﻮﺸﮐ رد ﯽﺷزرو
و ﯽﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻊﺿاﻮﻣ ﯽﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ياﺮﺑ ﮏﺴﯾر ﺶﻫﺎﮐ
ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﯾﻪ راﺬﮔ رد ي ﺐﺴﮐ رﺎﮐو ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺐﯿﻏﺮﺗ ،ﯽﺷزرو ﻪﺑ ناراﺬﮔ
ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﯾﻪ راﺬﮔ
ي يراﺬﮔ ﯾﻪﺎﻣﺮﺳ
