Effect of mycorrhiza fungi on growth of coriander under lead stress

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Effect of mycorrhiza fungi on growth of coriander under lead stress

Hamideh Fatemi^a,*, Behrooz Esmaielpour,^b Ali-Ashraf Soltani^c, Ali Nematollahzadeh ^d;

a: PhD student of oleiculture, Horticulture Department, Mohaghegh Ardabili University of

b Associate Professor of olericulture, Horticulture Department, Mohaghegh Ardabili University of mohaghegh ardabili

c Associate Professor,, Soil science Department, Mohaghegh Ardabili University

d Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering , Mohaghegh Ardabili University

*Corresponding author: ha.fatemi@uma.ac.ir

ABSTRACT

To study the effect of Mycorrhiza on the growth of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) under lead stress conditions to a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications was conducted in research greenhouse of Mohaghegh Ardabili University at 2015-2016. Experimental factors included soil contamination by lead (0, 500, 1000, 1500 ppm) and inoculation with mycorrhiza. During this experiment traits such as plant height, plant dry and fresh weight, leaf number, diameter stem, and root dry weight were measured. Results showed that the interaction between stress and the use of lead and mycorrhiza has been significant traits. The highest Pb treatment (1500 ppm) had decreased 57, 50, 20, 41, 15, 42, 25 % shoot weight, stem diameter, root diameter, root length, Plant height, leaf area and root dry weight and control was highest in all factors compare other treatments. The Pb concentration had not effect on root weight and stem dry weight. Mycorrhiza inoculation had significant effect on coriander plant characteristic except in root weight and stem diameter. The interaction between Lead contamination and mycorrhiza inoculation had significant effect on all characteristic expect of root weight, stem diameter and dry stem diameter.

Keywords: coriander, lead stress, mycorrhiza,

INTRODUCTION

Exposure to high metal concentrations impinges on the growth and development of plants (Rout and Das 2003; Shanker et al. 2005; Dhir et al. 2009). Such growth effects result from alterations in physiological events such as photosynthesis, respiration, changes in lipid composition, enzyme activity, and distribution of macro and micronutrients at the cellular level (Rout and Das 2003; Shanker et al. 2005). Findings derived from Researches also suggest that abiotic factors such as heavy metals may alter the production of bioactive compounds by changing aspects of secondary metabolism (Verpoorte et al. 2002). Chemical, physical and biological methods are used to remove toxic metals from soil.

Among biological methods, mycorrhizal fungi can play a role in bioremediation of heavy metal pollution in soil. Alleviation of metal toxicity can be ascribed to the impact of AMF to metal distribution at the soil– fungus–plant interface (Meier et al., 2012). Mycorrhizal structures may stabilize metals in the soil, reduce their uptake and minimize the risk of toxicity to crops growing in polluted substrates (González-Chávez et al., 2004). Metal tolerant AMF isolated from polluted soils cope better with metal toxicity than those isolated from unpolluted soils (Cornejo et al., 2013). Concerning Ferrol et al. (2009), isolation of indigenous and presumably adapted AM fungi, more suitable for phytostabilisation purposes than laboratory strains, can be a potential biotechnological tool for successful restoration of degraded ecosystems. The potential

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of AMF to enhance plant growth and reducing heavy metal stress is well recognized. Some of the Mycorrhizal fungi species such as Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae and some other species of Glomus are important for induction can tolerate heavy metal stress tolerance in plants, among which,. But not exploited to the fullest extent, particularly in economically important plants such as coriander. Hence selection of heavy metal stress tolerant strains of mycorrhizal fungi is an important step to get healthy plants in metal polluted lands.

MATERIALS & METHODS

Coriander plants (Coriander sativum) were cultivated in pots containing soil contaminated with heavy metals. The soil was amended with heavy metals 6 month before cultivation and allowed to equilibrate. Each pot contained 10 kg of separately prepared soil. This procedure was repeated several times. Mycorrhizal fungi, (Glomus mosseae) added to soil toward seed sowing.

After completion of plant growth stages (4 months), the plants were removed and their parts (root, shoot and leaf) separated. Characteristic such as shoot fresh weight, root weight, stem diameter, leaf number, root diameter, root length, plant height, leaf area, dry stem weight, dry root weight. was measured.

All values reported in this study are mean of at least three replicates. One- way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed by using a statistical package, SAS version9.4. LSD test was done to separate the significant difference between treatments.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1 - Analysis of variance of Lead stress and Mycorrhiza fungi inoculation on for Morphological characteristic of Coriander plants

Mean of Squares Df Shoot

fresh weight

Root Fresh weight

Stem diameter

Leaf number

Root diameter

Root length

Plant height

Leaf area stem dry weight

root dry weight Lead Stress 3 0.064** 0.002ns 0.284** 1.094ns 0.656** 32.199** 137.97** 32225.04** 2.607ns 0.00**

Mycorrhiza 1 0.018** 0.008ns 0.137ns 1.361ns 1.033** 37.216** 104.98** 171112.5** 8.405* 0.00**

Lead*Mycorrhiza 3 0.0018** 0.003ns 0.117ns 5.261** 0.191** 1.875* 59.15** 167.89.5** 2.058ns 0.00**

Error 31 0.00 0.003 0.051 0.798 0.022 0.641 2.82 1097.8 1.754 0.00**

The same letter does not differ significantly (p < 0.05); Lsd test

The effects of Maycorrhiza and Lead stress on the of coriander plants growth character was examined. According to the results, Pb concentration had a significant effect on shoot weight, stem diameter, root diameter, root length, Plant height, leaf area and root dry weight. The highest Pb treatment (1500 ppm) decreased shoot weight, stem diameter, root diameter, root length, Plant height, leaf area and root dry weight 57, 50, 20, 41, 15, 42, 25 % respectively and control plants have the highest value for all of mentioned plant growth characteristics.. The Pb contamination has not significant effect on root and stem dry weight.

Mycorrhiza inoculation had significant effect on coriander all of plant except in root weight and stem diameter. The interaction between Lead concentration and mycorrhiza had significant effect on all characteristic expect of root weight, stem diameter.

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Lead stress can decreases plant by reducing the size and number of stomatal guard cells, reducing water transport to to leaves and reduction in leaf area, cell wall disruption and resulting in disturbance of leaf ranspiration rate and reduce RWC of leaves (Cenkci et al., 2010). Lead may lead to disturbance in cell membrane structure of and finally causes the electrolyte leakage from cell (Azooz et al., 2011).

Mycorrhiza fungi could induce changes in the chloroplasts and thus to explain the differences among carotenoids levels in symbiotic plants. Their chloroplasts have higher and more numerous plastoglobuli, the subcellular compartment where carotenoids are mainly localized in the hloroplast to chromoplast transformation (Baslam et al., 2013).

Table3 –Mean comparison effects of Lead stress and mycorrhiza on morphological indices of coriander Lead

(ppm)

Mycorrhiza Shoot fresh weight

(gr)

Stem diameter

(cm)

Leaf number

Root diameter(cm)

Root length

(cm)

Plant height

(cm)

Leaf area (mm²)

Dry stem weight

(%)

Dry root weight

(%)

0 + 0.41 ^b 1.19^b 6.0^ab 0.82^b 10.9^b 23.9^b 236.25^de 5.75^ab 0.020^b

- 0.44^a 1.57^a 5.25^bc 1.64^a 13.9^a 35.15^a 517.5^a 7.75^a 0.021^a

500 + 0.36^c 1.80^a 5.5^bc 0.68^bcd 9.02^d 22.8^bc 217.25^e 6.12^ab 0.019^d

- 0.38^c 1.61^a 5.5^bc 0.86^b 9.9^bc 22.80^bc 342.25^b 5.75^ab 0.019^c

1000 + 0.31^d 1.68^a 5.5^bc 0.57^cd 7.55^d 21.17^cd 212.0^e 5.75^ab 0.013^f

- 0.37^c 1.91^a 7.0^a 0.77^bc 9.5^c 22.25^bc 305.75^bc 7.12^a 0.014^e

1500 + 0.17^f 1.70^a 6.65^ab 0.47^d 6.44^d 19.32^d 188.25^e 4.89^b 0.010^g

- 0.25^e 1.80^a 4.25^c 0.71^bcd 9.25^c 22.07^bc 273.25^cd 6^ab 0.010^g

same letter in each column indicate not significant difference (p < 0.05); Lsd test

MF enhances the resilience of crop plants through its active participation in nutrient uptake and maintaining cell water content (Ling-Zhi et al., 2011). Increases of growth in AMF- colonized plants in our study was supported by Tang et al. (2009) for maize and Ling-Zhi et al.

(2011) for Tagetes erecta Ling- Zhi et al. (2011) demonstrated that AMF mitigated the deleterious impact of Cd. The reduced growth of plants under Cd stress and subsequent amelioration by AMF were also observed by Rivera-Becerril et al. (2005) in Pisum sativum , and Ling-Zhi et al. (2011) for T. erecta . In most cases, growth inhibition by Cd is contributed to plant photosynthesis reduced.

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