The Effectiveness of Local Games with Hybrid of Teaching Game For Understanding and Game Sense Approaches on the Motor Skills in Students Mina Keshavarz

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The Effectiveness of Local Games with Hybrid of Teaching Game For Understanding and Game Sense Approaches on the Motor Skills in Students

Mina Keshavarz¹ , Hasan Mohammad zade²^

1. Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. E-mail: [email protected].

2. Corresponding Author, Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. E-mail:

[email protected].

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article type:

Research Article

Article history:

Received:

18 April 2022 Received in revised form:

28 July 2022 Accepted:

20 July 2022 Published online:

22 September 2022

Keywords:

children, game sense, hybrid of approaches, motor proficiency, teaching game for, traditional games, understanding.

Introduction: In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the evolution of physical education teaching from a linear to a non-linear approach.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of local games with hybrid of teaching game for understanding and game sense approach on student's motor skills.

Methods: This research was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design that was performed in a field form. Fifty-five girl students (10-11years) were randomly divided into four groups: teaching game for understanding, game sense, hybrid of teaching game for understanding and game sense and traditional group.

Subjects practiced 3 one-hour sessions per week according to their group's educational approach for 12 weeks. The Bruininks-Oseretsky test was used to assess children's motor proficiency.

Results: The results of Mixed ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference between pre-test and post-test of the first three groups. so, it can be say, in the gross motor skill of the hybrid group 79% changes, in the fine motor skills and total motor skills of the teaching game for understanding group got the highest scores with 84% and 85% of the changes, respectively.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that using the hybrid approach improve children's motor skills. The present study shows that teaching game for understanding and game sense models in the form of local games are a good training method to improve motor skills in students, it seems that these approaches can be transferred to other educational levels.

Cite this article: Keshavarz, M., & Mohammadzade, H. (2022). The Effectiveness of Local Games with Hybrid of Teaching Game for Understanding and Game Sense Approaches on the Motor Skills in Students, Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning, 14 (2),102-117. DOI: 10.22059/jsmdl.2022.341810.1648.

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ExtendedAbstract

Introduction

In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the evolution of physical education teaching from a linear to a non-linear approach.

Play is one of the main ways for children to learn and grow.

Educational and psychological researchers have suggested that play is a powerful mediator for learning various skills throughout people's lives. So children learn through play and are obviously born naturally curious and ready to learn. Motor skill is mastery in performing a motor task. In fact, mastery of motor skills is the basis for playing different types of games and having physical, social and mental health (Payne & Isaacs, 2017). Motor skills are divided into gross and fine motor skills (Stappa et al., 2021). In the late 1970s, in response to growing dissatisfaction with conventional technical approaches, the teaching games for understanding (TGFU) approach emerged (Harvey, pill, & Almond, 2018). One of the other approaches that are somewhat opposite to the traditional approaches to motor learning is the Game Sense Approach (GSA).so, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of local games with hybrid of teaching game for understanding and game sense approach on student's motor skills.

Methods

This research was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design that was performed in a field form. The statistical population of this research was all fifth grade students of Tabriz city, which by

gender include 13130 girl students and 14102 boy students (27232 people in total). Purposive sampling method was used to collect data.

The minimum number of samples was 13 people using G*power software and taking into account statistical power of 0.8, effect size of 0.3 and confidence interval of 0.95. Therefore, the statistical sample was 55 fifth grade girls with an age range of 10 to 11 years (mean = 10.78, standard deviation = 0.93) who were randomly assigned to four groups of teaching games for understanding (14 people), Game sense (14 people), a hybrid of game teaching approach to understand and game sense (13 people) and traditional group (14 people) were included. The criteria for participating in the research included fifth grade female students who had physical and mental health, the written consent of the family and no history of education based on non-linear approaches in the form of native-local games and in the physical education unit at school. The exclusion criteria of participants from the study included not being able to participate in the game and being injured as diagnosed by the physical education teacher. The Bruininks- Oseretsky test was used to assess children's motor proficiency.

Results

The results of Mixed ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference between pre-test and post-test of the first three groups. so, it can be say, in the gross motor skill in the hybrid of teaching game for understanding and game sense group 79% changes, in the fine motor skills and total motor skills of the teaching game for understanding group got the highest scores with 84% and 85% of the changes, respectively.

Table1. Two-to-two comparison of groups in the pre-test and post-test of motor proficiency Training

conditions

Skill Group (i) Group (j) Mean difference (i-j)

standard error P Value

TGFU Gross Pre-test Post-test -37.93 2.39 *0/0001

Fine Pre-test Post-test -34.07 1.84 *0/0001

motor proficiency Pre-test Post-test -79.50 4.09 *0/0001

GSA Gross Pre-test Post-test -34.00 2.39 *0/0001

GSA/TGFU Gross Pre-test Post-test -37.69 2.39 *0/0001

Traditional Gross Pre-test Post-test -3.43 2.39 0.16

Fine Pre-test Post-test -1.36 1.84 0.46

motor proficiency Pre-test Post-test -5.07 4.09 0.22

Conclusion

It can be concluded that using the hybrid of teaching game for understanding and game sense approach improve children's motor skills. The present study shows that teaching game for understanding and game sense models in the form of local games are a good training method to improve motor skills in students, it seems that these approaches can be transferred to other educational levels.

Ethical Considerations: Written consents were collected from the parents or guardians of the participants in the research.

Authors’ contribution: Data collection and statistics writing by Mina Keshavarz. Writing the introduction and discussion and conclusion with Dr.

Hassan Mohammadzadeh

Acknowledgments: In this way, all the people who participated in the implementation of the research are thanked and appreciated.

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يزﺎﺑ شزﻮﻣآ ﯽﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا ﯽﻣﻮﺑ يﺎﻫ

- ياﺮﺑ يزﺎﺑ ﺲﯾرﺪﺗ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور زا ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﯽﻠﺤﻣ

ﺶﻧاد ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺮﺤﺒﺗ ﺮﺑ يزﺎﺑ ﺲﺣ و نﺪﯿﻤﻬﻓ نازﻮﻣآ

زروﺎﺸﮐ ﺎﻨﯿﻣ ، 1

هدازﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﻦﺴﺣ

2



1.

هوﺮﮔ ﺘﮐﺮﺣ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯽ

، ﻪﯿﻣورا هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ،

،ﻪﯿﻣورا اﯾ ناﺮ . ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار : [email protected]

2 . ةﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ ،لوﺆﺴﻣ ﺘﮐﺮﺣ رﺎﺘﻓر هوﺮﮔ ﯽ

، ،ﻪﯿﻣورا ،ﻪﯿﻣورا هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد اﯾ

ناﺮ . ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار : [email protected]

ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا هﺪﯿﮑﭼ

:ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ عﻮﻧ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 29 / 01 / 1401

:يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 06

/ 05 / 1401

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺬﭘ ﯾ شﺮ : 29 / 04 / 1401

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رﺎﺸﺘﻧا : 31 / 06 / 1401

ﺪﯿﻠﮐ هژاو :ﺎﻫ يزﺎﺑ ،ﯽﺘﻨﺳ يﺎﻫ ،نﺪﯿﻤﻬﻓ ياﺮﺑ يزﺎﺑ ﺲﯾرﺪﺗ

،ﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ ،ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺮﺤﺒﺗ ،يزﺎﺑ ﺲﺣ .نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ

: د ر لﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ

،ﺮﯿﺧا ﻪﻗﻼﻋ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﯽﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ لﻮﺤﺗ شزﻮﻣآ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ زا دﺮﮑﯾور ﯽﻄﺧ ﻪﺑ دﺮﮑﯾور ﯽﻄﺧﺮﯿﻏ دﻮﺟو

ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺖﺳا . ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يزﺎﺑ ﯽﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا

ﯽﻣﻮﺑ يﺎﻫ - ﯽﻠﺤﻣ شور ﺎﺑ ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ يﺎﻫ ياﺮﺑ يزﺎﺑ ﺲﯾرﺪﺗ

ﺶﻧاد ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺮﺤﺒﺗ ﺮﺑ يزﺎﺑ ﺲﺣ و نﺪﯿﻤﻬﻓ .ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا نازﻮﻣآ

:ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور ﻦﯾا

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ زا عﻮﻧ ﻪﻤﯿﻧ و ﯽﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺎﺑ حﺮﻃ ﺶﯿﭘ نﻮﻣزآ و ﺲﭘ نﻮﻣزآ دﻮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ .ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣ ﻞﮑﺷ

ﺶﻧاد ﺞﻨﭘ و هﺎﺠﻨﭘ زﻮﻣآ

ﺮﺘﺧد ) 10-11 (لﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ رﺎﻬﭼ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ ترﻮﺻ ياﺮﺑ يزﺎﺑ ﺲﯾرﺪﺗ هوﺮﮔ

،يزﺎﺑ ﺲﺣ ،نﺪﯿﻤﻬﻓ

يزﺎﺑ ﺲﺣ و نﺪﯿﻤﻬﻓ ياﺮﺑ يزﺎﺑ ﺲﯾرﺪﺗ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ و

ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ ﯽﺘﻨﺳ هوﺮﮔ .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ

ﯽﻧدﻮﻣزآ تﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ 12

ﺮﻫ ،ﻪﺘﻔﻫ

ﻪﺘﻔﻫ 3 ﻪﺘﻋﺎﺳ ﮏﯾ ﻪﺴﻠﺟ ﻨﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ ﻪﺑ دﻮﺧ هوﺮﮔ ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ دﺮﮑﯾور ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ

زا .ﺪ ﺲﮑﯿﻧوﺮﺑ نﻮﻣزآ -

ﯽﮑﺴﺗروزوا ياﺮﺑ

.ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺮﺤﺒﺗ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ :ﺎﻫ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﺐﮐﺮﻣ ار يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ﺶﯿﭘ ﻦﯿﺑ

نﻮﻣزآ و ﺲﭘ داد نﺎﺸﻧ لوا هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺳ نﻮﻣزآ ﻪﺑ

يرﻮﻃ

ﯽﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﻔﮔ ناﻮﺗ هوﺮﮔ ﺖﺷرد ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ترﺎﻬﻣ رد ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ

ﺎﺑ 79 ﺪﺻرد ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺮﺤﺒﺗ و ﻒﯾﺮﻇ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ترﺎﻬﻣ رد ،تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ

ﺎﺑ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ نﺪﯿﻤﻬﻓ ياﺮﺑ يزﺎﺑ ﺲﯾرﺪﺗ هوﺮﮔ ﻞﮐ 84

ﺪﺻرد و 85 ﺪﺻرد رد .ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﺐﺴﮐ ار هﺮﻤﻧ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ زا

ﯽﻟﺎﺣ .ﺖﺷاﺪﻧ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ رد يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﯽﺘﻨﺳ شزﻮﻣآ ﻪﮐ

:يﺮﯿﮔ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﯽﻣ

ﯽﻣ ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ دﺮﮑﯾور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﮐ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ناﻮﺗ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ار نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺮﺤﺒﺗ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ .ﺪﺸﺨﺑ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد

لﺪﻣ شزﻮﻣآ يﺎﻫ نﺪﯿﻤﻬﻓ ياﺮﺑ يزﺎﺑ ﺲﯾرﺪﺗ

يزﺎﺑ ﺲﺣ و يزﺎﺑ ﺐﻟﺎﻗرد

يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣﻮﺑ - ﯽﻠﺤﻣ ﺎﻘﺗرا ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ شور ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺮﺤﺒﺗ ء

رد ﺶﻧاد نازﻮﻣآ ﻪﺑ و ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﯽﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﯾا ﺪﺳر ﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور ﺖﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ

لﺎﻘﺘﻧا ﯽﻠﯿﺼﺤﺗ ﻊﻃﺎﻘﻣ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ راد ار

ﻧﺪ .

دﺎﻨﺘﺳا : ؛ﺎﻨﯿﻣ ،زروﺎﺸﮐ و

ﻦﺴﺣ ،هدازﺪﻤﺤﻣ . )

1401 يزﺎﺑ شزﻮﻣآ ﯽﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا .(

ﯽﻣﻮﺑ يﺎﻫ - ﺮﺑ يزﺎﺑ ﺲﺣ و نﺪﯿﻤﻬﻓ ياﺮﺑ يزﺎﺑ ﺲﯾرﺪﺗ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور زا ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﯽﻠﺤﻣ

ﺶﻧاد ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺮﺤﺒﺗ .نازﻮﻣآ

ﺮﺸﻧ ﯾﻪ ﺪﺷر ﯾ و ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي ﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﯽﺷزرو ﯽ

، 14 )2

،(

102-117 .

.

2022.341810.1648 jsmdl.

/ 10.22059 DOI:

ﺎﻧ :ﺮﺷ ،ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد

ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ و

.ﯽﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ .نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ©

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يزﺎﺑ ﯽﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا ﯽﻣﻮﺑ يﺎﻫ

- ... يزﺎﺑ ﺲﯾرﺪﺗ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور زا ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﯽﻠﺤﻣ

105

ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ يزﺎﺑ ﯽﮑﯾ زا هار يﺎﻫ ﯽﻠﺻا يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷر نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ﺖﺳا . نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ شزﻮﻣآ و ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور دﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ

هدﺮﮐ ﺪﻧا ﻪﮐ يزﺎﺑ ﯽﺠﻧﺎﯿﻣ يﻮﻗ

ياﺮﺑ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ترﺎﻬﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ رد لﻮﻃ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز داﺮﻓا ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .ﺖﺳا نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ

زا ﻖﯾﺮﻃ يزﺎﺑ دﺎﯾ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔ و ﯽﻬﯾﺪﺑ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑ

رﻮﻃ ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ وﺎﮑﺠﻨﮐ و هدﺎﻣآ ياﺮﺑ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﻪﺑ ﺎﯿﻧد ﯽﻣ ما) ﺪﻨﯾآ ﻮﺒﮕﯿﭼ و ﻮﻤﻨﯾا ،ﯽﭼﺎﺑ -

،ﯽﺳﺎﺑوا 2020 يزﺎﺑ ﻊﻗاو رد .(

ﺶﺨﺑ ﯽﻤﻬﻣ زا

شزﻮﻣآ و ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ لﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ ﻪﯿﻟوا ﺖﺳا . زا ﻖﯾﺮﻃ يزﺎﺑ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ و ترﺎﻬﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ زا ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ترﺎﻬﻣ يﺎﻫ دﺎﯾ ار ﯽﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ

ﯽﻣ ،گرﻮﺒﺴﯿﮔ) ﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔ 2007

ﻪﺘﻔﮔ ﻖﺒﻃ .(

ﻪﻨﺳ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و1

) 2018 ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ( يزﺎﺑ و ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺎﻫ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ يﺎﻫ

يﺎﻫ

ﻢﯿﻫﺎﻔﻣ زا ﯽﺧﺮﺑ راﺮﮑﺗ و ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ يﺮﺘﺴﺑ ﯽﺷروﺮﭘ و ﯽﺘﯿﺑﺮﺗ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ

نﺎﺘﺴﺑد هرود رد ،ﯽﺴﯾزﺎﯾ و ﯽﺴﯿﻠﺟ) ﺖﺳا

2015 .(

دﻮﺟوﺎﺑ ا

،ﻦﯾ ﻪﻗﻼﻋ كدﻮﮐ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ يز يﺮﻣا ﯽﺗاذ و يﺮﻄﻓ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ ﺮﻓ ﯾ رﺪ ﯾ ﺶ ﻞﺑوﺮﻓ

2 ) 1782 - 1852 ﺑ ( ﻫﺎﻣ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﺎ ﯿ

ﺖ ﻪﻧادازآ

زﺎﺑ ي

، نآ ار ﻧﺎﮑﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯿ

مﺰ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ شزادﺮﭘ ﯽ

اﺮﺑ ي مﺎﻏدا ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي ﻫار و ﯽ اﺮﺑ ي

"

زﺎﺑ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ي

ﻟﺎﻋ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯽ

ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ ﻞﮑﺷ

ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي

"

ﭘﯿ ﺶ ﺑﯿﻨ ﯽ دﺮﮐ ،ﻞﺑوﺮﻓ) 2018 .(

نآ زا ﺗ ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﺟ و هدﻮﺑ ﺞﯾار يﺮﺸﺑ ﻊﻣاﻮﺟ مﺎﻤﺗ رد ندﺮﮐ يزﺎﺑ ياﺮﺑ كدﻮﮐ زﺎﯿﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮ

ﺎﻣ رﻮﺸﮐ رد ﻢﻫ

زا ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ يﺎﻫ رود ﺮﻣا ﻦﯾا ؛ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ندﺮﮐ يزﺎﺑ ، يزﺎﺑ ﺶﯾاﺪﯿﭘ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ

يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣﻮﺑ - ﯽﻠﺤﻣ هﺪﺷ3

ﻪﮐ

يزﺎﺑ ﻦﯾا زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ زﻮﻨﻫ ﺎﻫ

ﮋﯾو زا ﯽﮑﯾ .ﺖﺳا ﺞﯾار رﻮﺸﮐ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ طﺎﻘﻧ رد ﻢﻫ ﯽﮔ

يزﺎﺑ ﻢﻬﻣ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣﻮﺑ يﺎﻫ

- راﺰﺑا زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ،ﯽﻠﺤﻣ

ﺤﻣ تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا و ﻞ

ﺪﻧز ﯽﮔ يزﺎﺑ ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا صﺎﺧ تاﺰﯿﻬﺠﺗ ﻪﺑ زﺎﯿﻧ مﺪﻋ و ﻣﺎﺷ و هدﻮﺑ ﯽﺘﻠﻣ ﺮﻫ ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ثاﺮﯿﻣ زا ﺎﻫ

ﻞ ﯽﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣ تﺎﮐﺮﺣ

ﯽﻣ ﯽﻣ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ تﺎﺒﺟﻮﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

و يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺪﺷر

يﺎﻫ يدﺎﯿﻨﺑ دروآ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ار ﻦﯾﺮﮔ)

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺪﻠﯿﻓ 1994

.(

،ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ زﺎﺑ

ي يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣﻮﺑ - ﯽﻠﺤﻣ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ هدﺎﺳ تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا و

دﻮﺟﻮﻣ رد عﺎﻤﺘﺟا و غرﺎﻓ زا ﺮﻫ ﯽﺘﯾدوﺪﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ

هدﺎﺳ ﺮﺗ ﻦﯾ

،هﻮﯿﺷ ﺮﺸﻗ ﻢﯿﻈﻋ و ﯽﻌﯿﺳو زا

داﺮﻓا ار ﻦﯿﻨﺳ رد ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ راﺮﻗ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﮕﻧروا) ﺪﻨﻫد 1400

،(

ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ي ﻪﮐ ﺎﺑ ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ يدازآ و نوﺪﺑ ﺪﯿﻘﻣ ندﻮﺑ ﻪﺑ

نﺎﻣز ،نﺎﮑﻣ و

راﺰﺑا ﺖﺳد

،ﺮﯿﮔﺎﭘ و ﻞﺑﺎﻗ اﺮﺟا ﯽﭽﻠﯾا) ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﯽﻧﺎﻣز و ﯽﺳﺪﻗا ،هداز

،ﯽﻧﺎﺛ 1400 .(

زا ﯽﻌﯿﺳو ﻪﻨﻣاد نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ،يزﺎﺑ ﯽﻃ رد

ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽﻣ ﺐﺴﮐ ار يراﺪﯾﺎﭘ و يرﺎﮑﺘﺳد ،يدﺎﯿﻨﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ يﺎﻫ ترﺎﻬﻣ رد ﺮﺤﺒﺗ ﻪﺑ ،راﺪﯾﺎﭘ و ﺖﺒﺜﻣ هراﺪﻨﭘدﻮﺧ ﮏﯾ ﺎﺑ و ﺪﻨﻨﮐ

يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺎﯾرﺪﻨﻫ و يدﻮﻫﺎﺳ ،ﻮﻧﺎﯾﺮﭘ) ﺪﻨﺳر

،ﺎﻧ 2021 .(

.ﺖﺳا ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﮏﯾ ياﺮﺟا رد نﺪﺷﺮﻫﺎﻣ ،ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺮﺤﺒﺗ ﺮﺤﺒﺗ ،ﻊﻗاو رد

رد ترﺎﻬﻣ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﻪﯾﺎﭘ يا ياﺮﺑ عاﻮﻧا مﺎﺠﻧا

يزﺎﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﻦﺘﺷاد و ﺎﻫ

،ﯽﻤﺴﺟ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و ﯽﻧاور ،ﺲﮐﺎﺴﯾا و ﻪﻨﯿﯾﺎﭘ) ﺖﺳا 2017

.(

ترﺎﻬﻣ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﻪﺑ ود ﻪﺘﺳد ﺖﺷرد

و ﻒﯾﺮﻇ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺎﭘﺎﺘﺳا) 2021

ترﺎﻬﻣ .(

يﺎﻫ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺖﺷرد ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا هوﺮﮔ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻧﻼﻀﻋ ﯽﻠﺻا ياﺮﺑ

مﺎﺠﻧا تﺎﮐﺮﺣ ﻢﻈﻨﻣ ﯽﻠﺼﻔﻣ ،ﺰﯾﺰﻌﻟاﺪﺒﻋ و يﺎﻬﻟاﺪﺒﻋ) ﺖﺳا 2018

ترﺎﻬﻣ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻟﺎﺣ رد .(

ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺎﻫ ﻒﯾﺮﻇ

ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻠﻀﻋ يﺎﻫ ﮏﭼﻮﮐ

ﺎﯾ هوﺮﮔ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻋﺮﻓ ﯽﻧﻼﻀﻋ ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ

ﯽﻣ ) ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ،ﺲﮐﺎﺴﯾا و ﻪﻨﯿﯾﺎﭘ 2017

.(

يزﺎﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ عاﻮﻧا مﺎﺠﻧا ،تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻖﺒﻃ ﺎﻫ

ﺮﺑ سراﺪﻣ رد ﺶﻧاد دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ

نازﻮﻣآ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﯽﻣ دراﺬﮔ و ترﺎﻬﻣ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ

ﺖﺷرد و ﻒﯾﺮﻇ ار دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﯽﻣ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺎﯾﻮﮔﻻد) ﺪﺸﺨﺑ

2018 ﮓﻨﻣ ؛ ،ﯽﺠﻧﺎﯿﮐ و ﮓﻧﻮﻟ 2022

،ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .(

اﺮﺟا ي زﺎﺑ ي ﺎﻫ ي ﺘﻨﺳ ﯽ ﺑﺮﺗ رد ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﺶﻧاد ﻪﺑ نازﻮﻣآ ﻦﯾا نﺎﮑﻣا ار ﻣ ﯽ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻫد

ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي تﺬﻟ ﺸﺨﺑ ﯽ ﮔدﺎﻣآ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﯽ

ﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ﯽ ﺖﺳد ﯾ ﺪﻨﺑﺎ رﺎﻬﻣ و ﺎﻫ ي ﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﯽ ﺑﻮﺧ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺐﺴﮐ و ﻞﯿﻠﺟ ،ﻦﯾادﻮﺴﻣﺎﺳ)

،ﻮﻧﻮﯾدﺎﻣ 2016 ﺎﻧﺎﮑﮕﻨﻟ و ﺎﻧﺎﯿﻟﻮﻣ ،ﺮﮕﯾد فﺮﻃ زا .(

4 ) 2019 (ﺑ ﯿ نﺎ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻪﮐ مﺎﺠﻧا زﺎﺑ ي ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻣﻮﺑ - ﯽﻠﺤﻣ ﺎﻘﺗرا فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ي

ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ي

ﮐﺮﺣ ﯽﺘ و ﻪﺳرﺪﻣ رد رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ

ﻮﺸﺗ ﯾ ﻖ ﺶﻧاد نازﻮﻣآ ﯽﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا .دﻮﺷ زا ﻦﯾا

،ور فﺪﻫ ﯽﻠﺻا ﻪﺳرﺪﻣ ﻞﯿﻬﺴﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ

ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻤﻫ ﺶﻧاد نازﻮﻣآ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ مﺰﻠﺘﺴﻣ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ زا ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ

،ﺎﻫ ﻖﯾﻼﻋ و هﺰﯿﮕﻧا نﺎﺸﯾﺎﻫ و ﺎﺴﺑ) ﺖﺳا ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ

2021 ( .

1. Sene & et al

2. Fredrish Frobel

3. Local games

4. Mulyana & Lengkana

(5)

ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷر ﯽﺷزرو

،مود ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ، نﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗ

1401

106

ياﺮﺑ ﻦﯾا

،ﺮﻣا ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ندﺮﮐ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز يا و ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ صﺎﺧ يروﺮﺿ ﺖﺳا .

،ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﮏﯾ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑ رد رﻮﺘﺳد رﺎﮐ ﯽﺗﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ

ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ سراﺪﻣ رد ﻪﺑ

يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ

،اﻮﻠﯿﺳاد) ﺖﺳا 2022

.(

لﺎﺳ ﺮﺧاوا رد يﺎﻫ

1970 زا ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻪﺑور ﯽﺘﯾﺎﺿرﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺶﻨﮐاو رد ، نﺪﯿﻤﻬﻓ ياﺮﺑ يزﺎﺑ ﺲﯾرﺪﺗ دﺮﮑﯾور ،ﯽﮑﯿﻨﮑﺗ لواﺪﺘﻣ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور

1

) ،ﺪﻧﻮﻤﻟآ و ﻞﯿﭘ ،يورﺎﻫ) ﺪﺷ حﺮﻄﻣ (TGFU

2018 مﻮﻬﻔﻣ زا رﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﻟوا ﻪﮐ پرﻮﺛ و ﺮﮑﻧﺎﺑ .(

ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧراد هﺪﯿﻘﻋ ،ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳاTGFU

ﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد ترﺎﻬﻣ ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻪﯿﮑﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ ﺮﺑ يدﺎﯾز ﺪﯿﮐﺄﺗ يزﺎﺑ شزﻮﻣآ رد ﯽﺘﻨﺳ دﺮﮑﯾور ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪ

لﺎﻘﺘﻧا و يﺮﯿﮔ

ﯽﻣ يزﺎﺑ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﻪﺑ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﻒﯿﻌﺿ ﯽﻟﺎﺣ رد .ﺪﺷ

ﻪﮐ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ياﺮﺑTGFU

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ لﺎﮑﺷا زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ يزﺎﺑ ﯽﮑﯿﺘﮐﺎﺗ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﮏﯿﺘﮐﺎﺗ كرد ﺮﺑ ،ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ يﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻠﺻا ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ﻪﮐ يرﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ،ﯽﻠﺻا يزﺎﺑ

،پرﻮﺛ و ﺮﮑﻧﺎﺑ) ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

1982 ﯽﻤﻧ ناﻮﻨﻋ دﺮﮑﯾور ﻦﯾا ،ﻊﻗاو رد .(

ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ نﺎﻤﻠﻌﻣ و نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ راوﺪﯿﻣا و ﺪﻨﻫﺪﺑ ار ﻪﻧادازآ يزﺎﺑ هزﺎﺟا داﺮﻓا ﻪﺑ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ

هﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻣ ضﺮﻓ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﮐ ﯽﺷور ﺮﻫ رد ار ﻒﯿﻟﺎﮑﺗ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺎﻫ

ارﺎﺑرﺎﺑ) ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ،ﺪﻨﻨﮐ -

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﻦﯿﺗرﺎﻣ 2020

نﺎﻤﻠﻌﻣ .(

وﺪﺤﻣ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ هﺪﻨﻨﮐد

ﺶﻧاد ﻪﮐ ﺎﺠﻧآ ﺎﺗ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺮﻈﻧﺪﻣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﻂﯿﺤﻣ رد ار ﺎﻫ ﺪﻣﺎﯿﭘ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯿﺘﺳد ياﺮﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ زا ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺘﺑ نازﻮﻣآ

،ﯽﺗرﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ،ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ ﻪﺴﻠﺟ نآ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯽﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ شزﻮﻣآ رد ،ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ لﺪﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺗﺮﺑTGFU

يزﺎﺑ ﯽﻃ رد ﺎﻫ 20

هدﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ لﺎﺳ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﻦﯿﺴﻨﺟ) ﺖﺳا

2022 .(

ﯽﮑﯾ زا يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور يﺮﮕﯾد

ﻪﮐ يﺪﺣﺎﺗ رد ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور ﯽﺘﻨﺳ

ﻪﺑ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ دﻮﺟو يزﺎﺑ ﺲﺣ دﺮﮑﯾور ،دراد

2 ) (GSA

ﺖﺳا ﻦﯾا . ور ﯾ دﺮﮑ ﻪﻫد لﻮﻃ رد 1990

ﺑدا ﻪﺑ ﯿ تﺎ ﺑﺮﻣ ﯿ ﺮﮕ ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ﻟاﺮﺘﺳا ﯿﺎ ﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﯽ رﺎﮑﻤﻫ زا ﻪﮐ ،ﺪﺷ ي

پرﻮﺗ ﻤﮐ و3

ﯿ ﺴ ﯿ نﻮ شزرو

ﻟاﺮﺘﺳا ﯿﺎ ) (ASC

ﺑﯿ ﻦ لﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ي 1994 ﺎﺗ 1998 ﻟاﺮﺘﺳا ﻪﺨﺴﻧ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯿﺎ

ﯽﯾ ﺲﯾرﺪﺗ زﺎﺑ ي ﺎﻫ اﺮﺑ (شزرو) ي

نﺪﯿﻤﻬﻓ ﺪﺷ ﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ

،ﺮﮑﻧﺎﺑ و پرﻮﺛ) 1982

.(

ﻠﺻا ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ﯽ

ور ﯾ دﺮﮑ زﺎﺑ ﺲﺣ ي

، ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ زﺎﺑ ﯾ نﺎﻨﮑ ﺖﺳا . ا ﯾ ﻦ اﺮﺑ فﺪﻫ ي ﺮﻃ زا شزرو شزﻮﻣآ ﯾ

ﻖ ﻔﻠﺗ ﯿ ﻖ

ﻨﮑﺗ ﯿ ﮏ ﻣز ﺎﺑ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﯿ

ﻪﻨ زﺎﺑ ي ﻣ لﺎﺒﻧد ﻪﻧاﺮﻫﺎﻣ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯽ

.دﻮﺷ ﯾﺎ د ند ﻪﮐ رﻮﻄﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﯾا

ﻦ ﺿﻮﺗ4

ﯿ ﺢ ﻨﮑﺗ ،داد ﯿ ﮏ ﻣز + ﯿ ﻪﻨ زﺎﺑ ي

ترﺎﻬﻣ = ،ﻞﯿﭘ)

2021 ﯽﺗرﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ .(

ﺮﻤﺗ تﺎﺴﻠﺟ ، ﯾﻨ

ﯽ ور بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ رد ﻪﮐ ﯾ

دﺮﮑ يزﺎﺑ ﺲﺣ ﺣاﺮﻃ

ﯽ هﺪﺷ زﺎﺑ ،ﺪﻧا ي ﻣ رﻮﺤﻣ ﯽ ﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﺪ زﯾ اﺮ

زﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ (موﺰﻟ ترﻮﺻ رد) ندﺮﮐ مﺮﮔ زا ﺲﭘ ي

ﻣ عوﺮﺷ ﯽ دﻮﺷ زﺎﺑ ﺮﺑ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ﺎﺑ و ي

ﻣ ﻪﻣادا ﯽ ﯾ ﺪﺑﺎ ﺮﻤﺗ تﺎﺴﻠﺟ . ﯾﻨ

ﯽ ا ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯾ ﻦ ﺗﺮﺗ ﯿ ﺐ ﻞﮑﺷ

ﻣ ﯽ ﮔﯿ دﺮ ﻧﯿ ﺰ زﺎﺑ ﯾ ﻦﮑ رﻮﺤﻣ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ

، زﯾ اﺮ ﺑﺮﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﯽ ﺑﯿ ﺮﺘﺸ و ﯽﻣﻼﮐ رﻮﺘﺳد ﺎﺗ ﺖﺳا هروﺎﺸﻣ ﺮﻃ زا

ﯾ ﻖ زﺎﺑ زا ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﯾ

نﺎﻨﮑ ﻪﺑ و كرد

زﺎﺑ لﻮﻃ رد ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﯽﻣ ﮏﻤﮐ ي

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺰﻣﺎﯿﻠﯾو) ﺪﻨﮐ 2022

.(

ﻞﯿﭘ و ﺰﻣﺎﯿﻠﯾو

5 ) 2019 ياﺮﺑ ،(

ﻒﺸﮐ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﻢﻠﻌﻣ/ﯽﺑﺮﻣ رد

بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ﮏﯾ ﺪﺣاو رﺎﮐ شزﻮﻣآ هداد هﺪﺷ رد ﮏﯾ ﻪﺳرﺪﻣ ﺮﺑ ،ﯽﯾاﺪﺘﺑا ﮏﯾ

يزﺎﺑ ﯽﻣﻮﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻟاﺮﺘﺳا ﻪﮐ

ﺎﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا دﺮﮑﯾور ﺲﺣ يزﺎﺑ

شزﻮﻣآ هداد ﯽﻣ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﯾا رد .ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ،ﺪﺷ ﺲﺣ

يزﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﮏﯾ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﺶﻧاد ﺪﯿﮐﺄﺗ نازﻮﻣآ

.ﺪﺷ

،ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﯽﮑﯾ زا ﯽﮔﮋﯾو يﺎﻫ كﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﯽﻠﺻا ﺮﻫ ود لﺪﻣ

،ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻢﻠﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻞﯿﻬﺴﺗ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺖﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ

زا ﻢﻠﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺶﻧاد نازﻮﻣآ ﻞﻨﯿﺳ ،نﺮﺘﺳا) ﺖﺳا ،فاردوو و ﻮﮑﯿﻧ

2012 ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .(

ﺮﻫ ود لﺪﻣ وTGFU

ﺮﺑGSA

ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ يﺎﻫزﺎﯿﻧ

ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺖﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻠﻌﻓ هﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ

ﯽﻣ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و وﺎﺸﻧر) ﺪﻨﻨﮐ 2016

هوﻼﻋ .(

ﺮﺑ

،ﻦﯾا دﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ نﺪﺷ

ﻦﯾا لﺪﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﻣاد ﻊﯿﺳو ﺮﺗ و ﻖﯿﻤﻋ يﺮﺗ زا يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ار ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ يﺰﯿﭼ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻣ ناﻮﺗ زا ﻖﯾﺮﻃ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا دﺮﮑﯾور ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ ﯽﺘﻨﺳ ﺮﺗ ﻢﻠﻌﻣ

رﻮﺤﻣ و ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺮﻫ لﺪﻣ رد ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ياﺰﺠﻣ دﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد

،دروآ نﺎﮑﻣا ﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﯽﻣ ﮏﻣ و ﯽﺴﯿﮐ) دزﺎﺳ ،ﻞﯿﻓ

2018 و يﺎﺘﺳﺎﻫ ،ﺲﯾﺮﻓ ؛

،ﺎﺘﯿﮑﺴﻣ 2017 رد .(

،ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ يﺪﻨﺑ ﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻢﺴﯿﻧﺎﮑﻣ يﺮﺛﺆﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯿﺘﺳد ﻪﺑ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﺎﺑ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ رد ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﺳرد ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ ،ﯽﺴﯿﮐ) ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ 2014

ﻞﯿﮔ ؛ - ،ﺲﯾﺮﯾا 2017 ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .(

زا ﯽﻀﻌﺑ ،ﻪﮐ زﻮﻨﻫ نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ

ترﺎﻬﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا رد ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺎﻫ

ﻒﯾﺮﻇ و ﺖﺷرد ﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ

ﯽ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ي .ﺪﻧراد

،ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ مﺎﺠﻧا زﺎﺑ ي ﯽﻣﻮﺑ - ،ﯽﻠﺤﻣ ود ﯾ نﺪ بﺎﺗﺮﭘ ،ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ و ﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟا ﺎﺑ ﯾ

ﮏ ﺎﺳ و فﺪﻫ ﯾﺮ

1. Teaching games for understanding

2. Game Sense Approach

3. Thorpe

4. Den Duyn

5. Williams & Pill

(6)

107

زﺎﺑ ي ﺎﻫ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺖﯾﻮﻘﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻄﺧﺮﯿﻏ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ سراﺪﻣ رد ﺶﻧاد يدﺎﯿﻨﺑ يﺎﻫ

ﺮﺘﻧرﻮﮐ و يﺎﺘﺳﺎﻫ) ﺖﺳا يروﺮﺿ نازﻮﻣآ -

،ﺖﯿﻤﺳا 2006 .(

ﻣ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ و هدﻮﺑ ﯽﻄﺧﺮﯿﻏ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور ﻪﻨﯿﻣز رد هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ لﺎﺒﻧد ﻪﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ نآ ﺮﺛا ناﺰﯿ

ﮏﺗ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﺗرﻮﺼﺑ ترﺎﻬﻣ و ﮏﯿﻨﮑﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺪﯿﮐﺄﺗ) ﯽﺘﻨﺳ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ ﯽﻣ (يﺪﻌﺑ

ﯽﻟﺎﺣ رد ﻦﯾا .دزادﺮﭘ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا

دﻮﺟو ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ دﻮﺒﻧ يزﺎﺑ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ﯽﻄﺧﺮﯿﻏ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور ﺐﯿﮐﺮﺗ زا ﯽﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣﻮﺑ يﺎﻫ -

ﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا ،ﯽﻠﺤﻣ ﺶﻫو

.ﺖﺳا ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﻦﯾا رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﯽﺑﺮﺠﺗ تﺎﯿﺑدا شﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﯽﭘ رد ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ،ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ

ﯾا ﻪﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ لﺎﺒﻧد ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا لاﻮﺳ ﻦ

يزﺎﺑ ﺎﯾآ ﯽﻣﻮﺑ يﺎﻫ -

ﯽﻠﺤﻣ زا ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ ﺎﺑ شور

ﯽﺷزﻮﻣآ يﺎﻫ نﺪﯿﻤﻬﻓ ياﺮﺑ يزﺎﺑ ﺲﯾرﺪﺗ

يزﺎﺑ ﺲﺣ و ﺮﺑ

ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺮﺤﺒﺗ

ﺶﻧاد ؟ﺮﯿﺧ ﺎﯾ دراد ﯽﺘﺒﺜﻣ ﺮﺛا نازﻮﻣآ

شور ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

ﻪﻤﯿﻧ عﻮﻧ زا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﺑﺮﺠﺗ

.دﻮﺑ يدﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ عﻮﻧ ﺚﯿﺣ زا و ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﻦﯾا يرﺎﻣآ

ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺶﻧاد ﻪﯿﻠﮐ ﯽﯾاﺪﺘﺑا ﻢﺠﻨﭘ ﻪﯾﺎﭘ نازﻮﻣآ

ﺰﯾﺮﺒﺗ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ

ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺖﯿﺴﻨﺟ ﮏﯿﮑﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ 13130

ﺶﻧاد زﻮﻣآ و ﺮﺘﺧد 14102

ﺶﻧاد زﻮﻣآ ﺮﺴﭘ ) عﻮﻤﺠﻣ رد 27232

ﻔﻧ ﯽﻣ (ﺮ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻊﻤﺟ ياﺮﺑ . هداد يروآ

ﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ شور زا .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ يﺮﯿﮔ

داﺪﻌﺗ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ

مﺮﻧ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﯽﺟ راﺰﻓا

روﺎﭘ يرﺎﻣآ ناﻮﺗ بﺎﺴﺘﺣا ﺎﺑ و1

8/

0 ، ﺮﺛا هزاﺪﻧا 3/

0 نﺎﻨﯿﻤﻃا ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ و 95

/0 داﺪﻌﺗ ، 13 .ﺪﺷ هدروآﺮﺑ ﺮﻔﻧ

يرﺎﻣآ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ،ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ 55

ﯽﻨﺳ ﻪﻨﻣاد ﺎﺑ ﯽﯾاﺪﺘﺑا ﻢﺠﻨﭘ ﻪﯾﺎﭘ ناﺮﺘﺧد زا ﺮﻔﻧ 10

ﺎﺗ 11 ) لﺎﺳ 78 / 10 ،ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ = 93

/0 (رﺎﯿﻌﻣ فاﺮﺤﻧا =

) نﺪﯿﻤﻬﻓ ياﺮﺑ يزﺎﺑ ﺲﯾرﺪﺗ هوﺮﮔ رﺎﻬﭼ رد رد ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ 14

ﺣ ،(ﺮﻔﻧ ) يزﺎﺑ ﺲ 14

ﺲﯾرﺪﺗ دﺮﮑﯾور زا ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ ،(ﺮﻔﻧ

) يزﺎﺑ ﺲﺣ و نﺪﯿﻤﻬﻓ ياﺮﺑ يزﺎﺑ 13

) ﯽﺘﻨﺳ هوﺮﮔ و (ﺮﻔﻧ 14

.ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ (ﺮﻔﻧ دورو يﺎﻫرﺎﯿﻌﻣ

ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﺑ

ﺶﻧاد زا ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾاﺪﺘﺑا ﻢﺠﻨﭘ ﻪﯾﺎﭘ ﺮﺘﺧد نازﻮﻣآ ﺳ

ﺖﻣﻼ ﯽﻧاور و ﯽﻤﺴﺟ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ

ﻦﺘﺷاﺪﻧ و هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﯽﺒﺘﮐ ﺖﯾﺎﺿر ، ﺳ

شزﻮﻣآ ﻪﻘﺑﺎ

يزﺎﺑ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ﯽﻄﺧﺮﯿﻏ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ ﯽﻣﻮﺑ يﺎﻫ

- ﯽﻠﺤﻣ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ ﺪﺣاو رد و ﻪﺳرﺪﻣ رد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ

ﺖﮐﺮﺷ جوﺮﺧ يﺎﻫرﺎﯿﻌﻣ .دﻮﺑ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ

ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﻦﺘﺷاﺪﻧ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺰﯿﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ زا و يزﺎﺑ رد ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ياﺮﺑ

ﺐﯿﺳآ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ ﺮﯿﺑد ﺺﯿﺨﺸﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯽﮔﺪﯾد ﯽﻧﺪﺑ

نآ زا .دﻮﺑ ،ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﺟ

ﺮﺧآ ﯾ ﻦ

ﻣز رد ﺎﻫﺪﻧور ﯿ

ﻪﻨ شزﻮﻣآ

؛ ﮐﺎﺣ ﯽ ﻐﺗ زا ﯿﯿ ﺮ ور ﯾ ﺎﻫدﺮﮑ ي ﺷزﻮﻣآ ﯽ ﺷ و ﯿ هﻮ ﺎﻫ ي رﺪﺗ ﯾ ﺲ ﻋ رد ﯿ ﻦ اﺮﺑ شﻼﺗ ي اﺰﻓا ﯾ ﺶ ﺶﻧاد ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ نازﻮﻣآ

آﺮﻓ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ و ﯾ

ﺪﻨ ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿﺮ ي ،ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .ﺖﺳا زا ﯽﮑﯾ

ور ش يﺎﻫ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ﻦﯾا رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا يزﺎﺑ ،ﺪﯾﺪﺟ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﯽﻄﺧﺮﯿﻏ

ﯽﻣﻮﺑ يزﺎﺑ زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ -

هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻠﺤﻣ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ

حﺮﻃ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ و ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ

ﺣﺮﻣ ﻪﺳ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ حﺮﻃ ﺶﯿﭘ ﻪﻠ

زا

،ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ و .دﻮﺑ ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ زا ﺲﭘ ﻞﺒﻗ

زا مﺎﺠﻧا

،ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ هﺪ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻤﻠﻌﻣ شزرو ﻪﻌﺟاﺮﻣ

دﺮﮐ ﺎﺗ رد درﻮﻣ فﺪﻫ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺚﺤﺑ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ . ﺲﭘ زا

،نآ نﺎﻤﻠﻌﻣ رد درﻮﻣ ﻪﻨﯿﺸﯿﭘ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ و ﺮﯿﻏ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور درﻮﻣ ﯽﻄﺧ

ﺎﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺪﯿﮐﺄﺗ

ﺮﺑ ﻦﯾا ﺖﯿﻌﻗاو ﻪﮐ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻪﻧﺎﺒﻠﻃواد

،دﻮﺑ ﻊﻠﻄﻣ .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ

راﺰﺑا ﺲﮑﯿﻧوﺮﺑ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺮﺤﺒﺗ نﻮﻣزآ -

) ﯽﮑﺴ ﺗروزوا 1978

ترﺎﻬﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ رﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ﮏﯾ :(

و ﺖـﺷرد ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺎﻫ

نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ﻒﯾﺮﻇ 5/

4 ﺎﺗ 5/

14 ﯽﻣ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻦﯿﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ نﻮﻣزآ ﻦﯾا .ﺖــﺳا ﻪﻟﺎــﺳ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ لﻼﺘﺧا ﺎﺑ نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ زا ار رﺎﺠﻨﻬﺑ نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﮐ

ﻞﻣﺎﺷ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ﻦﯾا .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ 8

ﯽﻣ نﻮﻣزآ هدﺮﺧ ،نآ ﯽﻧﻻﻮﻃ مﺮﻓ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

46 نآ هﺎﺗﻮﮐ مﺮﻓ و 14

ﺎﻣ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد .دراد هد

1. G*Power

(7)

1401

108

مﺮﻓ زا 14 ترﺎﻬﻣ ،نآ نﻮﻣزآ هدﺮﺧ رﺎﻬﭼ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ﻦﯾا ﯽﻟاﻮﺳ ترﺎﻬﻣ ،ﺮﮕﯾد نﻮﻣزآ هدﺮﺧ رﺎﻬﭼ و ﺖﺷرد ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺎﻫ

يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ار ﻒﯾﺮﻇ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ هﺮﻤﻧ هﻮﺤﻧ .ﺪﻨﺠﻨﺳ

ﯽﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﻦﯾﺪﺑ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ﻦﯾا رد ﯽﻫد و هﮋﯾو نﻮﻣزآ يداﺪﻌﺗ ،نﻮﻣزآ هدﺮﺧ ﺮﻫ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

ﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا ﯽﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﻪﮐ دراد دﻮﺟو درا نﻮﻣزآ .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ راﺮﮑﺗ رﺎﺑ ود ار ماﺪﮐ ﺮﻫ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﻊﻤﺟ ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ و ﺖﺒﺛ راﺮﮑﺗ ﺮﻫ تاﺮﻤﻧ ،ﺮﮔ ﯽﻣ

ﺎﻬﺘﻧا رد .ﺪﻨﮐ

ﯽﻣ بﻮﺴ ﺤﻣ نﻮﻣزآ هدﺮﺧ نآ رد دﺮﻓ هﺮﻤﻧ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد ار زﺎﯿﺘﻣا ﻦﯾﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ماﺪﮐ ﺮﻫ ،راﺮﮑﺗ ود ﻦﯿﺑ زا ،هﺎﻧﺎﺟ و نﺎﺒﯿﺴ ﻫ) دﻮﺷ

2017 ﯾ ﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .(

ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﮓﻧاو ﯽﺸ ﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و1

13 0 2 لدﺎﻌﺗ ﯽﺴ ﺣ لدﺎﻌﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﺎﺑ يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﯽﮕﺘﺴ ﺒﻤﻫ ياراد ار نﻮﻣزآ ﻦﯾا (

ﯽﻣ نﺎﮐدﻮﮐ ياﺮﺑ مﺮﻓ رد نﻮﻣزآ ﻦﯾا ﯽﯾﺎﻣزآزﺎﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﺐﯾﺮﺿ .ﺖﺳا ﯽﺴﺣ ﯽﻫﺪﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ نﻮﻣزآ ﯽﮑﯿﻨﯿﻠﮐ هﺪﺷ حﻼﺻا ﻪﺨﺴﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻧاد

ﯽﻧﻻﻮﻃ 87 /0 هﺎﺗﻮﮐ مﺮﻓ رد و 86

/0 ﺖﺳ ا هﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ نﻮﻣزآ ﯽﯾﺎﻣزآزﺎﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﺐﯾﺮﺿ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .

87 /0 نآ ﯽﯾاور و 84

/0 شراﺰﮔ

ﺲﮑﯿﻧوﺮﺑ) ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ -

،ﯽﮑﺴﺗرزوا 1978

.(

ﺪﻧور ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ياﺮﺟا

رد ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺶﯿﭘ ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ زا

، ﯽﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﺎﻫ تﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ و ﯽﺑﺮﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ﮏﯾ

ﻪﺳرﺪﻣ رد ، ﺎﺑ

يزﺎﺑ عاﻮﻧا ﯽﻣﻮﺑ يﺎﻫ

- ،ﯽﻄﺳو يزﺎﺑ) ﯽﻠﺤﻣ

ﯽﻟ ،ﯽﮕﻨﺟ سوﺮﺧ ﮏﻟا ،يﺪﺒﮐ ،ﯽﻟ

(... و ﮏﻟود ،ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺎﻨﺷآ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ و

هرﺎﺑرد يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ

ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ اﺰﺠﻣ ﺚﺤﺑ

،ﺪﺷ

ﻒﯾﺎﻇو و فاﺪﻫا حﺮﺷ هداد ﺪﺷ و ﺲﭙﺳ ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﺘﺴﺑاو ﺶﯿﭘ رد

زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ نﻮﻣزآ ﺲﮑﯿﻧوﺮﺑ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺮﺤﺒﺗ نﻮﻣزآ

- ﺴﺗرزوا ﯽﮑ

2

ﺪﺷ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا .

رد ﺲﭙﺳ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ

،ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣ يﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﺑ ﻞﮑﺗوﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ يزﺎﺑ ﯽﻣﻮﺑ يﺎﻫ -

ر سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﯽﻠﺤﻣ و

ﺲﯾرﺪﺗ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾ

ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ و دﺮﮑﯾور ود زا ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ و يزﺎﺑ ﺲﺣ ،نﺪﯿﻤﻬﻓ ياﺮﺑ يزﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﻨﺳ

ﻪﺑ تﺪﻣ 12

،ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ﺮﻫ ﻪﺴﻠﺟ ﺮﻫ و ﻪﺴﻠﺟ ﻪﺳ ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﮏﯾ

ﻪﺑ هوﺮﮔ ﺮﻫ رد اﺰﺠﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﮔﮋﯾو ﺖﯾﺎﻋر ﺎﺑ و

ﺮﯾز دراﻮﻣ و ﺎﻫ ﺪﺷ اﺮﺟا

:

دﺮﮔﺎﺷ دﺮﮑﯾور زا ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ ﻦﯿﺣ رد ﯽﺑﺮﻣ • ﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ يﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻪﺑ ار ﻂﯿﺤﻣ و هدﺮﮐ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا رﻮﺤﻣ –

ﻒﺸﮐ ﺖﻬﺟ هﺪﻧ

هار ﻞﺣ .دﺮﮐ ﺎﯿﻬﻣ ﻪﻨﯿﻬﺑ يﺎﻫ ﺶﯿﭘ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﺑ دﺮﻓ ﺮﻫ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ • ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ رﺎﮐ ﻦﯾا .ﺪﺷ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ يو ﺮﺗ

ﺗ توﺎﻔ يدﺮﻓ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻞﻤﻌﻟارﻮﺘﺳد • .ﺪﺷ هداد شزﻮﻣآ نآ زا جرﺎﺧ رد و ،يزﺎﺑ لﻮﻃ رد ﺎﻫ

ﻢﻠﻌﻣ • ﻠﺻا ﺶﻘﻧ ﯽ دﻮﺧ ﻟﺎﻌﻓ لﻮﻃ رد ار ﯿ

ﺖ دﺮﮐ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﻣ ﺎﻫ ه

ﺶﻧاد ﻦﺘﺷاداو ﺮﺑ ار دﻮﺧ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ و نازﻮﻣآ

ﻞﻣﺄﺗ و ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻃ زا

ﯾ ﻖ

لاﺆﺳ ﯽﻣ نﺪﯿﺳﺮﭘ داد

ﻫﺎﮔآ ﻪﺑ ار ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺎﺗ ﯽ

ﺘﮐﺎﺗ ﯿ ﮑ ﯽ ﺪﻧﺎﺳﺮﺑ .

زﺎﺑ • ي ﻦﺳ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ ﯾﺎ

ﻧﺪﺑ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﯽ

ﺶﻧاد زﻮﻣآ .دﻮﺑ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ

ا • نﺎﮑﻣ ﻧاﻮﻗ نﺪﻧﺎﺠﻨﮔ ﯿ

ﻦ ﺪﺟ ﯾﺪ ﯾﺎ اﺮﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ حﻼﺻا ي

نﺎﺴﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﮏﻤﮐ زﺎﺳ

ي اﻮﺘﺤﻣ ي ﻠﺻا ﯽ ﺘﮐﺎﺗ ﯿ ﮑ اﺮﻓ ﯽ .دﻮﺑ ﻢﻫ

ﺎﻇو • ﯾ ﻒ ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ حﺮﻄﻣ ﯾﺪ

ﭘ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﯿ

ﺖﻓﺮﺸ راﻮﺷد رد ي ﺘﮐﺎﺗ ﯿ ﮑ ﯽ .دﻮﺑ

ﻌﻗﻮﻣ • ﯿ ﺖ ﯾ ﮔدﺎ ﯿ هﺪﻧﺮ آﺮﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ رد ﯾ

ﺪﻨ راﺮﻗ ﺖﺷاد ز ، ﯾ اﺮ زﺎﺑ ي ﺎﻫ ﺎﻧاﻮﺗ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﯽﯾ

زﺎﺑ ﯾ ﻦﮑ ﻈﻨﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯿ ﺗﺎﻤ ﯽ اﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ي رد توﺎﻔﺗ

ﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘﺳا ﯽ

ﺣاﺮﻃ ،دﻮﺷ ﯽ

.ﺪﻧﺪﺷ

نﺎﻤﻠﻌﻣ • ﺑﺮﻣ و ﯿ نﺎ ﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي زﺎﺑ ﯾ ﻦﮑ زﺎﺑ لﻮﻃ رد ار ي

ﺎﻤﻨﻫار ﯽﯾ .ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ

زﺎﺑ • ي ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ رﻮﻃ .ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا

يزﺎﺑ • ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ ﺪﺣاو رد ﻂﻘﻓ ﺎﻫ تﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ

1 مﺎﺠﻧا ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﮔ

.ﺖﻓﺮ

ﺮﻫ لﻮﻃ رد • ﻪﺴﻠﺟ

10 ﺶﻧاد ﻪﺑ ﺖﺣاﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﻪﻘﯿﻗد ﯽﻣ هداد نازﻮﻣآ

.ﺪﺷ

1. Wang & et al

2. Bruininks-Oseretsky

(8)

109

،ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻢﻠﻌﻣ دﺮﮑﯾور زا ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ ﻦﯿﺣ رد ﯽﺑﺮﻣ ﯽﺘﻨــﺳ هوﺮﮔ رد

ترﺎﻬﻣ شزﻮﻣآ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور زا هدﺎﻔﺘــﺳا ﺎﺑ و هدﺮﮐ هدﺎﻔﺘــﺳا رﻮﺤﻣ –

ترﺎﻬﻣ ،ﯽﯾاﺪﺘﺑا ﻢﺠﻨﭘ ﻪﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺮﮕﯾﺪﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ نﺎﻨﮑﯾزﺎﺑ ﺖﻓﺮﺸ ﯿﭘ .ﺪﺷ هداد شزﻮﻣآ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ

ترﻮﺼ ﺑ ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ و ﺪﺷ ﻪﺴ ﯾﺎﻘﻣ

ترﺎﻬﻣ راﺮﮑﺗ ﻪﺑ و هﺪﺷ هداد شزﻮﻣآ يﺎﻫ

.دﻮﺑ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ تﺎﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ تﻮﺻ ﻞﻤﻌﻟارﻮﺘﺳ د زا ﯽﺑﺮﻣ هﻮﯿﺷ ﻦﯾا رد ،ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ

ءﺎﻘﺗرا ياﺮﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

.ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ ﯽﺑﺮﻣ ﯽﻧورد كرد ﮏﯾ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﯽﺘﻨﺳ هﻮﯿﺷ رد ﯽﺑﺮﻣ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ رد .دﺮﮐ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﮏﯿﻨﮑﺗ ﺎﯾ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ يﻮﮕﻟا

ﺮﭘ مﺎﻤﺗا زا ﺲﭘ ،ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ ﻞﮑﺗو

ﺶﻧاد ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺮﺤﺒﺗ نازﻮﻣآ

رد ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺲﭘ ،نﻮﻣزآ ﺶﯿﭘ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ و ﺮﻈﻧﺪﻣ راﺰﺑا ﺎﺑ هزاﺪﻧا نﻮﻣزآ

يﺮﯿﮔ

ﺪﺷ هوﺮﮔ ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ ﻞﮑﺗوﺮﭘ ﮏﯾ هرﺎﻤﺷ لوﺪﺟ رد . .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا ﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ

لوﺪﺟ 1 . هوﺮﮔ ﯽﻨﯾﺮﻤﺗ ﻞﮑﺗوﺮﭘ ﺎﻫ

يزﺎﺑ عاﻮﻧا دﺮﮑﯾور ﺮﻫ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ﺎﻫ

ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ﺎﻫ TGFU

GSA TGFU/GSA

ﯽﺘﻨﺳ

درﻮﻣرد ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ ،ﯽﻄﺳو يزﺎﺑ لوا يزﺎﺑ مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﯾاﺮﭼ رد ﺚﺤﺑ و ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ،ﯽﻄﺳو يزﺎﺑ

يزﺎﺑ ﻒﻗﻮﺗ نوﺪﺑ و يزﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﺣ يزﺎﺑ ﯽﯾاﺮﭼ ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ ،ﯽﻄﺳو يزﺎﺑ

ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﺘﺷاد و ﻞﻤﻟارﻮﺘﺳد ،ﯽﻄﺳو يزﺎﺑ

ﻢﻠﻌﻣ ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣ

مود ﯽﻟ يزﺎﺑ

ﯽﮑﯿﺘﮐﺎﺗ ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ نداد ،ﯽﻟ ﯽﻟ يزﺎﺑ

تﻻاﻮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ،ﯽﻟ دﺎﺠﯾا

و ﯽﮑﯿﺘﮐﺎﺗ تﺎﺣﻼﺻا و هﺪﺷ يزﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﺣ رد ﯽﮑﯿﻨﮑﺗ ﯽﻟ يزﺎﺑ

و ﯽﮑﯿﺘﮐﺎﺗ ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ ،ﯽﻟ يزﺎﺑ ﻞﯾﺪﻌﺗ و تﻻاﻮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ

داﺮﻓا ﯽﻤﺴﺟ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺎﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﯽﻟ يزﺎﺑ

راﺮﮑﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺪﯿﮐﺄﺗ ،ﯽﻟ ﺢﯿﺤﺻ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ترﺎﻬﻣ

مﻮﺳ رد ﮏﯿﺘﮐﺎﺗ ﻪﺋارا ،ﺮﯿﮕﺑ ار ﻢﭼﺮﭘ

ﺎﻄﺧ نوﺪﺑ ﻢﭼﺮﭘ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ درﻮﻣ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ،ﺮﯿﮕﺑ ار ﻢﭼﺮﭘ

هرﺎﺑرد ﺚﺤﺑ و

ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺎﺑ يزﺎﺑ ﻞﯾﺪﻌﺗ ،يزﺎﺑ ﺶﻧاد نازﻮﻣآ و ﮏﯿﺘﮐﺎﺗ ﻪﺋارا ،ﺮﯿﮕﺑ ار ﻢﭼﺮﭘ

ﺚﺤﺑ و ﺶﺳﺮﭘ رد ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ ،ﺮﯿﮕﺑ ار ﻢﭼﺮﭘ

و يزﺎﺑ مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ درﻮﻣ نآ ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ

مرﺎﻬﭼ ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ هﻮﺤﻧ ،نزﻮﺳ و ﺦﻧ

يﺮﯿﮔ

ياﺮﺟا و نﺪﺷ ﻖﻓﻮﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﺢﯿﺤﺻ ﻪﺑ يزﺎﺑ ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﻣ يزﺎﺑ ﻞﯾﺪﻌﺗ ،نزﻮﺳ و ﺦﻧ

ﺎﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘ

ﺮﮑﻓ ﻪﺑ داﺮﻓا ﮏﯾﺮﺤﺗ ،يزﺎﺑ فﺪﻫ ندﺮﮐ

ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺪﯿﮐﺄﺗ ،نزﻮﺳ و ﺦﻧ يﺮﯿﮔ

ﺚﺤﺑ و ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ ﮏﯾﺮﺤﺗ و ﻊﯾﺮﺳ ندﺮﮐ

ﺦﻧ يزﺎﺑ شزﻮﻣآ ،نزﻮﺳو

ﻪﺑ و ﻢﻠﻌﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ترﻮﺻ

يرﻮﺘﺳد

ﻢﺠﻨﭘ ﺖﯾﻮﻘﺗ ،يزﺎﺑ ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ ،يﺪﺒﮐ

ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ ﻪﺋارا و يﺮﯿﮔ

ﯽﮑﯿﺘﮐﺎﺗ ياﺮﺟا ﻦﯿﺣ رد يزﺎﺑ ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ ،يﺪﺒﮐ

و نآ ﻦﯿﺣ رد ﺚﺤﺑ و داﺮﻓا ﺮﯿﮔرد

يزﺎﺑ و ﯽﮑﯿﺘﮐﺎﺗ ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ ﻪﺋارا ،يﺪﺒﮐ

ﺦﺳﺎﭘ و ﺶﺳﺮﭘ و ﯽﯾاﺮﭼ ﯽﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ شزﻮﻣآ ،يﺪﺒﮐ

يزﺎﺑ مﺎﺠﻧا

ﻢﺸﺷ پﻮﻫ

ﻦﺘﺷاد ﺮﺑ ﺪﯿﮐﺎﺗ ،پﻮﻫ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ يﺮﯿﮔ ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ و ﻞﻤﻋ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ

ﻮﺷﺎﭘ و ﻦﯿﺸﺑ ﺎﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ پﻮﻫ

،پﻮﻫ ﺶﻧاد ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ و نازﻮﻣآ

هار ندﺮﮐ اﺪﯿﭘ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ياﺮﺟا ياﺮﺑ ﻞﺣ

ﺦﺳﺎﭘ و ﯽﺑﺮﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ تﻻاﻮﺳ ﻪﺑ پﻮﻫ

ياﺮﺑ رﺎﮑﻫار ﻪﺋارا ،پﻮﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ،ﻞﻤﻋ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻦﺘﺷاد

ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻦﺘﺷاداو و تﻻاﻮﺳ پﻮﻫ

ﯽﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ ،پﻮﻫ ﻢﻠﻌﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ يزﺎﺑ مﺎﺠﻧا

ﻢﺘﻔﻫ و ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﺮﺑ ﺪﯿﮐﺄﺗ ،ﯽﮕﻨﺟ سوﺮﺧ

درﻮﻣ رد ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ و داﺮﻓا ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ يزﺎﺑ مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﯾاﺮﭼ زا نﺪﯿﺳﺮﭘ ،ﯽﮕﻨﺟ سوﺮﺧ

ﺶﻧاد نازﻮﻣآ يﺎﻫرﺎﮑﻫار هرﺎﺑرد

يزﺎﺑ مﺎﺠﻧا درﻮﻣ رد ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ ،ﯽﮕﻨﺟ سوﺮﺧ

هار و ﯽﯾاﺮﭼ يزﺎﺑ مﺎﺠﻧا يﺎﻫرﺎﮐ ﻞﻤﻌﻟارﻮﺘﺳد ،ﯽﮕﻨﺟ سوﺮﺧ

نآ مﺎﺠﻧا و ﻢﻠﻌﻣ ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺶﻧاد ﻂﺳﻮﺗ زﻮﻣآ

ﻢﺘﺸﻫ هار يداﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﺋارا ،يﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ

رﺎﮐ

يزﺎﺑ مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﯾاﺮﭼ و ﯽﮑﯿﺘﮐﺎﺗ نﺪﯿﺳﺮﭘ و لاﻮﺳ دﺎﺠﯾا ،يﺪﻨﻠﺑﻻﺎﺑ

ﺲﭙﺳ يزﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻗ ﺮﮑﻔﺗ و ﺚﺤﺑ

هار يداﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﺋارا ،يﺪﻨﻠﺑﻻﺎﺑ رﺎﮐ

ﺦﺳﺎﭘ و ﺶﺳﺮﭘ و ﯽﮑﯿﺘﮐﺎﺗ و ترﺎﻬﻣ شزﻮﻣآ ،يﺪﻨﻠﺑﻻﺎﺑ

نا مﺎﺠﻧا

ﻢﻬﻧ و ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ ﺖﺑﺎﻗر ،ﺶﮐ ﺎﺑ يزﺎﺑ

ﯽﯾاﺮﭼ هرﺎﺑرد ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ ،يرﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﯽﮑﯿﺘﮐﺎﺗ ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ و يزﺎﺑ مﺎﺠﻧا رد ﯽﮑﯿﺘﮐﺎﺗ ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ ،ﺶﮐ ﺎﺑ يزﺎﺑ

رد داﺮﻓا ندﺮﮐ ﺮﯿﮔرد و يزﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﺣ يزﺎﺑ ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ ﯽﯾاﺮﭼ هرﺎﺑرد ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ ،ﺶﮐﺎﺑ يزﺎﺑ

رد داﺮﻓا ندﺮﮐ ﺮﯿﮔرد و يزﺎﺑ يزﺎﺑ ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ هرﺎﺑرد ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ ،ﺶﮐ ﺎﺑ يزﺎﺑ

ﻂﺳﻮﺗ يزﺎﺑ مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻢﻠﻌﻣ

هﻼﮐ ﻢﻫد ناﺮﭘ و ﻊﯾﺮﺳ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻦﺘﺷاد ،

ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ ﯽﮑﯿﺘﮐﺎﺗ ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ و يﺮﯿﮔ هﻼﮐ

ﺶﻧاد ،ناﺮﭘ و ندﺮﮐ رﻮﺤﻣ زﻮﻣآ

ﺶﻧاد ﻪﻤﻫ يﺮﯿﮔرد نازﻮﻣآ

هﻼﮐ ،ناﺮﭘ ﺮﯿﮔرد و ﯽﮑﯿﺘﮐﺎﺗ ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ

ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﺎﺑ ندﺮﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘو

هﻼﮐ ﻪﺑ شزﻮﻣآ ،ناﺮﭘ ترﻮﺻ

ﻢﻠﻌﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﯽﺘﻨﺳ

ﻢﻫدزﺎﯾ ﻪﻠﯿﺗ

ﻒﯾﺮﻇ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺖﯾﻮﻘﺗ ،يزﺎﺑ ﯽﮑﯿﺘﮐﺎﺗ ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ ﺎﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ ﻪﻠﯿﺗ

نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ و يزﺎﺑ ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ ،يزﺎﺑ و نﺪﯿﺳﺮﭘ لاﻮﺳ ،نآ نداد نﺎﺸﻧ

ﺢﯿﺤﺻ ندز هﻮﺤﻧ هرﺎﺑرد ﺚﺤﺑ ﻪﻠﯿﺗ

و ﯽﯾاﺮﭼ درﻮﻣرد ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ ،يزﺎﺑ ﺶﻧاد زا نﺪﯿﺳﺮﭘ لاﻮﺳ نازﻮﻣآ

نﺪﺷ ﻖﻓﻮﻣ ﯽﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ هرﺎﺑرد ﻪﻠﯿﺗ

ﯽﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ ،يزﺎﺑ ترﺎﻬﻣ راﺮﮑﺗ و يزﺎﺑ مﺎﺠﻧا

ﺶﻧاد ﻂﺳﻮﺗ نازﻮﻣآ

(9)

1401

110

ﻢﻫدزاود ﮏﻟا

هوﺮﮔ ﺖﺑﺎﻗر ،ﮏﻟود دﻮﺒﻬﺑ و ﺎﻫ

درﻮﻣرد ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ يزﺎﺑ ﯽﯾاﺮﭼ ﮏﻟا

ﻪﺋارا و نﺪﯿﺳﺮﭘ لاﻮﺳ ،ﮏﻟود و ﯽﺑﺮﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﯽﮑﯿﺘﮐﺎﺗ ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ

ﻧاد ﺶ نازﻮﻣآ ﮏﻟا

لاﻮﺳ و ﯽﮑﯿﺘﮐﺎﺗ ﯽﻫﺎﮔآ ،ﮏﻟدو نﺪﯿﺳﺮﭘ ﮏﻟا

ﯽﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ ،ﮏﻟود نآ ﻦﯾﺮﻤﺗ و يزﺎﺑ مﺎﺠﻧا

يرﺎﻣآ شور

ﻪﺘﺳد ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ رﺎﻣآ زا هداد يﺪﻨﺑ

وﺮﯿﭘﺎﺷ نﻮﻣزآ زا ،ﺎﻫ -

ﮏﻠﯾو ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ هداد ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ندﻮﺑ

ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ نﻮﻣزآ زا و ﺎﻫ ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو

ﺐﮐﺮﻣ ﯽﺳ رﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺸ ﺨﺑﺮﺛا

يزﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣﻮﺑ - زا ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ و يزﺎﺑ ﺲﺣ ،نﺪﯿﻤﻬﻓ ياﺮﺑ يزﺎﺑ ﺲﯾرﺪﺗ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور سﺎﺳ ا ﺮﺑ ﯽﻠﺤﻣ

ود ﺮﻫ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺪﺷ . ﻦﯾا ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ مﺮﻧ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا راﺰﻓا

سا ﯽﭘ سا ﻪﺨﺴﻧ سا 24

ﺢﻄﺳ رد و ﺎﻔﻟآ

05 /0 ﺖﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا .

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ

اﺪﺘﺑا ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﯽﻓاﺮﮔﻮﻣد تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ،ود هرﺎﻤﺷ لوﺪﺟ رد ﺟ ،ﻦﺳ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ

.ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا هوﺮﮔ ﺮﻫ نزو و ﺪﻗ ،ﺖﯿﺴﻨ

لوﺪﺟ 2 . ﯽﮔﮋﯾو ﺖﮐﺮﺷ يدﺮﻓ يﺎﻫ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ

هوﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ (لﺎﺳ) ﻦﺳ

ﺖﯿﺴﻨﺟ (ﺮﺴﭘ ،ﺮﺘﺧد) ﺪﻗ

ﯽﺘﻧﺎﺳ) (ﺮﺘﻣ نزو

(مﺮﮔﻮﻠﯿﮐ)

TGFU 61

/ 10 14

ﺮﺘﺧد 64

/ 145 21

/ 37

77 GSA / 10 14

ﺮﺘﺧد 27

/ 144 28

/ 37

GSA/TGFU 90

/ 10 13

ﺮﺘﺧد 148

23 / 39

ﯽﺘﻨﺳ 1/

11 14

ﺮﺘﺧد 34

/ 145 14

/ 38

،ﺲﭙﺳ ﺎﻤﺷ لوﺪﺟ رد ﻪﺳ هر

تﺎﻋﻼﻃا طﻮﺑﺮﻣ

ﻪﺑ رﺎﻣآ ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ يﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ و فاﺮﺤﻧا رﺎﯿﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻫ ﮏﯿﮑﻔﺗ

ﺶﯿﭘ رد و هوﺮﮔ ﺲﭘ و نﻮﻣزآ

ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا نﻮﻣزآ .

لوﺪﺟ 3 . ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ

هوﺮﮔ ﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ

ﺶﯿﭘ نﻮﻣزآ ﺲﭘ

نﻮﻣزآ

ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ فاﺮﺤﻧا

رﺎﯿﻌﻣ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ

فاﺮﺤﻧا رﺎﯿﻌﻣ

TGFU ﺖﺷرد ترﺎﻬﻣ

21 / 31 28

/5 14

/ 69 50

/ 15

ﻒﯾﺮﻇ ترﺎﻬﻣ

50 / 31 73

/6 57

/ 65 37

/ 11

ﻞﮐ ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺮﺤﺒﺗ

35 / 70 72

/ 12 58

/ 149 64

/ 29

GSA ﺖﺷرد ترﺎﻬﻣ

36 / 37 86

/6 36

/ 71 05

/ 15

21 / 34 91

/ 10 43

/ 63 40

/ 13

43 / 79 15

/ 18 00

/ 149 91

/ 29

GSA/TGFU ﺖﺷرد ترﺎﻬﻣ

46 / 41 39

/6 15

/ 79 68

/9

31 / 40 76

/6 61

/ 72 88

/5

08 / 93 71

/ 10 54

/ 169 96

/ 14

ﯽﺘﻨﺳ ﺖﺷرد ترﺎﻬﻣ

43 / 38 45

/4 85

/ 41 32

/6

86 / 33 07

/5 21

/ 35 77

/5

79 / 78 47

/8 86

/ 87 57

/ 11