Many experts credit the sanctions with contributing to Iran's decision to enter into a 2015 agreement that places limits on its nuclear program - the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). In 1984, the United States began imposing sanctions on Iran's support for groups that commit acts of terrorism. Several sanctions have been imposed in an attempt to limit Iran's destabilizing influence in the region.
The Ex-Im Bank is prohibited from guaranteeing any loans to Iran due to Iran's presence on the terrorism list. Section 102(a) of CISADA (mentioned above) amended section 5 of the ISA to sanction the importation of gasoline from Iran. Paragraph (2) of section 1245 exempts from sanctions transactions with the Central Bank of Iran that are for "the sale of agricultural commodities, food, medicine, or medical equipment to Iran."
In February 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected Iran, the Ministry of Finance issued a general license to allow transactions with the Central Bank of Iran for the purchase of humanitarian items. 29. The section requires an administration report every 180 days on individuals contributing to Iran's ballistic missile program. During the effort, Treasury officials briefed bank officials on Iran's use of the international financial system to finance terrorist groups and acquire weapons-related technology.
Section 1245 also sanctions the supply to Iran of any material determined to be used in connection with Iran's nuclear, missile, or military programs.
S. State-Level Sanctions
N. Sanctions
The IRGC-Qods Force (IRGC-QF), the IRGC unit that assists pro-Iranian movements abroad, has been designated a terrorist supporting entity under Executive Order 13324 and an oppressor of the Syrian people under E.O. The ITRSHRA (section 302) imposes at least 5 of the 12 ISA sanctions on persons who materially assist, with funding or technology, the IRGC, or assist or engage in "significant" transactions with any of its affiliates that are sanctioned under the Order Executive or similar. executive orders - or that are determined to be affiliates of the IRGC. The ITRSHRA (section 301) requires the President to identify "officials, agents, or associates" of the IRGC and impose sanctions pursuant to Executive Order 13382 or 13224.
Some of these designations, including that of National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), were made by the Ministry of Finance on November 8, 2012. ITRSHRA (section 303) requires the imposition of sanctions on agencies of foreign governments that provide technical or financial support. or goods and services to sanctioned (under US executive orders or UN resolutions) members or affiliates of the IRGC. In October 2018, twenty economic entities, including a steel company and acid and zinc mining companies, were sanctioned under E.O 13224 for providing revenue to the Basij militia, a branch of the IRGC.
On April 8, 2019, the Trump administration designated the IRGC as a foreign terrorist organization (FTO) under section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 819). According to a February 2013 GAO report, the Treasury Department persuaded at least 80 of them to stop conducting financial transactions with Iranian banks.
S. Sanctions that Remained in Place under the JCPOA
Successive administrations and congresses have expanded sanctions against several key non-oil industries and sectors of the Iranian economy. Subsequently, Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif and other senior Iranian officials and commanders were designated under the order, as shown in the tables at the end of the report. Resolution 1929 (June 9, 2010) alleged that large sectors of the Iranian economy support Iran's nuclear program and authorized the UN to take action.
Resolution 1737 required Iran to suspend uranium enrichment, to suspend construction of the heavy water reactor at Arak, to ratify the "Additional Protocol" to Iran's IAEA safeguards agreement. The JCPOA did not obligate the United States to revoke Iran's designation on the terror list. Due to the centrality of the central bank in Iran's financial system, Iran demands that this designation be revoked.
A freeze on the assets of the Iranian Central Bank (except for approved civilian trade) and a ban on transactions between European and Iranian banks and short-term export credits, guarantees and insurance. Germany and Italy have denied landing rights to Iran's Mahan Air, which the United States has designated as a terrorist-supporting entity. 70 “The United States will impose sanctions on the Chinese company Zhuhai Zhenrong Company Limited for purchasing oil from Iran.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs, July 22, 2019.
The imposition, lifting, or reimposition of harsh sanctions has arguably had minimal effect on Iran's regional behavior. A provision of the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (P.L. 114-17) requires a semiannual report on Iran's compliance with the JCPOA to include information on Iran's use of funds in support of terrorist acts. 103 “Foreign investors are flocking to Iran as US. The sanctions relief from the JCPOA allowed Iran to increase its oil exports to 2011 levels, but the reimposition of US sanctions – including the termination of the SREs – has significantly reduced Iranian oil exports.
It is difficult to draw a direct link between the sanctions and Iranian human rights practices.
S. COVID Response
Companies associated with the Ministry of Defence: Armament Industries Group; Farasakt Industries; Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industrial Co.; Iran Communications Industries; Iran Electronics Industries;. Five IRISL affiliates: Hafiz Darya Shipping Co.; Soroush Sarzamin Asatir Ship Management Co.; Sapphire Payam Darya; and Hong Kong-based Seibow Limited and Seibow Logistics. Aluminate, to supply centrifuge components to Kalaye Electric Co.; Pars Amayesh Sanaat Kish; Pishro Systems Research Company (nuclear research and development); Taghtiran Kashan Company; and Sambouk Shipping FZC (UAE).
MTTO Industry and Trade Limited; Success Move Ltd.; Sinotech Dalian Carbon and Graphite Manufacturing Corporation; Dalian Zhongchuang Char-White Co., Ltd.; Karat Industry Co., Ltd.;. By the Ministry of Finance: Mohammad Javad Imarad and Arman Imanirad (aluminum for Iran's nuclear program); Nefertiti Shipping (IRISL agent in Egypt); Sazeh Morakab (services to SHIG and Iran's Aircraft Manufacturing Industrial Co., HESA); Ali Gholami and Marzieh Bozorg (Sazeh Morakab). Hekemzadeh; Qeshm Madkandaloo Cooperative Co., Ramor Group (Turkey) and Resit Tavan of Ramor Group (supplier to IRGC-Marine); Emily Liu, Abascience Tech Co.
Rahavaran Fonoen PC; Shaid Tondgoyan PC; Urmia PC; Hemmat PC; Petrochemical Non-Industrial Activities and Services Co.; Ilam PC; Gachsaran Polymer Industries; Dah Dasht petrochemical industry; Broojen PC; NPC International (UK); NPC Alliance Corp. Philippines); Atlas Ocean and Petrochemicals (UAE); and Naghmeh FZE (UAE). Iraq-based entities facilitating IRGC-QF access to the Iraqi financial system: South Wealth Resources Company (aka Manabea Tharwat al-Janoob General Trading Co.); Makki Kazim 'Abd l Hamid Al Asadi; and Mohammed Husayn Salih al-Hasani. Ltd.; Black Drop Intl Co.; Victory Somo Group (Hong Kong) and Yummy Be Charm Trading (Hong Kong).
Armen Sargsian and Lizen Open Joint Co. Armenia); Cuanta SA and Mikhail Pavlovich Vladov. F 20 December 2011 Al Zargaa Engineering Complex (Sudan); BST Technology and Trade Co. China); China Precision Machinery Import and Export Co. China); 11 entities sanctioned for transfer of items sensitive to Iran's ballistic missile program (all China except as specified: Beijing Zhong Ke Electric Co.; Dalian Zenghua Maoyi Youxian Gongsi; Jack Qin; Jack Wang; Karl Lee; Ningbo New Century Import and Export Co.; Shenzhen Yataida High-Tech Company; Sinotech Dalian Carbon and Graphite Corp.; Sky Rise Technology (aka Reekay); Saeng Pil Trading Corp.
For the transfer of items for Iran's ballistic missile program: Chengdu Best New Materials Co., Ltd.; Zibo Elim. China); China Machinery and Equipment Import-Export Co. China); China National Machinery and Equipment Import-Export Co. China); China Shipbuilding Trading Co. China); CMEC Machinery (China); Entities and persons helping Iran evade oil shipping sanctions: Dimitris Cambis; Empire Shipping Co.; Libra Shipping SA; Monsoon Shipping Ltd.; Koning Marine Ltd.; Blue Tanker Shipping SA;.
China and Hong Kong Entities Supporting Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (IRISL): Reach Holdings (Shanghai); Reach Shipping Lines; Delight Shipping Co., Ltd.;. Hormozgan Steel Co.; Esfahan Steel Co.; Oxin Steel Co.; Khorasan Steel Co.; South Kaveh Steel Co.; Iran Alloy Steel Co; Golgohar Mining and Industrial Co,; Chadormalu Mining and Industrial Co.; Arfa Iron and Steel Co.; Khouzestan Steel Co.; Iranian Ghadir Iron and Steel Co.; Reputable Trading Source LLC (Oman); Iran Aluminum Co.; Al Mahdi Aluminum Co.;.
