• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

;1< C; 1%2' K2 > 2&amp L5 4 : 1 ; C; = M;1: = ; : N

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2023

Membagikan ";1< C; 1%2' K2 > 2&amp L5 4 : 1 ; C; = M;1: = ; : N"

Copied!
22
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

"

"

"

"

$ 12( 3 4 1%5

) :

3 / 7 /

89

: 6 / 7 / 90 (

6 :

819 4 : ;1< 3 = > ?(

@ A B C;

. : 3 5

$ (

E F ( G H C; 1 ;

:

- 1 ;

I

1 ; - ? J 1 ;

. ( .

;1< C; 1%2' K2 > 2&( 4 1' :

"

$L5 4 : 1 ; C; = M;1: = ; : N

# . 4 : ' J ( ' $ ; O '

1 : 1 ; = M; 1:

I 'P 4

" 1 ; B (

"1QH ' > ?( C; > H 4 :1 R% 1( C% 1S1' P %H # ? J 4 Q ' J ( '

4 1 ; $

# 1?

5 5 N 9' C; = T J -( ( .

K2 C;1(

= ( Q 1 ; C; > H 4 :1 R%

:

, 1 C U V -

B 4

1 4 : : :

= 4

" V' ? / ? ( $ P $ 3 .

4 5 $ SW :

- - ? J

$ $

= X5 1%

41QH

* :

66409595 Email: [email protected]

#$% &'() * +, - . #$) / - . 01 &2 3. 456. 7.&8

$9) # 2/ -9:; </ = >?@ 8 $/.

.

(2)

2 42

! "#

2

$ %&' ( 1391

! " # $ % & " '

# !

"

( ) * +"

*

, ! , ! "

-. / 0) " 0 +

1 23 4 5 6 7

8 9 :;

( .

# = > &6

% $ % * % ? @ A2-B #

.

*

( ) % & -C D # EF 6 7

= * G "

# -

: "

#

# =

? H I

.

- A ) J25

@

% ? -? ,7 23 K 4 C

:

-

# " N 1

- ) I 4 G-I " # K-O P Q 8"

1

- 4 GR 6 )N # " A S" P

1

-

%" $ J6 O %T " U "

* ) VN " H 7 P .

% 3 4 * 6 " $ $ #

# A 2-B # W K X

#

( ) Y $ $ -.

% " "

P C : ,7

" % , ! #"

% + (G4 % .

% ? J 2Z. * G A2-B A )

% ? @

B

: 6"

3 4 * " V I [ ) P

? \ G; CI " V .

) A

% * P

\ & E B- Y@

) P( + ^ 1383 : 29

d " = ^ .(

1# + + - B J B $ - N U ! \ 7- ( "

( e

# " N P% P ' 2 Pf -+ P "

H 4F " H * # -[$

?

)

P $

1378 W P 6

".(

i +

"

"

0 " # '$ +

"#

# O #

A 3 H +

2004:3) Craig P .(

C 7 " V . ' j # O

+ . V " ) ) U ! ( 9 + #' ( ?

% $ #

? .

= * 1 k G P -? P -[$

"

P% ? P# % C

P# Pd 6

, G

"

Y @F4

f .& 4 ' ?

) P :G " 6 :1385

240

$ (

nF0 3 #

% [- H ' % ?

? )

! # ( 1 ' VO X K 7

(:?

N

* + 2)N C ^G+ '

1 P ' 2 P

7 PY2 N Po:4 Pf -+ P "

X /" ) -[$ 6 ^ .

"

U !

"

nF03 ) *

% + % [- .

" = P Q # -& # " N

(3)

1 $

"

-& X P # -&

"

) P 6 ^ 1377 : 5

G * .(

# : "

% q" +

"

" r Y . s

+ #

GI ) , G P

G " t7N )O " #

+ )O " J 25

) P#

1377 : 33

.(

.6"

David olsson/

P " N + *G8

> &6 -&

# " N ' G +

Y +"

.

#" = P 4

N + t 8 P QF # # "

C V " G D -? P

) P .6"

1377 : 21 .(

\ 9 P

= R s

P

# + # )

. ) *

VGI H 3 G4

Media) ( :

= )GI H ( " # ) " "

" P ' 2 "

" HFR "

G? + ^ " -:6 " ! A2-B #

# O & B .

# I P $ . X Q *

#

" #

" X

"

"

r

"# X

-.

)

P -

1384 : 57

= * .(

"

# X #

"

# I Q * .

=- C +

? $ "

.

# X #

News media/ X v

A ) P ;B " I # X @ '+ G C ' G 07 + -. )GI #

) I # I # "

1 4 P

+ + $

"

# " $

"

/

Gathering

"

"

" ;-

Publishing/ X

answerbag.com) .(

4 # X #

: " PH 4 0 P ' 2 P%T " K-B *-? *G8 ^ + * F #

% 9 %T " " ) I X W X H .

* P ' 2

$ N * G O

-) 3 CI Y+

. , G ! "

# )-

23 % " ' 2 % ;

CI U -; # X V *

Craig , 2004:7) .(

% $ " -N $ O I A2-B # "

% ? A ) )- #

. 2+

[$

Y .7 - " A )

? :

& Q 8 A ) :

% * P

G " F+ # -X + G24

23 e O )6 0 H 4 8 *

.

= * 1 P :9 PH O )6 0

G- # -N \ :? " 6" - HF :; P - :9 # C

"

"

A )

? .

(4)

4 42

! "#

2

$ %&' ( 1391

) & N A :

% * P

" + ; + e N "

"

H O N Fe + * 1 Y24 )6 0 23 Q 8 \ &

P

Q" ? # . w - # ! " \ G4 % & " V P +

.

, + 4 GR +

H O \ G4 " H O x[9 PH O J.+ # U R

$ . 4 GR P, + 4 GR * ) I t " #

" ^ + #

(:? y ' Pt " * Q GR "

(:? H O # -X

$ .

% 9 # $ v , + H . 9 " $ P ; #

"

# N

& H O t " " $ O

.

" H 4F ( ) [ )

X #

.

" -.

X " N

& # " H 4F " H

" N # j

' " % C

$ . :9 R

#

* 6" CS "

- 2

4 GI v2X " z ) 3 E -.$ R - # " 9 B -+ #

. U = + 6 9

" " " [? j .

N {I = - )GI "

U = R

" &

R ?

) PY@ O =- 1381 : 233

^ (

H O U H N "

:9 6 )N " R J '

U J ^ +

. :9 '

% C

# " N # $ Y :& , X G+ 9 #

;B G+ 9 4" ; "

"

^& " C? G4 :N ; .

" P 3FX

" X :2G4 Q " # I" % " & = :9

#r 6 : " U = -.

"

# I #

) G (.

! j P 6" 2Z. | ! ? t . ; ! |

.

YC

? % s ! " P

". \" D & U + 1 ) I

"

; ! G *

" + ( + ^

"

= , !

#

} ; # " -. e P

% $ n 0 $ $ # +

. : " " J6 O E " * "

"

&

"

"

"

& ) I

"

U C[

+ # .

% U / U C[ - 6 ' X .

+ ? = - 6

" ) ( 7- ~0 ) I "

"

$

% 4

& . 1

' $

# . .

$ ) I

%

+ $ $ # C

' ( ? ? . Y C ,7 I

? (:

%" $ # $ "

V I P ( 7- H • - + Q'- ) I

# C

(5)

4 G-I +

. C G ( ? ) I PU C[ *

# 4 G-I 'I

?

)

? P 1383 : 271

# . P ) I " ( ) # - (

B;

€ :

1 :

: " *

"

4 Y. 6 "r

"

Objective journalism/

% X ' .

: " * P

-N $ = e ?

. 7N + + #

" H )O " d :) t

# :- $

. 4 Y. 6 "r G

# ) I

+

P % ) I H )O "

? . 4 E * 2+ \ 3 :

X A6 )O " CI "

-.

1 X f #

" #

"

(7-.

-.

1 N 9 q

"

" #

!

" + X * 1

"

X *-N o!

4 (:?

+ . + * )

• 0

A 3 s

CI s " ?

"

"

"

I"

1

%

"

"

" ‚

Subjective/ X

(O 9

2005:22) LouwP ( 0

"

4 Y. 6 "r

"

E ;

"

4

" $

Objectivism/

.

4

( 7 $

G ) $

)O " s .

% ? # $ + )

#

C + + -X ? E"

? ? (@ #

% H \ O ( O X

.

) P " :G 1380 : 42

".(

*G # $

"

Gay Tachmann/ '

;

4 # # +

-;

C ; ! X E ! U +

:

@ PƒO - H„ G-9 n

\ O (7 % [- P 2 G: # P

YC n PJ20 # - Q 8 *

' G v O

( 2& " = v 79 P

" J 6 X

; ? 3 4 PH 4F

V +‚ " X

) G : 44

: " * P ( ) " (.

P

* -G+

H 4 8 " N 2X e C G4 "

f #

. 2

!"

:

N % 74 : " * 1

;7 H G GK # $ • \ )N .

% 9 % ? ‚ B .

%" $ *

" P

% P ) I

P(7-. S

+ ; + C " \ )N $

"% .

'

… = *

+ *

"

#" 6" + s ) C

"

! .

* U C[

(6)

6 42

! "#

2

$ %&' ( 1391

-7 " G O .

" P 9 "

-

# X # f" R

% + X

5) 1997:

Malek,

.(

% $ * X " : " * +

C Y

:

1 - 2 .

" N $ I = :

% $ * $ $ " )GI j ( "

"

1 N v

" # "

%

;- + -&

+ . E * q"

"

- J-:

"

Torento Schoole/

% C "

" sG

o 6"

"

Harold Adams /

InnisH

"

"

6 ^ H

"

;7 +

= J6 5 # " N # (7-.

-N $

)

^

P( + 1383 : 95

n 0 I \F7- * .(

7- + ?

"

$ I

" N

"

Technological Determinism

X .

=

" N $ I /

# P

# " N

G #

. #

4 G-I -X " i N '+

O ) I

". I (s H "

"

f -+

"

H Y24 2 2& |

? # : " P

" n

6 ^ " o # + )6 0 N ) # N C C

? $ + +

#

+ R-.I " '+ . G | )GI

.

" = P J9 3 " *

=

C I #

) I N ( 4 4 )G -.

1 :2 4

t2. ( 4 (@ . " ) I

4 G-I 72

+ .

? $ P 6 " o #

G / 0) "T! | % 9 t7N )GI

| P -.

V I $ "

X f 5 G | E # # . P † .

) 1387 W W P 786 - 787 (

o =

. G 23 ' #

-.

1 (:? % &

# $

4 G-I # .

| f 5 |

- , K& " j # $

-+

% (:?

. j " \ 7- -. H O # $ " e 23 ( 4

) P I

1387 : 790 - 787 (

6 ^ 7-) '

# " N

# P

. R ! d 9 U"

-.

1

# " N

# P

$ ^ W KX 4 G-I H { 23 ( 4

1

# " N

( G: #

) " ? H I " . :N % + 1

P N '

% + + " G.I # { '{ #

"

+ # ' )

| \

-; % ? -? H {6 ) P% ? ^9 H G2+ C #"

. / U ! G # " N

) G

.(

2 - 2 .

" I 6 2$ = :

& = * O

CI i I H { 2 +

\"

%T "

% C " 2- *-N H O " # $

! i I 'G " +

% V I ?

#

N w‡ f 5

) P' 2 "

1386 : 35 - 33

% * (.

P VO "

(7)

U ! D & e X # d G " ˆ N " " #

? -? J - ; + " =- ' .

% C R

H O # $

\ H { 2 #

C I , ! , E * ? J ' \" CI i I

O H O #

$ . +

" H O \ G4 # C ( 7- -. " = * R -

+ 4 G-I -O " H O V

) P( + ^ 1385 : 97

"(

6 2$ =

" I

"

/

Magic Bullet Theory

\ :2G4 * G - " ) +

#

i I Q * \" CI

? % )GI #

.

= + % $ *

"

7 '

"# 2I

% ? % X ' 1

, ! U ! + +

)GI j #

B G

O C ‰ ) + Y+ " # O # $

.: , "

) P : " * 1381

: 387 .(

* % ? @ H = " % ? U R H 7 7&

: "

-.

+

" $ #

-. 4 O " # O • # .

3 - 2 .

% &

' ! ( ) Spiral Of Silec/

:

% $

= # . , +

#

H O )GI #

1

=

+ #

"

Z (@ ' 6

"

Elizabet Noelle Neuman/ ) I

G6 d ?

1974 4

"

H : Š !

"

+ n 0 .

* 6

! * | ! + ,

( :; G4 :N

D " # N j P )GI j ( 7- ?

:N 0 X :N KB?

!

) .&

P 1382 : 459

Z \„ - (.

+ *

:N G-9 )GI #

# O # G4

1

X *

" &

$ P, "T! # % O % ; A;+ % ? % G? G Y+ -?

.

Z $

: KG " I G PY+ ) P )GI j $T "

R

G4 :N # O # J + Y

?

) P : " * 1381

: 397 - 396

+ ( 4 (.

(G4 " Z = ?

"1 H : Š !

"

.

* ! " 2 3 / 9 6

,? + N e+ + + f -I C " #"' " " E *-? +

.

*

% ,N t & N

P [G:9 H = U + + +

J 6 5 " V ?

" H O

= U + \ " " t2. -G+ H

.

# N $

? 7-)

% " KB? H = +

# J74 O 1

-G+

C # - 5

? X

.

"' + ( 6 * t7N

)

P . &

1382 : 459

.(

* P

,7 )GI #

v ? €B;

:

1 ( P

N H K (:?

VI t2. # 74 : 1

(8)

8 42

! "#

2

$ %&' ( 1391

2 ( P

(:? , 'N " 74 j H K 1

3 ( P

K (:?

% 74 €B? : VI

#

+ G4 :N

1

* "

? #"' + .

\„ - C Z

H 4 8 V I *-[$ *B ( G + +

% 74 # ‡N K & % G4 .

? €B ? % 74 /FX % 74 # ‡N $ 1

+ €B?

.

"' d H : * # ?' #"

)

" *

P : 1381 : 398 - 397

.(

4 - 2 . , CNN Effect/ :

* N

"

-.

+ ) % "

V ‡

3 4 '$ +

H 4 8

" !

$ ) I # G

+ .

G : VO "

6" : " X - #

" . -

-. 6

"

/ Steven Livingston

"

% ,B!

I CI #

A ) I X " G2‹

+

".

"

. d !

"

Piers Robinson/

| !

# " N v + CI # " 2X B " B

#

7- % ,B!

(

?

" .

# / I

"

Joseph S. Nye Jr/

* P -; @'I

A ) $

+

" : I % 'N H 4F

% ? ;-

% + X " ;B! # V I G4 :N P

".

% H" [

G;

Q 8 C % " - % ? .

( 4 " X

% '$ +

1 s X

% + + - ( 4 * +

I ' X " ?

6 2) 24 N * ! " N X

-? / 0)

(bahador,2007:4-5)

+

# " N • Y ‹ $ 2

A ) G #

% ? 1

N

-.

+ . V RN " & VO %T "

6"

+ & VN # , + " " C "

.

" -[$

-. 6

"

• * O Œ& (7-. " ' G- 6 7 ( 2& > &6

$

" :

"

e : f -? ( 4 - 1

% ( 4 - 1

-.I ( 4 " -

) P -G 1385 : 34

.(

(9)

-O"

"

" • f -? ( 4 A )

? 1

# " N + * ‰ N

#

X G % " ; " ( • # 6 R G- CI P

. sG +

"

" dF:

-[$ : I X H " O" # B

": • 9

• [ -N 1 B * N X + . J R4 "

9 % U = Y

1 v O ? '$ Y ? -? 3 N -9 : , ! ( + "

Y + N G [

"

) G : 34

-O" (.

"

" • 4

% $

1 I X A ) Y +

1

" K ; G " [ 4 • = .

P 23 5 5 R

W X # " K G4 [ 4 , + "

. - 2+ 6" Y GK + 7-4 X

\ 1993 * G4 , + " • & 6 2X ! #

' 2 # " K %

.

' • 4 J 5 • 9 - ? = *

+ % $ *

. w A ) % ? *

"

" •

*-N $ = '

( 4 '$ + U 7

"

# -.I

"

Agenda Setting/

" .

i G&

"

[

&- (2 [$

":

^G+ V " ( & $ . #

-

+ I - "

1

* "

' 2 # O I

U + $

% + N :?'! " " H X " 5 -; " -C 1

6 9 : + +

% G " # G P $ H ? U

. # X ' 2 * " P

".

G

* s

'$ %

E 4 0 # K

G

: Y

2X

" 6

* 6

'- N

"

"

E 4 0 " ; / -4

+ H B- ) + P

& #

& O ,? ! + O" " -? 5 N 6

+ ! , 'N ;N

"

? $

% ? #

+ # + + ?

.

;N U R O

o @ + ?

[$ CGI

" : G Y + (G& % " ;N * Y .

" y ˆ -O"

)

?

$ (

, 100

" [ 1

8 ' 2 + " C #

".

$ , G ' 2 &[3 . +FN " q " q P $ " K -O"

-?

? 1 f ŽFG4 ' 2 )

+ # + (

#

* ) '$

2 +

) G : 35 - 34 .(

;B 1

Œ& % G4 = #

Y 7 - 6 + I X % 9 # $ j

% ? "

.

* j . e& )6 0 #

%

^

":

I X " CI H

"

P 2 $ - -?

U .9 GI P• 3 U % ; H ;- P 2 4 G • 3 G& " ? * 6 1388

: 155 - 119 .

% ? " # I # 7 - 6 = * 2

. 2GI -. 6 ) 1995 (

; H O e+ % +

W X I " P - "

% ? U R .

( 6 P X CI X -; !

# X % * 02

CI X .

150 , X ' 2 2 212

% ? " CI 70 " ;+

.

, )

800 [ 2 - CI

.

$ X : ? + -.$ % ? #"

$ * :2G4 Q * 7N ' +

" : N ' : ? 7

1 % 23 % X #

(10)

10 42

! "#

2

$ %&' ( 1391

5 - 2 .

%. /0 1 ,

Fox News Effect/

\ 2006

" # F K-O

U

" #

" „ [-

"

/

Stefano Della Vigna

" 2+ [ 6 + % ;

"

+ -

" F!

/

Ethan Kaplan

w - Y2C:- % ;

; "T!

? % ; + + ;-

1 ' 2 : ? ^ ,? ! E -.$

W X CI

# CGI H B- %T " 70 N # $

. VO " 6 7 * $ .

"

CI # $

"#

Media bias/ Q

+ #

1188) (Vigna & Kaplan,2007:

.

; C

0

#

* YC

# ‡N { o+ N 2 + : ? ,? ! N {I E -.$ ) : #

1

*

\

# 1996

\ 2000

P - ' , 'N "

# -N Q

# N

-N $ O ' 2 * ‰ ) + -? I"

. -N d , "T! * #

-+ * 1996 2000

o+ N # X : ? , 2 + #

20

- " ? " : # C? 3 \

2000 N , 'N .

C

\ : ? * ; 2000

9

" ' 256 o+ N : ? + C?

J.+ ' % ? " 2 +

# CGI #

* ) 1 -? YC X

# CGI H

* % ? ,B! o+ N + C? X

4 7

3 Y

-

"

. -. o+ N -N * sG - " "

3 8 3

# X B

# CGI #

4 7- X

+

(Ibid:1199 )

. - " "

, "T! * # P

' H {

# CGI #

o+ N + C? X

B- ( O H

\ 2000

,B! C #

• ' +

C? C #

+ . 7

G ,B! C \ * +

+ . [6 + * # C

=N & , $ " N {I Q PV E -.$ ) t : ? * ,? ! +

= ' 2 -N $

.

+ + 3FX X YC -N C C

o+ N

\ H B-

2000

# -?

• YC , 'N J " " "

#

"

: ? A2-B \ :? " Q " €B; # X Q 8 + ,B! Y =4 * #

"

) -G P 1384 : 38 (

1 .

# X : ? 24

o+ N -4 -+

1996 2 O = " D H

? R .

*

9 " ( + v t7N - : ?

# N % v -G+

# O - 1 ?

+ ? # G? P H

4

? N 8 o+ N \ .

'G ' : ? * N {I E -.$

B YC , 'N .

E '$ d \ *@"r

2000 ) - " " , "T! ! (

3 / 17 )GI 3

:

% ; : ? * # +

.

(11)

# CGI

# CGI H B- X

4 ./

3 7 ./

% ? 3

1.

*

2+ % $

, 'N P# CGI H B- W X

,? ! J I #

" W X

U ! B - , 'N '

#

H" [-

# -N 2GI B -N { C P#

!

"

.

3 2 3 !"

-

-. " : " * )GI j

-

%T " ) I # " -& " # " N

" \ !

+

+ . (: ? P% $ * \ K & X )GI #

$ $

B #

. )

@ # 4 G-I # C # 8 7 B !

C X

I 4 % $ * s .

n 0 (: ? " = )

; ^ " P C + ? .

\" (:?

P ) I # "

n 0 )GI " V " # ) 4 G-I -X " i N P 7 H 3 ?

.

U" (:?

P I

%' Pv F4 /F-X H 3 ) n 0 4 G-I % I

+ ?

H 9 # C7 " H ; '$ | ! " % [- % + I VO "

4 G-I " # N .

2+

P : " * G2O -. "

R - " ?

(3 9 + 2+

? 1 ) I " U + *

% C

# : +

% C

O #

$

) P( + ^ 1385 : 96 - 95

.(

* sG % * " N H )6 0

U ! +

#

# -. ) I N + " $ Q I

H" [- P .

J *

P ( " -; D #

% [- N V8" P

N 9 %" $ " $ X t & (X ( " * % +

" O )6 0 #

: [-+ ' G- % 4

) T G-) : 1371 : 185 - 184

.(

-9 O A * + ; "T! X -; #'

"

% C #

G # ^

G O H . … " G- C -X +

*- ? "

"

. N % 74 % $ * 4 ŽF G4 P# -X =

-1 + # I"

"

o+ N

"

-N O # I " 7

1

Q +

= * $

7 X

% + "

" .

"

"

"

"

" - Y5 Y G) P• N -N +

" # X +

# o+ N +

# -N F74 + $

# " -O + H 3 + $

5 Q O F74

X $ # ?

. -N { ! I" + 4‚ C

#•

$

Q O H ? " ' -. -

#

# CGI $ + & X

.

*G8 , "T! * 70 6 +

{ ' * +

# Y GK % & # $ # - " # $

# CGI

-? X

* +

-. - C , "T!

B ! ' # .

p1234 ) 2007 P (Vigna & Kaplan P

(12)

12 42

! "#

2

$ %&' ( 1391

2 "

-N $ + I X # I # #

?

" .

" G

"

"

' + ^

"

/

Nimmo & McCombs

U C[ % * G

A6 B #

"

. N #

"

Political Myth/ A 3

+ . P* %"F4 " B 7 G9

( G I ; !

1 0 G

# N

"

\ ; -6

"

Altschull/

) 1984 (

" P

* 2- $

"

Gitlin/ ) 1980 (

"P

"* 6

Hallin/ ) 1987 (

"

"

"*G /

Tuchmam

) 1974 (

+ + -: *

O ? Y 2. # X # 6" H G GK C H

&3

$ .

$ . ‡)

% + 4 " % C N ! e

; B

"

# 6

H { 2

"

( G4 +

5-6) 1997:

Malek,

.(

H {2 2 # 6

V I : ?

*

= ) I : " J6 O + ?

- O &

$ . : 24 : " *

:2G4 ( 2&

' ! " & " -24 ^ f 5 EF "

+

[6 G?

# 2 2& PA2-B V I

+ @ 1

= ,

* - #

-N $ O ; "T! I : "

.

" f 20 G 4 J

% \ 9 * 4

= 2G4 > &6 Y " # = > &6 Y & ) I #

R ?

. + " = : " *

" I

02 =

"

Hegemony Theory/

% } 8 K-X +

? .

1 - 3 . ' 4 5 % &

Propaganda model/ :

N

@ % G P 4 X ;- "

) ? P H { 2 "

#

H O ( :; - # K-O # %

. E ' $ ( 3 P 4 * #

( 4 2GI * … ( 4 " H 4F " X " 8 { 5 P N

" # K-O P (..

-? % Ž 7 ?

.

\ 9 * 4 P

2GI * 7- X

"

U

" :.

Noam Chamsky/ "

"

"

. d

" . /

Edward S. Herman

7-

# 72 " :N *

" -X ! # # 6

P X /" )

"

H { 2 # 6

"

+

" \ N 3

# X #

"

% ? /" ) 1

2 4 G?

+ P C ^G+

- (:? X G O " YC 4 G-I 7 79 "

# X % ? I

# X Y

) P 1379 : 160

.(

Y * -9 :.

N

7-) Ž„ 3 " "

U = # + G4 t " " H { 2 v

?

Ž -) +

@

;7 H 4F " X

# % G4 . +

6 7

^ ' + #

* 6" ;- ) ^ 6

E 1

} K 7- | ! VO "

(13)

+

":

# 6 PV 2 + + " -N A 3 # -X ( 4 d

+

".

* " = 6

+ = *

X „ G) P B # C 4 23 #

# :- R 9 % S " +

B # - ! % " & t7N +

" ?

" C? + I " -. &- Y " GOF4 # )O " B + I -. % $ X VN 4 8

2

% ? \ )N 5 V 2 1

"

&6 K Š

O B v F4 X #

$

) P 1379 : 161 - 159 .(

:. "

U X f -+

"

8 6

"

Manufactuerin Cosent/ P

Š !

N 3 N )

} 8 " + +

4 : 23 #

H { 2

2O VN X

2O VN .G + X C "

* w ! 3 I " + $ (:; " N + VGI X

.

* N 3

) 2:?

CI * P

I G O VN

" & ) +

.

^B -

?"J _ Q( >; ; J B =

+ ? # .

# #

. \ -. (2 " V 3

. P 2

* 2+ # -& " # X + + ?

$ .

+ " :.

+ +

+ ? " N D -; VN # P )- # K-O ( „ #

# R y '

^ P

"

-. 6"

) P :. " * 1377

: 34 - 19 .(

–` 2Sa

4 ( 4 :

/

?"J _ Q( >; a T' C;1(

:. "

?

# . + n 0

; +

% 2N " o9 % + w

# -& ? # R .

"

} I " 9 V

• 2 H + 4 $ + .

C =

P C$

'+ G ;7 { 2 #

-;

%" $ )GI j ( "

% + [ 4 G-I H O ! # .

*

( 7 % ? J )GI j ( "

"

# $ + "

-. # 7- G4 + 1

)

• 2 ƒ

J ' $ +

) P :. " * 1377

: 43 - 34 .(

b -

?"J _ Q( >; 41QH T' D -; VN " # K-O H " 8 P

)GI # 0

( 7- # 5 V

4F

;+

. 4 " J.+ ' , + P 6 Z. J2 /

$

X :- H ?

+ ? " 6" 2 " + -.

C .

*

+"

.

# X "

? % $ '

( /FX

* ) (G4 YC :

. ? J ( 7 V8" * Y+ 9 2O A6 B V

* -;

-B " H C * 4 #

3 I N ?

) P . ^ 1369 : 15 .(

(14)

14 42

! "#

2

$ %&' ( 1391

-

; # cH , + " % X -& . [ #

)GI j ( " # % ?

+

(:?

# $ $

% " ! P/ 2 P } 6 -9 " B P ‡O #

o2R # C ; !

$ H 3 2& " '+ G- ' "

. PV " &0 s % X

%" $ " W B? 2 "

" VN

H O ! H :

1

" # I . # ( " # q X ! -9

j

" Y N )GI .

"

:.

(:? N

# $

% X " S # 4 % +

"

I

#

% + !

% X

"

U

) P :. " * 1377

: 60 - 55 .(

d - K& "5 ' ; A i N ;B -. G+ 8 #r 6 @ f 5

. U' G+ [6 B

H C : 4 % &- H„ -. 6 "r #

" : # S }23 -9

#" ? / ' "

% ? "

.

% + $ . +

":

J +

„ -. G+ 8

$ 1 8 7

+ ? #

%

# 4

-. G+ 8

AO -

„ ? " ?

2 ? * V 4

+

". Po :4

. 6 "r "

8 * -+ ;+ ,6 #

-. G+

1

?

C 3 N P

% ? 2

B ) * + ?

( G4 *:G

=

) P . ^ 1369 : 16

.(

Š ! * 3 + s " % + " & . X N

"

y ' # X

"

( "

? 1 6 )N R - 6" # + -N

"

H O ! #

U R 3 KX

? .

‡N * U !

6 B [ P

%" $ " N 4 G-I #

A )8

G P

% "

3 N # #

I P - ? $ # X

+ \ {? X

1 .

2 - 3 . 65 " 7 :

* # - :2G4 ' % $ *

" " W X )N +

- 6 . 7 H { 2 # 6

2 2&

" &

@ + . 02 :N ;

. .+ K-O

. G+ 9 ) Y+ 9 7 :N

I P )

"

# )GI .

-1

C. #$/ :/ D (/. 3. (E . 9F G :; 8 H9/ $ - . .

&I J +8 3. +?K *L 8 &2/ 6 D 7 2/. # C 7.

D < .&M

<)9N / C L 8 / * ; D O9P </.

- . 8 C. < ; (/. 3. <'Q8 L 8 #$)) $9 . / D / )98$8 D <+> 7 ;

C. #$% .D $ )

*L &;

1379 S S * 160 - 166 .(

(15)

\„ - *

=

" X + # -&

: ;+

#r 6 @ % ? % (:? -+ ? #

) P : " * 1381

: 399

/ 3 (

=

E X

.+ #

% C + 02 % €X ? -.

"

-

" ; $

1 N "

= G D -? I" = *

J6 O G4 +

"

# 7- H )6 0

"

[ ( ? : H [: N J-: PY. .+

" Y. .! P

Y. GN

; X .

? 4‚ Y5

"

" -& 02

:2G4

) G

* (

U # ; "T! : "

"

" -6

% U

% ? + +

02 ;

+

+ # X ,? ! j Y

. -6 $ :

-? $ 02 j #

= + %

K (O 9 C

$ :

4 G-I

" ?

G % $

"

CI

# $ +

-? Y+ 9 #r 6"

% ? 1

"

( ,? ! 4 8

=N & + V 8" -; ! " +

I 1

"

2 %T " I X # ;+ ,? ! (

U CI #

+ 8 4 [ " : vN H 3

) P : " * 1381

: 400 - 399 (.

4

!"

8 95

"

% + EF ' X & ) I " & : "

# ? * *-? $ + #

^ - "

% ? J + " \ -)

+ ! 2 O : " "

.

EF * :

% $ P

"

' + 6

"

Elihu Katz/ %

N # ; '$ # .

413 ;PS ; 1 e ^B

" ' + = # N t " " # ; '$ P )GI j YC ( 4

. =

*-X ; '$ # + N # ; '$ #"

"

"D + ( G4 .

*

4 N

:

; '$ x[9 " ; '$ D P ; '$ CI .

t " " =

" " $ ‡4 ' # N

+ N

" C %" $

"

N

$ .

" * + (G4

‚ [ I

2X Y

H O P +

" &

? . + ! " -

" * ( 4

"

+ ( G4 Y 7-.

(16)

16 42

! "#

2

$ %&' ( 1391

H O C -;

? .

\ e #

"

H : Š !

"

+ 1

G O j

, ! )GI +

1

# $ 2I # ; '$ U ! KG

+ " +

CS N

! , + KB? j P + # X 74 +

.

;1< e ` 3%&'

Dependency Theory/

# + = * d

"

Š +" \

"

Sandra Ball Rokeach/

"

"

* 2 #

" 2N

Melvin De Fleur

% ? @ 1 -. " N H" [- #

* "

-. "

N N " %" $ " $ P €B? KB?

i

H" [- .

\„ - C -) 3 I V I +

# H 4F 24

# .

# 6 )N

H R " $ P

H 4F -. "

)GI # .

$ 0 = * + ) I " B P

. 9 " * ^

2 4 -. " ' , + , 'N

6 X +

. Fe

„ '

‡ P G=

"

H {

, 'N C " U # G-4 , 'N J U -. "

H 4F ?

.

-C @ H 3 ' I V I %T " X

+ + -

– QF

? X C B -; -. " J

. I - 6

H 4F -. "

H" [ B

+ . ) I N ^

# H" [- 4F )

# K-O P ? "

P

" $ P (...

.

I

$ s !

#

"# 6

Š +"

"

"

"

"\

% ? + # + V +

) P 7 1378 : 15 (

B- 7 -+ 1

q

% 6 P F+ # N

# % ?

+ @ % $ * # + " $ \ 9 * 4 %

. % ? EF 6 *

3 # "

) 2 t & ^ ( -

-X N " # K-O P

-

"

J B #

- )GI $T " ' " -. " ' d " -X ?

"

-X ? - H ' C " ? Y -

# -N " ? P -X ? -

t &

-. 5 ' " 4 G-I Y 7

? % , G # .

) (:?

(

-1

" ^

# 6 H : Š !

"

,B 6 7 * 2 O # .

(17)

V : P 7 1378 : 16 .

# 6 d

• N P " B #

-. 4 G-I 0 & # +

$T "

$T " / ^ #

# + +"

# # " $

CI C W X # $ / "

P B I" I

"

.

#

B 4 G-I t & + v Y 7-. 5 Y " Y 7-. Y $

.

, + "

B #

# X #

% H { " ?

" X ? -N " E

' B

4 G-I t &

2+ w " $

\ &-

) P 7 1387 : 17 - 15 (.

: ;

'$ # " ( )-

.

( ( ) * + 9

'

.

CI Q *

*:G 23 # $ .

- ) I P# &

- P# &

CI "

+ # $ .

)O " s -

% ; X H O + * P

# 9

-N ) P Y r Q P 4 G-I # -X -. ) I H O "

. )GI #

"

4 G-I # C

"

-. W X " %T " + + 1

-. o !

2+ 4 G-I U = ( )

-.

.

Ž

+

! ) I *-

+ + # i G 3

? ) I " VGI X .

# #

-. e-. * ' .

= * ) I ;

) P X"

1375 : 83

.(

; "T! X - U = Q * ) H

# j A2-B # ;+ #

-. Y r X ?

".

"H

Sibert/ , :G "

+

\ 1956

U = P Y r Q C @ #

- C \ )N # ' " + #

"

o

(18)

18 42

! "#

2

$ %&' ( 1391

( + ^

"

@

"

=

# R #

"

= * 2GI

-. !

. U = # #

$T " 2+ G 6 ) I ^ #

# G- ) I ; "

.

f -+ U ? " -! PH

"

H 4 0 = C

"

Four Theories of the press/ C P

= # ) 4 " Y. G+ " 4 G-I 6 Z. P 6 6 P# - 23

:2G4 " X

+ ?

. , :G " H % # 6

6 \

;

:N ;-

G9 G4

1 ?

# 6 $ -O - X

ŽF + ? 1 ? 6" X

# 6 -. 6 - X

% ?

. .+

-

" + -;! " G9 X . 6 6

# ' 4 G-I 6 Z.

+•

,B G " + (G4 \ )N ?

,? ! ) I # .

(:?

: " 23 # &

% ? @ , :G " H

) U ? " -! PH P

1956 P ( 7

o "

2008P : 17 - 15 (.

* ^ 6

P )8"

"

"

Ideal/

@

$ . " +

* " f -+

6 ;+ P X #

-? = W X

1 C + 6

[6 D # J

U = 2+ #

#

@ #

+ .

# 6

#

\ 6

- 6

# " % &- H„

# 6 U = 4 G-I 6 Z.

,B! #

^ ' -.2

2008:5-6) Oates,

.(

( + ^ o

" "'N

" # 6

) #

",B

"

"

+ ;

^ +

"

# 6

, :G " H $

,? P 6 4 &

"

= #

"# R

+ @

) P( + ^ 1383 : 180 - 161

, -+ % ? # ;- ) .(

2005

" ' # 6 ,?

# 6 X ) 6

#

" ,B ) # 6

#

$ -O (

X P CI I t ? I " / 9 6

5 Y X 2 O # C " U

# 6

U = # C

# + Y " #

.

# 6

\ 6 -

\ 2!

P

6

# G4 VN .

Z 4 G-I 6 P

6

# N 9

#

"

6

# I #

* ' .

" =

= * ? ‹G

f -I

X " !

P /F-X Y '

^ X " v0

147-148) 2005, (McQuail's, .

% $ Q GR - " 0 H ? " )6 0 + VO " % ? #

) I H" [- ) I #

.

† : # ) *

) *-N

. A2-B V I 0 * # 4 €B;

. : *

€B;

6 Y

" + o "

"

U

"

6

# X 6

"

News /

Production Model

% + @ E

.

* 6 6 " :2G4

(19)

%T "

"J6 O

" X

*-N $ = j + 0 & A2-B ( 4

9

% + . ) I C # $ ' " -& * " = ) I #

1 H" [- #

% G

? =

. 4 ( 4 * :

- t &

1

- H 7 " * O

# 1

- :6 1

-

N 9 # R

" # 1

- G4 t " ) 3 ) ' "

2008:23) Oates, (.

* 6

% ? Y = * ! „ G J • N ( 4 P :; "

( o

" "

.

* '

6 : + # + > &6

H 6 N A2-B 3 4 .

U s

"

P ?

U C[ X

# + Y . ' 7 0 )6 0 * sG

= / 3 Y

s P#' R

? + Y +

-; G X 6 A2-B ( 4

.

t &

Politica Enviroment/

t & = P

F+ # ‡N

(G4 +

+ .

'$

-.

(G4 €B; # f "

+ . s % ? -[$ ŽFe

Y r (:? o 2 " % &- H„ #

$T "

*

: -. ^ + "

1 ( G4 O d +

1

% "

# ' $ Y= #

U = # " H B- 6 4 #

-. -.$

. ' "

% ? -[$

Y= H B- 1

G (7- B ! 6" ^ U H 6 0 H B- * +

.

, ! ( O " J6 5 O + # ;+ * sG

* ! „ H O 1 .

# K -O " I P O 79 P O # ' ' " ) " $ "

\ - +

+ .

:2G4 * G

2008,25-26) Ibid,

.(

# R

#

Media Norms/

H" [ ;+ # ;+ ' U C[ * A )

d C 1 +

6

# ( O % ? -X ? .

= P : % &- H„ ŽFe U

\ 6 #

% H R # # ' e + Y+ 9

' C # X ,? ! " ?

"

& # -;

"

Consumer-driven

" + o 2 .

6 I .

"#

" I /

Broad cast media

G4 4 G-I 6 Z. \ 3 d

%

+ =- " ? :N

: + " (:? G4

(20)

20 42

! "#

2

$ %&' ( 1391

? " 6 .

\ 9 * 4 P

e+

" %T " o 2 ! #

" # 4

" .!

Tabloid Newspaper/ 6

"

6

# Ž - C " -. \ 6 6

#

" # +

4 " ! 6

"#

I + -?

"

neo-soviet/ + -.

I

-. ;N &

+ G9 :9 #

2008: 26-27 ) Ibid,

(.

* O

#

Media regulation/

I" W X * O P# ;+ 2+ U = "

.

* O * Fe

# " C? • 79 4 # ; o 2 " : .

' "

\ O +• I"

1993 Ž G4 v 9 * P # v 9 ; + *

G % ;+ * H 4 0 " ?

* s Y O G9

@

G H 3 +

$ . * O P 4

" \ - + # 9F " #

+ H 4 0 H = # v9 * G‡ # # ' "

Ibid,2008:28) (.

:6

Media ownership/ J25 % &- H„

+ ? :6 . H . … "

(: ? " -

(G4 # R # +

.

" Q G V8" * -N $ 2& #

: ? ( ? 2 ' 2 # ?

.

# ,B

I" X #

o 2 #

# R 6 9 ' .

y ' * $ • " *

- -

(: ?

G4

.

6 * • ' 2 :6 # „ *

" ?

,B! #

"

" G4

- " P ' 2 v % ? #'

. J 25

,B!

#" ! ( G -.2 G4 $ + # 6

G4 ,B!

.

"

'

F :;

% -.$

:6 % (:? #

. : ? 1 P " ' 2 51

3

" 6" :6 49

+ ? :6 3

O .

' d * G

+ ? * + -. ^ ' 6"

1 I" C VN U 4 ' ' G

. - -6" ' 2 6" :6 ŽF + "

.

"

G9 k : ;N "

+ -. $ { 2 # ' " 6" 6 #

J R " G- # ;N C C

-X !

Ibid,2008:28) (.

t " ) 3 " "

G4

G; I + YR ! ( 4

" % + J2I X #

" e % "

"

gate keepers/ 1

Y GK + # N + 6 X $

.

#

" + .

C 29 4

K 4 P C \ K & @ " X 6 #

(:? # 2+

-. X # -& # $ .

I"

*

2+

& X ' C

(21)

? C # X + O ;N ?

. G4 t "

% ? "

* #

U ! " X ;- C #

# -& 6 # -.

.

% "

+ ? :9 P

%" $ P N -9 "

% ? # $ : G4 t " % s ! #

• # X N 9

$

2008:28 ) Ibid,

.(

* 6 E -. $ I 1 -N ) # ;+ f R -N $

" Y. 6 "r G24 E H U 24 ) '

U = ; + 6 4 E # #

\ %T " " ) \ 9

% C P X # Ž - . # 6 * # $

" V I

# +

$ 0 ( 2& "

?

.

< =

>?@

:

A . 1 :

1 - 24 P#

) 1371 .(

"

, g Q(

C P : H ;- E"

.

2 - U .9 P ? 8 * .9 " * 6 )

1383 .(

;1< 413 = ' 4 : 4 :

Le : S e; N :

. 2K N

• 3 U % ; ; "T!

) Q ( -. P 1376 % G? P 4 W W P 245 - 207 .

3 - I P - )

1384 .(

1 S 1 4 : 15

. J 9 GI C 7N ‘ P T C :

" H ;-

. 4 - P .6"

) 1387 .(

: " : . P I C & GI C

: E" H ;- .

5 - G& P $ )

1384 .(

?"J _ Q( Q .:

" ; .

6 - 8 24 P 7 )

1387 .(

-X ? ) I # 6 ^ + P G4 :N .

e"%J P

-. " C 1387

% G? P 13 W W P 25 - 3 .

7 - (s H " P I )

1387 .(

81# 4 1 ; , g Q( K -( h; ( 3

.

# ‚ 8 F5 GI :

%T ;

.

8 - O P X"

) 1375 .(

? J

, g Q( #

. C :

H 4F H ;-

.

9 - O P X"

) 1383 .(

; , g Q( K C; ' 4 : :

-.RX H ;- .

10 -

# C G& P -G )

1384

e 1 , eg Q( e T e B e: $ $ 1 e .(

.

X oI GI

. C :

; .

11 -

" P*

. I . 'G I "

. 2 . : ) 1381

;1< .(

, g Q( 4 : .

P 7 8 24 GI C

:

% ; H ;-

C .

12 - U P 6 . :G " "

) 1385 .(

, g Q( 4 5 K : . .

o @ * .9 GI

(KN ; P%

.

13 - Y 76 P#

) 1388 .(

K i /

) 4 G-I U 24 -?

.(

C : U ! % ; H ;- .

14 - - P 2 $ )

1388 .(

J H 2J , g Q(

. U .9 GI P 2 4 G • 3 G& " ? * 6 C

:

• 3 U % ; H ;- .

15 -

# C P .&

) 1382 .(

# _ Q(

. C : E" H ;- .

16 - YS + P T G-) )

1371 .(

?"J _ Q( >;

. C : F4 % ;

@ .

17 -

H P . ^

. 2 ) 1369 (

* " 9 K 1# X # -2 N : .

% G? P 4 W W P 19 - 14 .

18 -

o P( + ^

) 1385 .(

;1< 1' 4 a

?"J _ Q( 4 : .

P 6FI ' " ! GI H ;-

) " H )6 0 -N

.

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

Question: 3 Senator Kristina Keneally: In addition to the Assistance and Access Act, what additional, specific FTE requirements does the Ombudsman have in relation to the oversight