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= + E0 2 D
5 W = + N+ ;@) &2 [ L
&
D ' F+ A _ ' ‚+0 &2 ;@)WC I+
(Horowitz, 2002)
.
(& ,
d+(B_'0u\ &E &! ;F F+ 7)' ] N+ ;9
=)2 12+0
&2 D>?@5+
N 8 Au 0
+(B@'
&W6 ; ,+
D
&C (< +(/
F+
D
»
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b
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, ' (' i)\ N+ ;9 + &W6 z(I
, '
; ;C)P0(_ ;?T+
F+ &W6 dX >? =)2 ; +(B@' G(C < 0 `)@4 O N• &! +
Beetham &)
Christopher, 1998: 33
.(
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1 . C E &2 d _ + ;BC 2+0 N+ +( + g(C_ ;' <X
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, '
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;P @CE+ h dX &
)
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2
&
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;BC 2+0 D I 2 &CI+ .@E dX &2 ,(C_)2 ; )P `?4 D.@E
0 ; 'p 79K .@E dX &2 L) d _ + ;F 8+
; ( I .
=) Z@' D
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F+ .@E .
= +(2 2 D
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0
h + '+ * & LM 0 ; +(<+0 &2 + * , E b
J
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(1965: 185)
.
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,+(2 ;4@E ' (B , ' (! ! &?@E N+ D(9 ?I ('
@CE+ h ;P
7)@ G( R\ DA 0X 7'+( dX , QP+ d ) , 9@' ,+(2 + &)50+ ;< X &! F+ = + , '
d FX QP+ (B ,+(2 + QP+ (}!+
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(2006) I .
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:
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;@
N F &C :@' (B 9 &2 + +( + + b
d N F = +(2 2 O K + d Z@' ; '
&2 \0 +
>)5
(h2 A h2 _ N+ ,
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&2
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(1996: 14-16)« .
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7 N+ (\
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) 1374 : 228
.(
D=) Z@' C <
(B , E A 2
;<u 0 ()no (2 d+ + @CF )F ;/H*+ 0 ,(9 , '
50 ;E * F )F
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»
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; = 0 0
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' ()xC ./+0 |8 :
d +(<
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.
; &C]<
./+0 I
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,+
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>?@5+
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)
) Dd 2 ' 1379 : 101
D(
7h Q8 ,+(2 &)E = (
=CI+
, ()t , '()xC
& (- ./+0 ,N+ (\
F+(<
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= + D P +
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d +(<
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+( N 2
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Williams, 1998: 206) .(
&E g + ./+0 V K 0 A0(< 0 ' &2 '+(<
;C ' , ' D
&! ) >)5 = + &2
;@ 7h + > + P = + h X +
D
&9?2
= + N+
F0 P 2 & W + > + P = + ()no &!
> +
; L)J D^?T 0 j E f0+ M + D, C* F +
.
1.Barry Pozen
./+0 (B {W ./+0 0 ; +(<
&! F+ = + ;C ' |8 : 2 z : + ; +(<
= +
& (- U0(] 2 '
=CI B +
>9I ;B BJ &2 : Dd+(B_ ! ' ' = + ,()<
0 '
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.
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! .
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2 (9 0 = +
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3 :9 P ,+
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D d _ ()B@_J Q8 '
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50 &!
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D
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= +
f h] V F+ (2 & (-
»
« 0
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« ' +(
; =)): ;2 I
b N+ [ (' &9 J
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C 0 L @C '
; p y + A0(< N+ • * , ' _! 0 A0(< , QP+ &2 : ; 0 ]C
(Horowitz, 2002) ! .
;? +( O (-
&2 L) ; +(<
O2 }
&* I 7 )5+(:)5 (9 0 N+ (B ,+
D o 2 G(C < (2 )!
>9I 0 ;? 12+0 E d+(B N 2 ,()<
D
=)2 F )F (2 12+0 = + ()no ;F (2 &2
>?@5+
&2
>9I (- N+ Au 0 ' ,()<
; E , '
N+ (\
. 0 =F <( &! G(B = + V F+ (2
dX (*oC d < @ ˆ 2L +
50 ,( R\p ] i +L + D +( 3 k : + G(C < OM)C &! '
;?
F+
D 50 ) (‡
+ '
&!
7h ' .: = (
; )5 ]CF0 d+ 0 iy2 D F+
i' !
; ' .E+( 2 + +( + 0 ' 20 , 4C 0 d < < iy2
&
; 0
! .
= + N+
0 D 2
, *()t N+ , * [)9] ,+(2 , E , 'N( Dd0()2 0 d0 ;@ / , 'N( ,L 0(
&2 F+ A X E0
) DA +N()_
1384 : 36 - 37
.(
& (- E (2 )!o 2 L) ; +(< h 0 ; +(B@' , '
&
, '
>9I N+ ; < <
,()<
0 ' V 8+
»
«
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; * , '
N+ (\
b
7)' ] N+ A ]CF+ 2 * 3 k : + O (- † 0 } ,+(2
» r @CE+
, '
;F )F f t + 0 A I
3(}!
+(<
«
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>9I 2 & BJ &! ' ' ,()<
r @CE+ Dg(C_ , ' , '
;F )F
; >9I E ()<
. F+ ; C]<
0 = + 0+ &! F+ g(C_ ' 3 I 0 d+L) V F+ (2
; L @C (B 9 N+ + ;F )F r @CE+ r N F
) d @' : 41 - 43
.(
3 . AN F )' +
;C ' a J J ‰]8 =@Y D, B N+ , + : E 0 ; )5 ]CF0 +0 ;C* I
(4 D;C )C N \ ;F I
&2 ' N+
O2 } =)): > P r Y 0 >~
, '
=)2 12+0
>?@5+
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+(/(2 )\ '
;
! .
0 95+
- 7h N+ &!
= ( ) yI , ' AN F i*(J
& + B +
;F (2 F )F
=)2
; a K >?@5+
I -
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D d+ P K
=)2 F )F ;P @CE+ O (-
>?@5+
2 D
;C ' ƒ(k
=)2 F )F >)?K 0 =)): D7h @ LP O6W &2 + ' D;P @CE+ ;F I
>?@5+
(! > : .
+ + 0 & (F + ' ,0
=)2 d+(B N 2 ; c C: ; 'p )2 C* F L) 0 ;??@5+
; ; :n 2
&! + (' 0 iW D. DdX a J J 50 -C +
, ' N+
»
*
« 2 > 4 +
» 12( p d+(B
«
; S (4
(1999: 21) ! .
' D h X d ) 7)WC O62+ , +(/(2 0 . 0 ' d ) : S (4 N 2 2 0 +
A+ 0 ) 2 + @?/ . N X
(!
A D U0(]
, '
=)2 12+0 ;C )5 ~ O (- , K + >?@5+
&2 i5 J
; _!
.
;IL)B + ,0() / D. d0 2 ' D,0 WCP+ &2 F+
L) . 0
@F 0 hE / D ' d0 2 F0
(idem: 221) F .
2 ;? 50 ;4@E ' r hJ N+ 0
&
O5L
=)2 f - {* I \
>?@5+
F+ A + =yF :
iW ' D +0(9)\ '
;4@E ' 0 ;P ' D K
idem: 224) .(
=)2 j '( `6 &F D;C ' O - = + ƒ(k 3+N+ &2 0 + L @C ;??@5+
; ; (4
! :
;C ! 0 ;!• D,L2 ' .
2 f - (2 7! 8 j '( `6 r
=) .6W (' >?@5+
: ' i + ; N
A + 50 &2 A I
; S (4 (B , '
! b
; 4
d @I ) ,L2 ' ( d :)/ D )
;!•
( d CF0 0 )
;C ! .(
' &F = + D
' ; 4 , '
=@I )/ D K
F0 0 K
=)2 f - &F , ' ) 2 D K
>)9_ + 30 ]C ;??@5+
; '
Price & Reus-Smit, 1998) .(
'
&P @M '
; 4 N+ ,+
+ &!
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; 4 Dd+(B N+ +
&2 O2 } u2+
A ,+
&2 D;P @CE+
; : *
' . ' I+ (2 D;P @CE+ , ' N+ ;T * , '
2 &62+ + * (B
; d _ d+(B_ !
` (k = + N+ 0 ' D
.
; )5 + ;T *
!
7)@ &2 0 , '
; >9I , +RBCF )F '
.
&9 +
»
*
«
=@I )/ D F0 + *
» ,(B
« + 2 D (! '+ * M + h X d ) > 4 , N 30 ]
) DA +N()_
1384 : 133
.(
; ^)Y 0
& BJ &! '
»
*
« + )4Y0 N+ &! ;CI+ (2 V F+ (2 D
& _ ,+
,+(2
» ,(B
«
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» ,(B
« () ] D )4Y0 N+ i * I+ (2 , : (2 + & _ = +
;
&2 ;C HP D() ] = + V F+ (2 0 !
»
*
«
; 0 '
»
*
«
&2
; F \ + =)@'
'
,(B 0 * ' &! F+ > 4 = + 0
&2 O5L >9I )/ =@I F0
; ()<
. \ i ! F \ 0 () ] Dd + HP , ' +( D;P @CE+ , ' +
h X (C 2 &!
; `?* g(C_ * I
; ˆ ;P @CE+ ,()< 0 I '
.
&2 ' O2 }
)T *
=)2 d+(B_ ! D;??@5+
i +(<
&2 + h X , C 0 ;IL)B + , '
; E0
X 0 b
= + D(B d )2 &2
' KC 0 30 ]C , ' +
; >9I d+(B_ ! , ' C 0 . &2 &!
'
) d @' : 133
.(
AN F
>9I ;P @CE+ > 4 iW 0 )4/+0 d 2 &C* F(2 &2 , B + ())x 0 ‰]8 D,()<
' ' + WC4 F . AN F d+ B + D
7h + '
-C + 0 '
; '
; * 2
&! +
iW q *
F ' . )!o 2 h X 50 WC4 d+(B_ ! ;P @CE+ I(F (2
N 8 '
=)2 12+0
>?@5+
D C ' ,+ +
;
;P @CE+
+ F h X =)2 > 4 N+ ;I ' = + &!
.
= + (2
V F+
D
; &M)C 2 > 4 0 F+ ;P @CE+ ; h] ' &! ()<
(B 4 d+(B_ !
; 2 .
= + N+
0 D
&C 2+0 L) ;F )F '
;2 J J d+(B 2 ;F )F d+(B_ ! > 4 &2
F+ = h .
50 2 &62+ ? 0 50 ' &! M X N+
? 0 '
>9I (B , '
;
; S (4 0 ()<
; ' 8+0 2 h X 12+0 L) ;F )F d+(B_ ! ' D I S (4
; I + +(/ h X ; ) N(F , 'N( N+ • * &!
) F D N 1384 : 41
.(
AN F WCP+
)4/+0 d 2 &C* F(2 &2 d+ B +
; 0()2 , ' :F
N+ h X &! F+ A I OY(P
S (4 , '
! , + * D ' 0 ) + &?@E N+ D7)' ] N+ f P 0 ; hE b
)WP &2 &! +(J
h X D
& ) N &2 f h] (' S (4
>9I , ' F+ &C 2+0 dX ,()<
. D } ,+(2 WC4 S\ '
) + N+ f P ;] (4 O~+ + F+
D 2 + &
&4 E (' h .2 &! F+ =9@ ()t w K5 =
30 ]C F+
&2 0 F0 + d+(B D * ' &2 &E 2 _! (' d+(:' D(Ch2 3 :P
; S (4 * =@I
(1998: 173) ! .
O ) N i'0u\
, ' AN F O@' &J(< D;C) + B +
* F ' L!( 2 d+
+ (- Š ] + ) + D
AN F r 0 L @ &E0 D&62+ = + &2 G(B r 0 s 4C , B +
; >)9_ + , WC +
(idem: 178) ' .
AN F
&2 + d hE s 4C , B + C)4/+0 O2 }
; 0 ; 0()2
; S_! >2 / RB' =)@' N+ 0 +
D 7h (2 &? = ( &! F+ &C9 = + g DdX ,+
50 ;? . =))4 ;? ' & BJ
>@P K 0 '
=)2 F )F OT(P h X
>?@5+
; ] + iW
! . (9 0 = + D
; 0 I S_! 2 &! F+ 2 n ,( + '
=)2 d+
(! +(/(2 ;5 ?4 0 ;?P O62+ D ) + 0 f h] = + .
;?T+ d < @ 95+ DA < = +
= C LC! (C)\ 0 0 +
A + , '()xC &!
, C* F ,+(2 ;?@9 + ' ()- ,+
;
(McDonald, 2008: 62) + .
AN F +
; @ N 2 9I+ )@'+ (2 &! , WC + d+ B +
; )!o ;4/+0 d hE * F
! D 7h &! 0 2 = + (2 2 &? = (
= + ) + 0 '
+0 & BJ &! F+
T * =C ;? ' , '
;
; 1?
I . M + D ,( + '
;2 3 :n D + 2 / >K 0 ;/ ] + F+ ;@
. V F+ = + (2 D
; @ N 2 h 0 ) + , ' [@!
;
! 7 I - K 2 ; ! &J >2 W 0 7)C ' &! &9 + S (4 &2 .
4 .
\ d
&! WC4 '
» d+(B 2 d * ;C ' , 'N( L @ ` (k N+ + * '
A )F ()- ;?2 W 0 & <0 ; Q 0 7)F(
/ dN D )]F /
, * 0 ( /
; M + & B)2
&! 7) !
F+ A+(@' +( &? ?F 0 , +RBIN + 2 ?t+
«
) DA +N()_
1384 : 259
.(
= + N+
0 D
\ d '
; GH
A 5 I 2 !
>9I &Z X h 0 ! d B (F + E +( &? ?F D; 9I
; ()<
D +0 , ' (}9C 0 4C ,
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:F
>9I ' ,()<
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\ d
3 T N+ ;9 ' WC4 '
+( + &2 &! F+ ;P @CE+ OC* F(2 , '
>)@K
; I . I 2 &CI+ F + ' (C ! !(' D
0 ;< N (2 ;W)@P ()no
A0(< D +( + I (F I+ '+ * &4 E 0 '
b 3 / (2 ; C: F+ ,( + ' = +(2 2
) D;@F / 1383 : 260
.(
' WC4 h X
&2 ; + , ' 0 d I &C* F 8 f0+ k
; )2N 2 + 1)K 0
< < , '
& < >T 8 ;P @CE+ d 3 / N+ ;T * 9I+ 0 '
+
) DA +N()_
1384 : 268
.(
=) Z@' D
\ d
;P , 'N( &2 d + >9I 2 ' &! WC4 ' + )\ f+ / ,+
; h X ,+ 0 &! ! 2(B
d
; a !(F I
.
=)@' (2 V F+
2 d+ (@C50 &! F+
•(' O62+ N+ A ]CF+
•( 0
=)2 f - _* OT(P 0 &2 + d hE D;?*+ 7- 0 >?@5+
50 N+ • * d F ;?*+ r @CE+ 0 '
; 7) W
! .
=) Z@' D d @C]< 2 d X
A <0 + 5 / d hE ; @ N 2 0 [)C)?\ ~‚
7T yC 0 U 4C , ' )
&2 &!
S (4 O5L
,(B N+
F+ =@I (
;C ' , 'N(
d ) 50
; ) +(xE z 6* 0 ' +
' _! 8 &!
F+ A I A )_!
D
; =)):
&2 = + &! ! sR8 , 4
B (
; @ N 2 d @C]< 0 ' '
F
) D,(-
1385 : 125
.(
\ D 8 = + 2 d
\ ' &! WC4 ' D 'L @ ; F I E0 2 d
& < + d+(B
; '
;@
+ \ 2 &!
I a ?x
) DA +N()_
1384: 273
.(
O (- d ! + d 2 ; 2N 0 ; @C]< 0 )4/+0 ;P @CE+ ;BC* F(2 &2 WCP+
\ + +(/ d .
\ DV F+ =)@' (2 d
WC4 ' 3 T N+ ;9 L) ' &!
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&2 &! F+ ;P @CE+ OC* F(2 + d I &C* F 0 ; )2N 2 8 f0+ k
F .
\ d
; 50 0 ' 2 j B )\ L) + ) + ' M X N+ WC4 0 +
&5 W ' &!
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F+ 50 S (4 .
\ )WP &2 d
;F )F O4 E = + S (4 D ' )
50 (
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F+ ,(B 0 * =)2 L @ =@QC .
= +
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