Studying the Role of Coaches' Leadership Styles on Development of the Social Culture of Female Futsal Players
Effat jahandideh1 , Sayyed jalil miryousefi2 , Sayyed Ahmad Nejhad Sajadi3
1. Department of Sport science, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Kerman Branch, Iran.
E-mail: [email protected]
2.Corresponding Author, Department of Sport Sciences.Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Vali-e-Asr University, Rafsanjan, Iran E-mail: [email protected]
3. Department of Sport Sciences. Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Vali-e-Asr University, Rafsanjan, Iran E-mail: [email protected]
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article type:
Research Article
Article history:
Received:
21 June 2021 Received in revised form:
30 August 2021 Accepted:
2 September 2021 Published online:
16 November 2022
Keywords:
Kerman province, Leadership Styles, development of social culture, Women’s Futsal
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the Role of coaches' leadership styles and development of social culture in Kerman province women's futsal Super League.
Methods: Research method was descriptive- correlation and was carried out based on a field study approach. The statistical population consisted of all players who contributed in women`s Futsal Super League and kerman provincial league in the season 2019-2020 (N=126). The whole population members contributed as a statistical sample in the current research. 103 Questionnaires were returned and data were analyzed from total of 120. To collect data, a questionnaire leadership scale in Cheladori (1980), and miryousefi et al development of social culture questionnaire (2015) were utilized.
Results: The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that only the leadership styles of the social support behavior and autocratic were capable of anticipating development of social culture within the five-leadership styles.
Conclusion: Based on the underlying results of the current research, it is suggested that the women`s Futsal coaches of the country choose the appropriate leadership styles with respect to the players` personal characteristics as well as team conditions in order to properly control the development of social culture. Further, it is recommended that the coaches pay attention not only to the players` physical preparation, but also to the player’s social and moral factors and no athlete could be successful when he/she has not a cognizant and competent coach.
Cite this article: jahandideh, E., & Miryousefi, S.J., & Nejad Sajadi, S.A. (2022). Studying the Role of Coaches' Leadership Styles on Development of the Social Culture of Female Futsal Players.. Sport Management Journal, 14(3),331-345.
DOI:http://doi.org/10.22059/JSM.2021.325461.2741
© The Author(s). Publisher: University of Tehran, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health.
ExtendedAbstract
Introduction
Coaching, as one of the most difficult jobs, requires a lot of ability, skill, and knowledge to train and develop all-around athletes. These leaders should pay attention to the behavior of athletes from different aspects. Observing women's sports competitions, including futsal, shows that although these athletes usually have high-level potential executive capabilities, in terms of the lack of social skills, such as responsibility, trust, incorrect coaching styles and behaviors, and etc, they sometimes cannot express themselves, which results in decrease in efficiency and effectiveness, and consequently and their poor performance. The prominent role of women's futsal super league in Iran's sports, the presence of women in international events, the importance of the leadership styles of coaches, and developing the social culture of players in the success and team performance, and the emergence of social anomalies, such as aggression in team sports, such as futsal resulted in the necessity of carrying out of the present study. On the one hand, considering the importance of well-known role of developing social culture on increasing the success rate of athletes and the effect of coaches' leadership style on the attitude and behavior of the followers, there were few studies on the effect of coaches' leadership styles on the development of the social culture of female futsal players. It is now seen that even with experienced coaches and elite players, sports teams couldn't show proper group performance because most of the coaches are not aware of the factors affecting the group performance of the players. Many factors are involved in this field, such as the poor of social culture. Therefore, studying coaching leadership styles and determining the development factors of players' social culture can be helpful. Therefore, an attempt is made to study the effect of coaching leadership styles on the development of the players' social culture and to answer the question: How is the relationship between the coaching leadership styles and developing the female futsal players' social culture in the Premier League of Kerman Province?
Methods
This is a descriptive-correlation study which was conducted using a field method. The study population included all 126 female futsal players of the domestic super league of and the provincial league in the season 2019-2020. From the total questionnaires, 103 questionnaires were used and analyzed.
To collect data, the Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS) (Chelladurai et al. 1980) and the social culture development questionnaire (Miryousofi et al., 2014) were used. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics; intra-group one-way ANOVA to study the difference among coaching leadership styles at a significant level (P≤0.05) using SPSS software version 24.
Results
Descriptive findings showed that 17 to 25 years old group had the highest frequency (54.3%). Moreover, 64 players were single, and 36 were married. The results showed that 58.2% participants had a high school diploma, 28.2% of whom with associate degrees, and these values for bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, or higher were 10.7%, and 2.9%, respectively. The results of multiple regression tests showed that out of the five coaching styles, only the social support and autocratic leadership style could predict the development of the social culture of players.
Conclusion
To improve team conditions, coaches play an important role.
Coaches should not only pay attention to the training and implementation of sports skills, but also to the social processes of athlete and the whole team, because a person's sports performance is affected by various factors, such as social factors. Knowing these factors is very vital for coaching, because it will ensure athletes' satisfaction and thus increase their individual performance and ultimately team effectiveness. The researcher did not find any research that shows the effective role of coaching leadership styles in developing players' social culture, and it was the first study in this regard, which investigated social variables, such as social capital, and etc. among female futsal players. According to the research results, from the players' point of view, coaches use democratic training styles for their athletes more frequently. Moreover, coaching leadership styles can predict the development of the social culture of players. In general, using different coaching styles seems to affect the development of players' social culture.
Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelines:
Funding: The research was done withoutu sing financial resources
Authors’: contribution: The authors have no conflict of interestConflict of interest
Acknowledgments: This research was done with the quidance of distinguished professors and the cooperation of research participant .
ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ ﺶﻘﻧ ﮏﺒﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﺒﻫر ي ﺑﺮﻣ ﯿ نﺎ ﺮﺑ ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ
ﻟﺎﺴﺗﻮﻓ ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ ﯿ
ﺖﺴ
هﺪﯾﺪﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺖﻔﻋ ، 1
ﺳ ﯿ ﺪ ﻠﺟ ﯿ ﻞ ﻣ ﯿ ﺮ ﯾ ﻔﺳﻮ ﯽ
2
،
ﺳ ﯿ ﺪ ﺪﻤﺣا يدﺎﺠﺳداﮋﻧ
3
1 هوﺮﮔ . مﻮﻠﻋ ﯽﺷزرو ، ﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ة ﺑدا ﯿ تﺎ و ﻧﺎﺴﻧا مﻮﻠﻋ ﯽ
، دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻣﻼﺳا
ﯽ
، ا ،نﺎﻣﺮﮐ ﺪﺣاو ﯾ
ناﺮ :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار . [email protected]
2 . ،لوﺆﺴﻣ هﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ ﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ هوﺮﮔ
ﯽ ، ﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ة ﺑدا ﯿ تﺎ و ﻧﺎﺴﻧا مﻮﻠﻋ ﯽ
، هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻟو ﯽ ﺮﺼﻋ ا ،نﺎﺠﻨﺴﻓر ،(ع) ﯾ
ناﺮ : [email protected]
3.
ﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ هوﺮﮔ ﯽ
، ﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ة ﺑدا ﯿ تﺎ و ﻧﺎﺴﻧا مﻮﻠﻋ ﯽ
، د هﺎﮕﺸﻧا ﻟو ﯽ ﺮﺼﻋ ا ،نﺎﺠﻨﺴﻓر ،(ع) ﯾ
ناﺮ : [email protected]
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا هﺪﯿﮑﭼ
:ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ عﻮﻧ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 20 / 10 / 1400
:يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 25
/ 11 / 1400
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺬﭘ ﯾ شﺮ : 28 / 11 / 1400
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رﺎﺸﺘﻧا : 25 / 01 / 1401
ﺪﯿﻠﮐ هژاو :ﺎﻫ
ﺳا نﺎﻣﺮﮐ نﺎﺘ
،
ﮏﺒﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﺒﻫر ي
،
ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ
، ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ لﺎﺴﺗﻮﻓ :ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
ﺳرﺮﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ فﺪﻫ ﯽ
ﺶﻘﻧ ﮏﺒﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﺒﻫر ي ﺑﺮﻣ ﯿ نﺎ ﺮﺑ ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ
رد ﻟﯿ ﮓ ﻮﻓ ﺮﺗﺮﺑ لﺎﺴﺗ
دﻮﺑ نﺎﻣﺮﮐ نﺎﺘﺳا ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ .
:ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور اﯾ
ﻦ زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺻﻮﺗ عﻮﻧ
ﯿﻔ ﯽ - ﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﯽ ﻣ شور ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯿ
ﻧاﺪ ﯽ مﺎﺠﻧا ﮔ ﺮ ﻪﺘﻓ ﮥﻌﻣﺎﺟ .ﺖﺳا آ
رﺎﻣ ي
زﺎﺑ ﮥﻤﻫ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯾ
نﺎﻨﮑ ﺗﯿ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ي ﺖﮐﺮﺷ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻟ تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ رد ﯿ
ﮓ ﺸﮐ ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ لﺎﺴﺗﻮﻓ ﺮﺗﺮﺑ لﺎﺴﺗﻮﻓ ﮓﯿﻟ و رﻮ
ا ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ رد نﺎﺘﺳ
لﺎﺳ 99 - 1398 داﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ 126 ﺎﻀﻋا مﺎﻤﺗ .دﻮﺑ ﺮﻔﻧ ي
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ رﺎﻣآ ﮥﻧﻮﻤﻧ ي رد ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﮐ عﻮﻤﺠﻣ زا .ﺪﻧدﺮ
ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺎﻫ ، 103 ﻗ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻞﺑﺎ
ﺰﺠﺗ ﯾﻪ ﻠﺤﺗو ﯿ ﻞ ﺪﺷ اﺮﺑ . ي ﻊﻤﺟ روآ ي هداد ﺎﻫ راﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا ﮥﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ زا د
ﻘﻣ ﯿ سﺎ ﺮﺒﻫر ي شزرو رد ارودﻼﭼ) ي ، 1980 و ( ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻔﺳﻮﯾﺮﯿﻣ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ )
1394 ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ( .
ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ : ﺎﺘﻧ ﯾ ﺞ ﺳﺮﮔر نﻮﻣزآ ﯿ
نﻮ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻧﺎﮔﺪﻨﭼ ﺑ زا
ﯿ ﻦ ﺑﺮﻣ ﮏﺒﺳ ﺞﻨﭘ ﯿ
ﺮﮕ ي
، ﺳ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺮﺒﻫر ﮏﺒ ي ﺣ ﺘﺟا ﺖﯾﺎﻤ ﯽﻋﺎﻤ
ﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﻧاﺮﻣآ و ﯿ
ﺖ ﭘﯿ ﺶ ﺑﯿﻨ ﯽ ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ
زﺎﺑ ﯾ نﺎﻨﮑ دراد ار .
ﺘﻧ ﯿ ﻪﺠ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي : ﺎﺘﻧ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ ﯾ
ﺞ ﭘ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯿ دﺎﻬﻨﺸ ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ ﺑﺮﻣ ﯿ نﺎ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ وﯾ
ﮔﮋ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ي ﺼﺨﺷ ﯽ و نارﺎﮑﺷزرو اﺮﺷ
ﯾ ﻂ
ﺗﯿ ﻤ ﯽ
، ﺮﺒﻫر ﮏﺒﺳ ي ﺰﮔﺮﺑ ار ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﯾ
ﺪﻨﻨ ا زا ﺎﺗ ﯾ ﻦ ﺮﻃ ﯾ ﻖ ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ
زﺎﺑ ﯾ نﺎﻨﮑ ار ﺑ ﮐ ﺮﺘﻬ ﻨﻨﮐ لﺮﺘﻨ ﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪ ﯿ ﻦ
ﺻﻮﺗ ﯿﻪ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ هوﻼﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﮔدﺎﻣآ
ﯽ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ﯽ ﻨﻓ و ﯽ زﺎﺑ ﯾ
،نﺎﻨﮑ و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻪﺑ ا
زﺎﺑ ﯽﻗﻼﺧ ﯾ نﺎﻨﮑ ﻧﯿ ﺰ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻫ و ﯿ ﭻ رﺎﮑﺷزرو ي ﺑﺮﻣ ﻦﺘﺷاد نوﺪﺑ ﯽ
ﺎﺷ و هﺎﮔآ ﯾ ﻪﺘﺴ ﻤﻧ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﯿ ﺖ ﺖﺳد ﯾ ﺪﺑﺎ .
دﺎﻨﺘﺳا : هﺪﯾﺪﻧﺎﻬﺟ ، ﺖﻔﻋ
؛ ﯽﻔﺳﻮﯾﺮﯿﻣ ، ﯿﺳ ﺪ ﻞﯿﻠﺟ ﺪﻤﺣا ﺪﯿﺳ ،يدﺎﺠﺳداﮋﻧ و )
1401 .(
ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ ﺶﻘﻧ ﮏﺒﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﺒﻫر ي ﺑﺮﻣ ﯿ نﺎ ﺮﺑ ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ
ﻟﺎﺴﺗﻮﻓ ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ ﯿ
ﺖﺴ .
ﯾﺮﺸﻧ ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣﮥ
، )3 ( 14
، 331-345 .
2021.325461.2741
. JSM / 10.22059 DOI:http://doi.org/
ﺎﻧ ،ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد :ﺮﺷ ﺪﮑﺸﻧاد
ة .ﯽﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ و ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ ﺴﯾﻮﻧ©
.نﺎﮔﺪﻨ
334
ﻣ ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ ،مﻮﺳ ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪ 1401
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ رد ﺮﺼﻋ ﺑﺮﻣ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﯿ
ﺮﮕ ي ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﯾ ﮑ ﯽ ﺮﺗراﻮﺷد زا ﯾ
ﻦ ﻞﻐﺷ ﺎﻫ ﻧ ، ﯿ ﺪﻨﻣزﺎ ﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽﯾ
، ز ﺶﻧاد و ترﺎﻬﻣ ﯾ
دﺎ ﻪﺑ ﺑﺮﺗ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﯿ ﺖ ـﭘ و شروﺮ ﻪـﻤﻫ ـﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﮥ
ﺳرﺮﺑ .ﺖﺳا نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﯽ
ﻗد ﯿ ﻖ و ﻧﺎﻓﺎﮑﺷﻮﻣ ﮥ ﺑﺮﻣ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﯿ
نﺎ و ﭘﯿ ﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎ ي ﻂﺳﻮﺗ نآ ـﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﮥ زﺎﺑ ،ناﺮﮔﺎـﺷﺎﻤﺗ ﺪـﻨﻧﺎﻣ شزرو ﯾ
،نﺎـﻨﮑ ﺪـﻣ ﯾ
،ناﺮ
ناﺪﻘﺘﻨﻣ و نارﺎﮕﻧﺮﺒﺧ ﺷزرو
ﯽ ﻟد ﯿ ﻞ راﻮﺷد ي اﯾ ﻦ ا .ﺖﺳا ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﯾ
ﻦ ﺎﺑ ناﺮﺒﻫر ﯾﺪ زا ار نارﺎﮑﺷزرو رﺎﺘﻓر ﻪـﺒﻨﺟ
ﺎـﻫ ي ،ﯽـﻧاور ،ﯽـﻗﻼﺧا ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ
ﻤﺘﺟا راﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ هﺮﯿﻏ و ﯽﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ،ﯽﻋﺎ ﺪﻨﻫد
، زﯾ اﺮ ﻪﺑ لدﺎﻌﺘﻣﺎﻧ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﯾ
ﮏ زا ﺖﻠﻔﻏ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﻪـﺒﻨﺟ
ﺎـﻫ ي د ﯾ ﺮـﮕ رد نزاﻮﺘﻣﺎـﻧ ﺪـﺷر و
نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻣ
ﯽ ﻮﺷ د ) ﯽﻧﺎﻀﻣر ،ﯽﻧﺎﺴﺣا و نﺎﺘﺸﮐ ﯽﻨﯿﺴﺣ ،داﮋﻧ 1396
.(
ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﻣ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﭽﻧآ ،لﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻘﻓﻮ
ﯿ ﺖ ﺗﯿ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ ﻦﺘﺷاد ،
ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ﺎﺷ و لﺎﻌﻓ ،ﺮﺛﺆﻣ يﺮﺒﻫر و ﯾ
ﻪﺘﺴ ﺖﺳا
؛ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧاﺮﺒﻫر و ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ي .ﺪـﻨﻨﮐ ﮏـﻤﮐ نارﺎﮑـﺷزرو نﻮﮔﺎـﻧﻮﮔ و ﯽﺳﺎﺳا
نﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﮐرﻮﻃ ﺪﻟاﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﺑ ﯾ
ﻦ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
0F
)1
2009 ( ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮـﺗ ﯾ ﻦ ﻮﻣ ﻞـﻣﺎﻋ ﻘﻓ
ـﯿ ﺖ ـﯾ ﮏ ـﺑﺮﻣ ﯽ ﻪـﺑ ﮏـﻤﮐ ﮥﻌـﺳﻮﺗ
ترﺎـﻬﻣ ﺎـﻫ ي ﺎﭘ ـﯾ ﻪ و
ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﺷزرو ﯽ و ﮔدﺎﻣآ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ي ﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﯽ ﮔدﺎﻣآ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﯽ
ﻤﺴﺟ ﯽ
، ﻨﻓ ﯽ
، ﺘﮐﺎﺗ ﯿ ﮑ ﯽ
، ﻧاور ﯽ ﻏ و ـﯿ هﺮ .ﺖـﺳا نارﺎﮑـﺷزرو رد ﺪﻫﺎـﺸﻣ
ة حﻮﻄـﺳ
و تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺖﺑﺎﻗر
ﺎﻫ ي ﺷزرو ﯽ زا ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ نﺎﺸﻧ ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ لﺎﺴﺗﻮﻓ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻫد ﺎﺑ اﯾ ﻪﮑﻨ اﯾ ﻦ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻪﺑ
رﻮﻃ لﻮﻤﻌﻣ اراد ي ﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎـﻫ
و ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ي اﺮﺟا ﯽﯾ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ هﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﯽﯾ
ﻫﺎﮔ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ
ًﺎ ﻪﺑ ﻦﺘﺷاﺪﻧ ﺐﺒﺳ ترﺎﻬﻣ
ﺎﻫ و ﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻟﻮﺌـﺴﻣ ﯿ ﺖ ﺬـﭘ ﯾﺮ ي ،دﺎـﻤﺘﻋا ،
،ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ،ﺖﻗاﺪﺻ نﻮﻧﺎﻗ
د ﺎﺑ تﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ و ىرﺎﮑﻤﻫ ،ىراﺪﻣ ﯾ
،ناﺮﮕ ا ،نوﺎﻌﺗ ﯾ رﺎﺜ ﻰﻟﺪﻤﻫ و ﻪﺑ
ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﮥ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ) ،دﺮـﻓ ﯽﯾﺎـﺑﺎﺑ
1389 ( دﺎﻌﺑا زا ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ دﻮﺟو و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﮏﺒﺳ
ﺎﻫ ﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر و ي ﺑﺮﻣ ﺖﺳردﺎﻧ ﯿ
ﺮﮕ ي
، ﻤﻧ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ ﮥﻤﻫ ﺎـﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽﯾ ﺎـﻫ و ﺎﻫداﺪﻌﺘـﺳا ي
ﻮﻘﻟﺎـﺑ ة
ﻮﺧ ﯾ ﺶ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻫد زوﺮﺑ ار ﺘﻧﯿ
ﺠ ﮥ ارﺎﮐ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ نآ ﯽﯾ
و ﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا ﯽ .ﺖﺳﺎﻬﻧآ ﻒﯿﻌﺿ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد و ارودﻼﭼ
ي
1F
2 ) 1990 ( ﻧ ـﯿ ﺰ رﺎـﺘﻓر و ﮏﺒـﺳ
ﯽﺑﺮﻣ هﺎﺒﺘﺷا رد ار
ﻫدزﺎﺑ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﯽ
ﮐ و ﯿﻔ ﯿ ﺖ ﺷزرو دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺢﻄﺳ ﯽ
ﺮﺛﺆﻣ داﺮﻓا ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻧاد ﻨﭽﻤﻫ . ﯿ ﻦ مﻮﻠﻌﻟاﺮﺤﺑ )
1378 ( ﺑ ﯿ نﺎ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ و رﺎـﺘﻓر ﻪﮐ
يﺮﺒﻫر ﮏﺒﺳ ﺑﺮﻣ
ﯽ ﺛﺄﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯿﺮ ﺮﺑ و تﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣا ،رﺎﮑﻓا ﻠﻌﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو يﺎﻫوزرآ
ﯿ ﻢ دﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻬﺴﺗ ﯿ ﻞ ﮕﻧاﺮﺑ و هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﯿ
ةﺪـﻨﻧاﺰ ،داﺮـﻓا
ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﯿ ﻢ ﻏ و ﯿ ﻘﺘﺴﻣﺮ ﯿ ﻢ ﻧآ يرﺎﮐ هدزﺎﺑ ﺮﺑ نﺎ
راﺬﮔﺮﺛا .ﺖﺳا ﯽﺑ يﺮﻗﺎﺑ ،ضﺮﻏ و
يﺮﺑﺎﺻ ) 1395 ( ﯽـﻣ نﺎـﯿﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ ﮐ
نارﺎﮑـﺷزرو ﻪـﮐ ﺪـﻨﻨ
ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯽ
و ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﯾﻪ ﺎﻫ ي ﻨﺑ ﯿ دﺎ ي ﺗﯿ ﻢ روآﻮﻧ و لﻮﺤﺗ ﻪﻧﻮﮔﺮﻫ ﺄﺸﻨﻣ و ي
بﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻢﯿﺗ رد ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ و ، ﯾﮑ ﯽ ﻧ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا ﯿ
ﻞ ﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﯿ ﺖ ـﺗ ﯿ ﻢ ار
اﺰﻓا ﯾ ﺶ ﻣ ﯿ ناﺰ ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﯾﮥ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻦﯾا ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻨﻧاد ﺎﻨﺑ . اﺮﺑ ﯾ ﻦ ﯾ ﮑ ﯽ و دﺎﻌﺑا زا ﻤﺼﺗ ﯿ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ي ﺑﺮﻣ ﻢﻬﻣ ﯿ ﺮﮕ ي ﺗ رد ﯿ
،ﻢ ﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﯿﻮ
ه ﮏﺒﺳ و
ﺮﺒﻫر ي ﺑﺮﻣ رد ﯿ ﺮﮕ ي ﺑﺮﻣ ﺮﻫ .ﺖﺳا ﯽ
ﺎﺑ ﯾﺪ ﺪﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ،تروﺮﺿ و موﺰﻟ مﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﺶﻘﻧ
ﺎﻫ ي ﻤﻠﻌﻣ ﯽ
، ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾﺘ ﯽ ﻏ و ﯿ هﺮ ﺪـﻫد مﺎـﺠﻧا ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ ار
) ،ﯽﻣﺎﻧ 1391 ( . ﮐﯿ ﻞﺘ ﺖﻟﺎﻣ و ﻮﺴﺘﻟﻮﻫ
2F
3
) 2019 ( ﻧ ﯿﺰ رد ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻖ ا ﻪﺑ دﻮﺧ ﯾ ﻦ رﻮﻣ د ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ هرﺎﺷا ﮏﺒﺳ
ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﺒﻫر ي ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ يدﺎﯾز ارﺎـﮐ ﺮـﺑ ﯽﯾ
ﺑﺮﻣ ﯿ نﺎ ﻟ لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ ﯿ ﮓ ﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ﺮﺗﺮﺑ ﯿ
ﻦ ﺎﺘﻧ ﯾ ﺞ ﺗﯿ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ي ا ﻦﻤﺿ .دراد نﺎﺷدﻮﺧ ﯾ
ﻪﮑﻨ ﺎﺑ ﯾﺪ ﻪﮐ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﺣور
ﯿﮥ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ نادﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ رﺎﮑﺷزرو نﺎﻧز
،ﺖﺳا ازا ﯾ ﻦ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ور ﻧﺎﻓﺎﮑﺷﻮﻣ
ﮥ ﺮﺒﻫر ﮏﺒﺳ ي
ﺑﺮﻣ ﺮﻫ ﯽ ﺎﺑ ﯾﺪ ﺑ ﺖﻗد ﺎﺑ ﯿ ﺮﺘﺸ ي مﺎﺠﻧا ﺮﯿﮔ د ) ،يارودﻼﭼ 1990
(.
هوﻼـﻋ ﺮـﺑ ﻦـﯾا ﻪـﺑ رﻮـﻈﻨﻣ
ﺘﺳد ﯿﺑﺎ ﯽ ﺷزرو دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﻪﺑ ﯽ
ﺑﺮﻣ ﺖﺳا يروﺮﺿ ﯿ
نﺎ ﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﯽﯾ درﻮﻣ ﻪﮐ ار ﺬﭘ
ﯾ شﺮ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﺖـﺳا
، ؛ﺪـﻨﻫد زوﺮـﺑ ﻦـﯾازا
ور ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ
اﺮﻓ ﯾ يﺎﻫﺪﻨ ﻫوﺮﮔ و يدﺮﻓ ﯽ
ﯾﺎ ﻧﯿ يﺎﻫزﺎ ﺗ و نارﺎﮑﺷزرو يدﺮﻓ ﯿ
ﻢ يروﺮﺿ ﺖﺳا ﺸﺨﺑ و ﯽ زا رﺎﮐ ا يﺪﻣ ﺑﺮﻣ ﯽ بﻮـﺴﺤﻣ ﯽـﻣ
دﻮـﺷ . يارودﻼـﭼ
) 1990 ( لﺪﻣ حﺮﻃ ﺎﺑ ﺑﺮﻣ رﺎﺘﻓر ،يﺮﺒﻫر يﺪﻌﺑﺪﻨﭼ
ﯿ نﺎ زا ﺮﺛﺄﺘﻣ ار وﯾ
ﮔﮋ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ي ،نارﺎﮑﺷزرو وﯾ
ﮔﮋ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ي ﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﯿ ﺖ و وﯾ ﮔﮋ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ي يﺮﺒﻫر ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧاد .
ﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻘﯿ ةﺪ ﺗ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ،يو ﯿﻤ
ﯽ ﺎﺿر و ﯾ ﺖ يﺪﻨﻣ زﺎﺑ ﯾ
،نﺎﻨﮑ ﭘﯿ ﺪﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﻣ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯿ نﺎ ﺖﺳا . ﺑﺮﻣ يﺮﺒﻫر ﮏﺒﺳ ،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد ﯿ
نﺎ ﺞﻨﭘ لﺪﻣ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد
شزرو رد يﺮﺒﻫر ﮏﺒﺳ يﺪﻌﺑ يارودﻼﭼ
) 1990 ( ﺮﻤﺗ و شزﻮﻣآ رﺎﺘﻓر ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯾ
ﻦ
، ﺎﻤﺣ ﯾ ﺖ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ
، ﺗاﺮﮐﻮﻣد ـﯿ ﮏ
، اﺮﻣآ ﻪـﻧ ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ درﻮﺧزﺎـﺑ و
زرا ﯾﺑﺎ ﯽ ﺷ ﺪ ﺮﻤﺗ و شزﻮﻣآ ﮏﺒﺳ رد . ﯾ
،ﻦ ﺑﺮﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ و ﻒﻌﺿ و تﻮﻗ طﺎﻘﻧ شزﻮﻣآ ﺮﺑ ترﺎﻬﻣ
ﺎﻫ ي زﺎﺑ ﯾ نﺎﻨﮑ ﮐﺄﺗ ﯿﺪ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ ﺗاﺮﮐﻮﻣد رﺎﺘﻓر . ﯿ
،ﮏ
رﺎﺸﻣ ةزﺎﺟا ﻪﺑ ﺖﮐ
رد نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻤﺼﺗ
ﯿ ﻢ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﺎﻫ ي ﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﯿﯿ
ﻦ ﻫوﺮﮔ فاﺪﻫا ﯽ
و شور ﺎﻫ ي ﺘﺳد ﯿﺑﺎ ﯽ قﻼﻃا ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻣ
دﻮﺷ ـﻨﭽﻤﻫ . ﯿ ﻦ
زﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا يرﺎﺘﻓر ﻪﻧاﺮﻣآ رﺎﺘﻓر ﯾ
نﺎﻨﮑ ﻫ ﯿ ﭻ هﺎﮔ رد ﻤﺼﺗ ﯿ ﻢ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﺎﻫ ﺗ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ و ﯿ
ﻢ هداد ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﻤﻧ
ﯽ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ و ﺪﯾﺎﺑ رادﺮﺒﻧﺎﻣﺮﻓ رﻮﺘﺳد
يﺎﻫ ـﺑﺮﻣ ﯽ
ﺎﻤﺣ رﺎﺘﻓر رد .ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﯾ
ﺖ ا ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟ ﯽ
، ﺑﺮﻣ ﯽ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻧ يﺎﺿرا ﯿ يﺎﻫزﺎ ﺼﺨﺷ و ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﯽ
شﻼﺗ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ
، ﻪﻄﺑار ا ي زﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺘﺳود ﯾ
نﺎﻨﮑ
ﺮﻗﺮﺑ را ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ زﺎﺑ تﻼﮑﺸﻣ و ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ، ﯾ
نﺎﻨﮑ ﺳرﺮﺑ ار ﯽ و ﻞﺣ ﺑ تﺎﻓﻼﺘﺧا و ﻞﺼﻓو ﯿ
ﻦ ـﺗ يﺎﻀﻋا ﯿ
ﻢ ـﻣ فﺮـﻃﺮﺑ ار ﯽ
دزﺎـﺳ رد . ﺎﻬﻧ ـﯾ
،ﺖ رﺎـﺘﻓر
1. Bin Nazarudin, Omar Fauzee, Jamalis, Geok & Din
2. Chelladurai
3. Keatlholetswe & Malete
ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﮏﺒﺳ ﺶﻘﻧ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ يﺮﺒﻫر يﺎﻫ
ﺖﺴﯿﻟﺎﺴﺗﻮﻓ ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا
335
ﺖﺒﺜﻣ درﻮﺧزﺎﺑ ﯾﺎ
شادﺎﭘ هد ي
، يرﺎﺘﻓر ﺖﺳا ﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﮐ ﯽ ﺪـﻘﺗ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو زا ﯾﺮ
هدﺮـﮐ و زﺎﺑ يزﺎـﺑ زا ﯾ
نﺎـﻨﮑ ﺮﻌﺗ ﺎـﻬﻧآ يرﺎـﮑﻤﻫ و ـﯾ
ﻒ ـﻣ ﯽ ـﻨﮐ ﺪ
) ﺢﻟﺎﺻ و يارودﻼﭼ
3F
،1
1980 .(
زا د يﻮﺳ ﯾ
،ﺮﮕ ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﯾ اﺮﻓ ﯾ يﺎﻫﺪﻨ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﯿ
ﺖ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﭘ ،ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯿ
يﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎ ﻤﻬﻣ ﯽ رد ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ـﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ
ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا يدﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ رد .دراد شزرو ﻘﺣ
ﯿ
،ﺖﻘ ﺪﻨﻤﻧاﻮﺗ ي ﺎﻫ و ﺎﺷ ﯾ ﮕﺘـﺴ ﯽ ﺎـﻫ ي ﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ ﻞـﻣاﻮﻋ زا ﺛﺄﺗ
ﯿ راﺬـﮔﺮ ﮐ ﺮـﺑ ﯿﻔ ـﯿ ﺖ ﻂـﺑاور
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ ﻘﻓﻮﻣ و ﯿ ﺖ رد هزﻮﺣ ﺎﻫ ي ﮔﺪﻧز نﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﯽ
ﻠﻐﺷ و ﯽ ﻪﺑ رﺎﻤﺷ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧور ) ،ترﺎﺸﺑ 1384 ( ﻪﺑ ، ﻊﺒﻃ ةزﻮـﺣ شزرو ﻪـﺑ رد هﮋـﯾو شزرو ﺎـﻫ ي
ﺰﯿﻧ لﺎﺴﺗﻮﻓ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﯽﻤﯿﺗ ﻪﺑ
ﻂﺑاور ﻞﯿﻟد تﻼﻣﺎﻌﺗ و
و ﯽﺑﺮﻣ دﺎﯾز ا ،نﺎﻨﮑﯾزﺎﺑ
ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻦﯾا ز ﻨﺜﺘﺴﻣ
ﺎ ﮐ رد دﻮﺒﻬﺑ زا .ﺖﺴﯿﻧ ﯿﻔ
ﯿ ﺖ ﮔﺪﻧز ﯽ
، سﺎـﺴﺣا
ﻮﺼﺗ دﻮﺟو ﯾﺮ
ي آ زا كﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﯾ
هﺪﻨ ﻫوﺮﮔ رﺎﮐ و ﯽ
رد ﯾ ﮏ ﺳ ﯿ ﻢﺘﺴ ا ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟ ﯽ
، ﻮﻫ سﺎﺴﺣا ﯾ
ﺖ ﻌﻤﺟ ﯽ ﻫوﺮﮔ و ﯽ
، ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﯽ
ماﺮـﺘﺣا ،ﻞـﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ
ﺎﻘﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯾﺪ ﻼﺳ و ﯾ رﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﺖﻟﻮﻬﺳ ،دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻖ ي
ﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ و ﯽ ﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ داﺮـﻓا ﻪـﺑ رﻮـﻈﻨﻣ ﺘـﺳد ﯿﺑﺎ ﯽ ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻣ ﻪـﺑ ،كﺮﺘـﺸﻣ
ﻪـﺑ ناﻮـﻨﻋ زا ﯽـﺸﺨﺑ
ﺪﻨﻤﻧاﻮﺗ ي ﺎﻫ و ﺎﺷ ﯾ ﮕﺘﺴ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ي ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ ﻣ ﯽ ناﻮﺗ ﻪـﮐ دﺮـﺑ مﺎﻧ ﻪﻧﺎـﺸﻧ
ﺎـﻫ ي ﮥﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ﮓـﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ
رد ـﯾ ﺖـﺳا ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﮏ )
،ﯽﻔـﺳﻮﯾﺮﯿﻣ
ﯽﻧﺎﻀﻣر ،ﯽﺘﻤﺣر و داﮋﻧ 1396
( ﻦﯾا ناﺪﻘﻓ ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ و ﺪﻨﻤﻧاﻮﺗ
ي ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ صﻮﺼﺧ رد شزرو ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﮔ و ﯽـﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﯽﻫو ﯽﯾارﺎـﮐ
ﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ نﺪﯿﺳر رد نارﺎﮑﺷزرو .دﻮﺷ ﺖ
نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ضﺮﻐﯿﺑ )
1395 ( ﻦﯾا رد ﻨﯿﻣز ﻪ نﺎﯿﺑ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ رد نﻮﭼ ﻪﮐ شزرو
ﺎﻫ ي ﺗﯿ ﻤ ﯽ لﺎـﺒﺗﻮﻓ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ
لﺎﺴﺗﻮﻓ و لﺎﻤﺘﺣا
ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺒﻠﻃ ﯽ
، ﻟﺎﺧ ﻪﻧﺎﺷ ﯽ ندﺮﮐ رﺎﺑ زا ز زا ،ﺖﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﯾﺮ
رد رﺎﮐ ﻧ و ﻦﺘﻓر ﯿﺰ ﺑ ﺐﻠﻘﺗ ﯿ ﺮﺘﺸ ﺖﺳا
، ﻣ ـﯿ ناﺰ ﺑﯿ ﺮﺘـﺸ ي ﺎﻣﺮـﺳ زا ﯾﮥ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ زا ﯽﮑﯾ دﺎﻌﺑا ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ اﺮﺑ ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ي
ﭘﯿ ﮕﺸ ﯿﺮ ي ا زا ﯾ ﻦ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺖﺳا مزﻻ ﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﻢﻫ
ﻐﺗ نﻮﻨﮐا ـﯿﯿ تاﺮ ﺤﻣ بﺎﺘـﺷﺮﭘ ﯿ
ـﻄ ﯽ
،
روﺎﻨﻓ ي ﻧ ،تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﯿ
ﺎﻫزﺎ ي تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﻪﺑ ﺪﺷر ﻪﺑ ور ﻧ و
ﯿ ﺎﻫزﺎ ي آﯾ هﺪﻨ روآﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ي
، ﻗﻼﺧ ﯿ ﺖ ﭘ تروﺮﺿ و ﯿ
ﺖﻓﺮـﺸ ا مواﺪـﻣ ﯾ بﺎـﺠ ﯽـﻣ ﺪـﻨﮐ ﻪـﮐ
ناﺮﺒﻫر ﺗﯿ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ، ﯾﮥ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ ار ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﯾ ﮑ ﯽ ﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ زا ﯽ
درﻮﻣ زا .ﺪﻨﻫد راﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﯽﻓﺮﻃ
ﻪﺑ ﻟد ﯿ ﻞ ـﺿراﻮﻋ دﻮـﺟو ﯽ
نﻮـﭼ
ﻼﻣﺎﻧ و تﺎﻋزﺎﻨﻣ ﯾ
تﺎﻤ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ
، ﻗﻼﺧا ﯽ ﻧاور و ﯽ
، نﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺮﮔ ﯾﺰ ي
، نﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺘﺳ ﯿﺰ ي و ﺳآ ﯿ ﺐ ﺬﭘ ﯾﺮ ي ﺎﻬﺗ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ تﺎﻤﺟ
ﯽ
، ناﺮﺤﺑ ﺎﻫ ي ﻮﻫ ﯾﺘ ﯽ
ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ و ﯽ
، فﺎﮑﺷ ﺎﻫ ي ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ
، فﺎﮑﺷ ﺎﻫ ي ﻠﺴﻧ ﯽ ناﺪﻘﻓ و ﯾﺎ ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻒﻌﺿ ﮥﯾ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ ﻏ و ﯿ هﺮ ﻪﻧﺎﻔﺳﺄﺘﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﮥ ﻧ ار شزرو ﯿﺰ
ﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﯿﺮ
ﺖﺳا هداد راﺮﻗ دﻮﺧ )
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻔﺳﻮﯾﺮﯿﻣ 1395
(،
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺘﺟا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻋﺎﻤ
ﯽ روﺮﺿ ار ي ﻣ ﯽ ﺎﻤﻧ ـﯾ ﺪ . ﮥﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ﮓـﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ
رد
ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا طﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺞﻨﭘ ﯽ
، ﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﯿ ﺖ ﺬﭘ ﯾﺮ ي ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ
، ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﯾﮥ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ
، ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﯽ
و ﻣ ﯿ ثاﺮ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ ﺒﺗ ﯿـﯿ ﻦ ﯽـﻣ دﻮـﺷ د زا . ـﯾ هﺎﮔﺪ
نﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ـﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ و اﺮﮔدﺮﮐرﺎـﮐ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ـﺷزرو نﺎـﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ
، ﺪﭘ ـﯾ ﺪ ة ـﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ ﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ شزرو ـﻣ ﯽ ﺪـﻧاﻮﺗ ﺶـﻘﻧ ـﻤﻬﻣ ﯽ ا رد ﯾ دﺎـﺠ
ﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﯿ ﺖ ﺬﭘ ﯾﺮ ي ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ
، ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﯽ
، ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا طﺎﺸﻧ ﯽ
، ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﯽ
، ﻮﻘﺗ ﯾ ﺖ ﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﯽ ﻏ و ﯿ هﺮ رد ﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﮥ ا شزرو ﯾ ﺎﻔ .ﺪﻨﮐ ﺞﯾﺎـﺘﻧ
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ ي مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﮐﺎﺣ ﯽ ـﻄﺑار دﻮـﺟو زا ﮥ
ـﺑ رادﺎـﻨﻌﻣ ﯿ
ﻦ دﺎـﻌﺑا زا ﯽـﺧﺮﺑ ﮥﻌـﺳﻮﺗ
ﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ﮓـﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ
ﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ﮥﯾﺎﻣﺮـﺳ نﻮـﭽﻤﻫ ﯽ
و
ﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﯿ ﺖ ﺬﭘ ﯾﺮ ي ﺎﺑ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻐﺘﻣ
ﯿ ﺎﻫﺮ ي .ﺖﺳا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ
رد تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺳﺎﺒﻋ
ﯽ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و )
1399 (،
داﺮﻣ ي ) 1399 (،
ﻫﺎﮔرد ﯽ ﺎﻤﻌﻣ و ﯽﯾ ) 1399 (،
رﺎﻔﺻ ﯾ
،نﺎ ﯽﻤﻫدا و ) يداﺮـﻣ 1398 (،
ﻠﻋزﺮﻓ ـﯿ
،نﺎ
ﯽﺠﻨﮔ و ) يزﺎﯿﻧ 1398 (،
ﺮﺠﻨﺳ ي شﻼﺑ و ) 1398 (،
ﻟد و نﺎﮔﺮﻬﻣ ﯿﺮ
ي ) 1394 ( و ﻫاﺮﺑا ﯿﻤ ﯽ و ﻨﺑ ﯽ ﻪﻤﻃﺎﻓ ) 1393 ( ﮥﻄﺑار ﻦﯿﺑ ﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﮥ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا
نﻮﭼ ﯽﻠﻣاﻮﻋ و ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﯽ
، ﺑ ﯽ ﺗوﺎﻔﺗ ﯽ ﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻋ ﯽ
، ﻨﻣا ﯿ ﺖ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ
، ﮔﺪﻧز ﮏﺒﺳ ﯽ
، ﻗﻼﺧا شﻮﻫ ﯽ
ﺎﻤﺣ و ﯾ ﺖ ﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ
، ﻧﺎﻣزﺎـﺳ دﺮـﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﯽ
،
ﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ ي ﻫ شﻮﻫ ،ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯿ
ﻧﺎﺠ ﯽ ﺮﺒﻫر و ي ﻗﻼﺧا ﯽ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ هﺪﺷ .ﺖﺳا ﻼﻋ هو ﺮﺑ اﯾ ﻦ ﺎﺘﻧ ﯾ ﺞ ﺶﻫوﮋـﭘ ـﮑﻫارد
ﯽ ـﺳﺪﻘﻣ و ﯽ ) 1398 (،
ـﻣاﺮﻬﺑ ﯽ
) 1397 ( و ﺪﻤﺣا ي
، ﯾ ﻔﺳﻮ ﯽ و ﻋ ﯿﺪ ي ) 1397 ( نﺎﯿﺑ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ة ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺶﻘﻧ ﮥﯾ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ و ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺎـﻫ ي رد نآ ـﭘ ﯿ ﺶ ﺑﯿ ـﻨ ﯽ ﻣ ـﯿ ناﺰ ـﺷزرو ﺖﮐرﺎـﺸﻣ ﯽ
ﺑ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ طﺎﺒﺗرا ،ﺮﺴﭘ و ﺮﺘﺧد نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﯿ
ﻦ ﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﮥﯾ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ ﻓﺮﻇ و ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯽ رد ﺎﻫﺮﺛا و نﺎﻧاﻮﺟ و شزرو ترازو نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ي
ﮥﯾﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ ﻧاﺮﻤﮑﺣ دﺎﻌﺑا ﺮﺑ ﯽ
.دﻮﺑ بﻮﺧ يﺪﻤﺤﻣ ،ﯽﻧﺎﺤﺒﺳ
و ﺎﺣ ﯽﻤﺗ ) 1396 ( و مﺮﺤﻣ رﻮﭘداﺮﻣاﺪﺧ ،هداز و
) ﻒﺷﺎﮐ 1395 ( ﻧ ﯿﺰ ﺖﯿﻟﻮﺌـﺴﻣ يﺮﯾﺬـﭘ
ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا رد ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ار ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ رد يرادﺎﻓو تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ و ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ
.ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ ي دﺪﻌﺘﻣ ي رد دﺎﻔﺘـﺳا صﻮـﺼﺧ ة
زا
ﮏﺒﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﺒﻫر ي ﺮﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺑﯿ
نﺎ شزرو ﺎﻫ ي ﭘﻮﺗ ﯽ ﺴﺗﻮﻓ ،لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ
،لﺎ ﻟاو ﯿ لﺎﺒ لﺎﺒﺘﮑﺴﺑ و ﺬﭘ مﺎﺠﻧا
ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺮ زا ؛ﺖﺳا ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﻣ ﯽ ناﻮـﺗ
ﻪﺑ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻔﺠﻧ ﯽ
، ﺣﯿ رﺪ ي داﮋﻧ و ﺮﻬﺷﻮﺑ بﺎﺘﺷ ي
) 1397 (،
ﺑﯿ ﻤﮕ ﯽ
، ﺒﺧ ﯿ
،يﺮ ) يﺮﻨﻫ 1395 (،
ﯽﺘﻟود و يﺪﻤﺤﻣ )
1395 ( ﻤﺗﺎـﺣ ﯽ
، ﻋﯿ ـﺿﻮ ﯽ و
1. Chelladurai & Saleh
336
ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ
، ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ ،مﻮﺳ ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود 1401
ﻗدﺎﺻ ﯽ دﺮﺟوﺮﺑ ي ) 1394 (،
ﺤﻠﺼﻣ ﯽ
، ﺘﺳود ﯽ و ﻧﺎﻔﺻ ﯿﺎ ) 1394 (،
ـﺷ ﯿ ﺦ ﯾ ﻔـﺳﻮ ﯽ
، ﻧاﺪـﺣو ﯽ
، مﺮـﺤﻣ ) هداز 1392 (،
ﺮﮐ ﯾ ـﻤ ﯽ ) 1391 (،
ﻧاﺪـﺣو ﯽ و
نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ ) 1391 (،
ﺪﻟاﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﺑ ﯾ
ﻦ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و 2009
(،
ﺎﺠﻧﺎﺗ ،تﺮﮔ كوﺮﺑ و
ﭗﯿﻠﯿﻓ
4F
1 ) 2007 ( و ﺮﻠﺴﯿﮔ ،ﻦﻣﺮﻔﻟآ و
ادﺎﮐوا
5F
)2
2005 ( .دﺮﮐ هرﺎﺷا
رﻮﮐﺬﻣ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﮐﺎﺣ
ﯽ ﻤﻫا زا ﯿ ﺖ ﺶﻘﻧ ﮏﺒﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﺒﻫر ي و ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ دﺎﻌﺑا زا ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ رد ،نآ
ﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي
ﺷزرو ﯽ
، ﺗ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﯿﻤ ﯽ
، ا ﯾ دﺎﺠ ﮕﻧا ﯿ شﺰ ﭘﯿ
،ﺖﻓﺮﺸ ﺷزرو ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﯽ
ﺎﺿر و ﯾ ﺖ يﺪﻨﻣ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﺖﺳا
ﻮﺳ زا . ﯽﯾ ﺶﻘﻧ ﮏﺒﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﺒﻫر ي ﺑﺮﻣ ﯿ نﺎ و
ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ ﺮﺑ نآ ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ
ﺑ ﺚﺤ ﺪﺟ و ﻢﻬﻣ ﯾﺪ
ي ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺑ
ﺮﻈﻧ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺳر راﺮﻗ نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ، و تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ،ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ
ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﺗﺎﻘ ﯽ ﻊﻣﺎﺟ رﺎﺑرد ة ﻧا نآ مﺎﺠ ﻧ ﺘﻓﺮﮕ ﻪ ناﻮﺘﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺑ
رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ رﯾ ﺰ ي .دﺮﮐ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا نآ زا دﺮﺑرﺎﮐ و نﺎﯾﺎﺷ
ﺮﮐذ ﻫﺎﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯿ
ﺖ
ﻫﺮﭘ ﯿ نﺎﺠ ﺷزرو ﻪﺑ ار نآ لﺎﺴﺗﻮﻓ شزرو ﯽ
ار ﯾ ﺞ و رد راﺪﻓﺮﻃﺮﭘ اﯾ
ﺪﺒﺗ ناﺮ ﯾ ﻞ ﺮﮐ هد ،ﺖﺳا ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ا ي رد ﻪﮐ ﺎﻘﻣ ﯾ ﻪﺴ ﺧﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﯽ ﻪﺘﺷر ﺎﻫ
، داﺪﻌﺗ
ﺑ ناﺮﮔﺎﺷﺎﻤﺗ و نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﯿ
ﺮﺘﺸ ي ﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ار ﭼﺎﺷﺎﻤﺗ هﻮﺒﻧا رﻮﻀﺣ .ﺖﺳا هداد صﺎﺼﺘﺧا د ﯿ
نﺎ رد د ﯾ يﺎﻫراﺪ ﻠﺧاد ﯽ
، ﻠﻣ ﯽ
، هرﺎﻗ ﻧﺎﻬﺟ و يا ﯽ
و
يرادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺖﺑﺎﻗر
ﺎﻫ ﺑ زا ﯿ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨ ﻮﻠﺗ ﺶﺨﭘ ﯾﺰ
ﯾ ﻧﻮ ﯽ
، ﺷزرو ﻪﺑ ار لﺎﺴﺗﻮﻓ ﯽ
ﺮﻣ ﻣد ﯽ ﺪﺒﺗ ﯾ ﻞ ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮐ )
،يﺮﻨﻫ و يﺮﯿﺒﺧ ،ﯽﻤﮕﯿﺑ 1395
( ﺎﺑ .
دراﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻣ
رﻮﮐﺬ يﺎﻫداﺪﯾور رد ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ رﻮﻀﺣ ،رﻮﺸﮐ شزرو ﮥﺻﺮﻋ رد ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ لﺎﺴﺗﻮﻓ ﮓﻧرﺮﭘ ﺶﻘﻧ نﻮﭼ ﯽﻠﯾﻻد و ﺑﯿ
ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟا ﯽ ﻤﻫا ، ﯿ ﺖ
ﮏﺒﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﺒﻫر ي ﺑﺮﻣ ﯿ نﺎ و ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ
زﺎﺑ ﯾ نﺎﻨﮑ ﻘﻓﻮﻣ رد ﯿ ﺖ ﺗ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و ﯿﻤ
ﯽ
، و زوﺮﺑ رﻮﻬﻇ رﺎﺠﻨﻫﺎﻧ ي ﺎﻫ ي ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ ﺎﻣ ﺪﻨﻧ
ﺮﮕﺷﺎﺧﺮﭘ ي
، ﻟﻮﻫ ﯿ ﻧﺎﮕ ﯿ
،ﻢﺴ ﺎﻫﺪﻨﺑودز ي ﻏ ﯿ اﺮ ﻗﻼﺧ ﯽ
، ﭘود ﯿ ﮓﻨ ﻏ و ﯿ هﺮ رد ﻧﺪﺑ ﮥ شزرو ﻪﺑ وﯾ هﮋ رد شزرو ﺎﻫ ي ﺗﯿ ﻤ ﯽ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ و ا ي لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ و
لﺎﺴﺗﻮﻓ ) ،ﯽﺘﺳود و يﻮﺳﻮﻣ ،هدازﺪﻤﺣا 1393
( ﻤﻫا ، ﯿ ﺖ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ةﺪﺷ ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ
اﺰﻓا ﺮﺑ ﯾ ﺶ ﺮﺿ ﯾ ﺐ ﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي ﺼﺨﺷ ﯽ
،
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ و ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ا ي ﺛﺄﺗ و ﯿﺮ ﺑﺮﻣ يﺮﺒﻫر ﮏﺒﺳ ﯿ
نﺎ ﺘﻓر و شﺮﮕﻧ ﺮﺑ رﺎ
ﭘ ﯿ
،ناوﺮ دﻮﺟو ﺎﺑ ﺖﺴﺟ و ﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ،نﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ناواﺮﻓ يﺎﻫﻮﺟ ﯽ
رد ﮥﻨﯿﻣز ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ
ﮏﺒﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﺒﻫر ي ﺑﺮﻣ ﯿ نﺎ ﺮﺑ ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ
زﺎﺑ ﯾ نﺎﻨﮑ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ لﺎﺴﺗﻮﻓ ﯾ
ﺖﻓﺎ .ﺪﺷ
نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و تراﻮﺘﺳا
6F
)3
0 202 ( ﻘﺤﺗ رد ﺰﯿﻧ ﯿ
ﻖ ا ﻪﺑ دﻮﺧ ﯾ ﻦ ﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ هرﺎﺷا ﻪﺘﮑﻧ ﯿ
تﺎﻘ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ي رد ﺣﯿ ﻄ ﮥ ﻮﻣ رد شزرو ﺖﻌﻨﺻ در
ﮏﺒﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﺒﻫر ي مﺎﺠﻧا ﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻪ ﺑ و ﺖﺳا ﯿ ﺮﺘﺸ ﺑﺮﻣ ﯿ نﺎ زا ﺷ ﯿ هﻮ ﺎﻫ ي ﮏﺒﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﺒﻫر ي ﺘﻨﺳ ﯽ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ا ﻪﮐ ﯾ ﻦ ﮏﺒﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﺒﻫر ي
ﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﯿ
ﺎﻫزﺎ ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ﻧﯿ ﺪﻨﺘﺴ هزوﺮﻣا ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ . ﻪﺑ
د صﻮﺼﺧ ﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺎﻣ رﻮﺸﮐ ر
ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﻪﮐ ﺗﯿ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ﺘﺣ ﯽ نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ ﻦﺘﺷاد ﺎﺑ
زﺎﺑ و بﺮﺠﻣ ﯾ
نﺎﻨﮑ ﻪﺒﺨﻧ ﻧ ﻪﺘﺴﻧاﻮﺘ ﻫوﺮﮔ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺪﻧا ﯽ
ﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﯽ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ .ﺪﻨﻫد نﺎﺸﻧ دﻮﺧ زا ي
ﺑﺮﻣ زا ﯿ نﺎ ا ﺮﺑ ﯾ ﻦ ﺳﺎﺳا ﻞﺻا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﺎﻘﺘﻋا ﯽ
رد
ﺰﮔ ﯾ ﺶﻨ زﺎﺑ ﯾ
،نﺎﻨﮑ ﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ ﯽﯾ
ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺖﺳ اﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ . ﯾ ﻦ ﻫدزﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯽ ﻫوﺮﮔ ﯽ ار ﺘﻧﯿ ﺠ ﮥ ﺴﻣ ﻘﺘ ﯿ ﻢ عﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽﯾ ﺎﻫ ي ﻣ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﯽ
ﺪﻨﻧاد ) ،ﯽﻤﺗﺎﺣ
1395 .(
اﯾ ﻦ ﺑﺮﻣ ﯿ نﺎ ﺛﺄﺗ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا ﺐﻠﻏا ﯿ
راﺬﮔﺮ ﻫوﺮﮔ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺑ ﯽ
زﺎﺑ ﯾ نﺎﻨﮑ ﺑ ﯽ عﻼﻃا ا .ﺪﻧ ﺑ ﯽ دﺮﺗ ﯾﺪ دﺎﯾز ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ي
ا رد ﯾ ﻦ ﻣز ﯿ ﻪﻨ و ﺪﻧراد ﺖﻟﺎﺧد
ﯾﮑ ﯽ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا ﻣ
ﯽ مﺪﻋ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ ا رد ﯾ ﻦ ﺗﯿ ﻢ ﺎﻫ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻦﯾازا ور ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ ﮏﺒﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﺒﻫر ي درﻮﻣ دﺎﻔﺘﺳا ة ﺑﺮﻣ ﯿ
،نﺎ ﻌﺗ ﯿﯿ ﻦ
ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ
زﺎﺑ ﯾ نﺎﻨﮑ ﺳرﺮﺑ و ﯽ نآ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﮏﻤﮐ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺮﺑ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ اﯾ ﻦ ﻌﺳ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد ،سﺎﺳا ﯽ
ا ﺮﺑ ﯾ ﻦ
ﺛﺄﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯿﺮ
ﮏﺒﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﺒﻫر ي ﺑﺮﻣ ﯿ نﺎ ﺮﺑ ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻤﺘﺟا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻋﺎ
ﯽ زﺎﺑ ﯾ نﺎﻨﮑ ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ .دﻮﺷ ﻣا ﯿﺪ ﺎﺘﻧ ﺖﺳا ﯾ ﺞ اﯾ ﻦ ﮥﻤﻫ رد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ رﯾ ﺰ ي ﺎﻫ ي ﺷزرو ﯽ
، ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﻤﺗ ﯾﻨ ﯽ ﺗآ تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ و ﯽ
ﺆﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ ﺮﺛ
ي اﺰﻓا ﻪﺑ و ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﯾ
ﺶ ﺑﺮﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﺢﻄﺳ ﯿ
نﺎ و
و نارﺎﮑﺷزرو رد
ﺎﻬﻧ ﯾ
،ﺖ ﻧﺎﻬﺟ تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ رد ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ ﺶﺸﺧرد ﯽ
رد .ﺪﻨﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ اﯾ
ﻦ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﭘ رد
ﯽ ﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﯽﯾ ا ﻪﺑ ﯾ ﻦ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ
ﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا :ﺖﺳا ﯿ
ﻦ ﮏﺒﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﺒﻫر ي ﺑﺮﻣ ﯿ نﺎ و ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽ
زﺎﺑ ﯾ نﺎﻨﮑ ﻟ ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ لﺎﺴﺗﻮﻓ ﯿ
ﮓ ﺮﮐ نﺎﺘﺳا ﺮﺗﺮﺑ نﺎﻣ
؟ﺖﺳا ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ
شور ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ا ﻦﯾ زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺻﻮﺗ عﻮﻧ
ﯽﻔﯿ - ﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﯽ ﻣ شور ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻧاﺪﯿ
مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ رﺎﻣآ ﮥﻌﻣﺎﺟ .ﺖﺳا ي
ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﺎﺑ ز نﺎﻨﮑﯾ ﺗ ﯿ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ي
نﺎﻣﺮﮐ نﺎﺘﺳا لﺎﺴﺗﻮﻓ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ
هﺪﻨﻨﮐ رد ﻟ تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ ﮓﯿ
ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ لﺎﺴﺗﻮﻓ ﺮﺗﺮﺑ رﻮﺸﮐ
و نﺎﺘﺳا ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ لﺎﺴﺗﻮﻓ ﮓﯿﻟ لﺎﺳ رد
1398 - 1399 ﻪﺑ
داﺪﻌﺗ 126 .ﺖﺳا ﺮﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ
دوﺪﺤﻣ ﺖﻠﻋ ﺖﯾ
رﺎﻣآ ﮥﻌﻣﺎﺟ
،ي اﺮﺑ ي شور زا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا يرﺎﻤﺷﺮﺳ
ﻪﺑ ؛ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ا
ﻪﮐ ترﻮﺻ ﻦﯾ ﺎﻀﻋا مﺎﻤﺗ
ي
1. BroekGert, Tanja & Filip
2. Alfermann, Geisler & Okade
3. Stewart, Marciniec, Joyner-McGraw & Seungmin
ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﮏﺒﺳ ﺶﻘﻧ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ يﺮﺒﻫر يﺎﻫ
ﺖﺴﯿﻟﺎﺴﺗﻮﻓ ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا
337
ﺗﯿ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ي نﺎﻣﺮﮐ نﺎﺘﺳا لﺎﺴﺗﻮﻓ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ
هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻟ تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ رد ﮓﯿ
رﻮﺸﮐ ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ لﺎﺴﺗﻮﻓ ﺮﺗﺮﺑ لﺎﺴﺗﻮﻓ ﮓﯿﻟ و
ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ نﺎﺘﺳا ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﮥﻧﻮﻤﻧ رﺎﻣآ ي
ا رد ﻦﯾ زﺎﺑ داﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ .ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
،نﺎﻨﮑﯾ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺑ
ﻦﯿ ﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﯽ ﺎﻫ زﻮﺗ ﻊﯾ ﺷ ﺪ زا . 126 ﮥﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ زﻮﺗ
ﻊﯾ
،هﺪﺷ 120 ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ
هداد ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﺪﺷ
ﻪﮐ 103 ﭘ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮ ا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا
ﻦﯾ داﺪﻌﺗ 75 / 81 رﺎﻣآ ﮥﻧﻮﻤﻧ زا ﺪﺻرد ي
ﮑﺸﺗ ار ﻞﯿ اﺮﺑ .داد ي ﻊﻤﺟ روآ ي هداد ﺎﻫ
زا ﻪﺳ ﮥﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ وﯾ
ﮔﮋ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ي دﺮﻓ
،ي ﻐﺘﻣ يﺎﻫﺮﯿ ﮥﻘﺑﺎﺳ ،ﻦﺳ
،ﯽﺷزرو ﺼﺤﺗ ﮥﺘﺷر ﯽﻠﯿ
ﻏ و هﺮﯿ هزاﺪﻧا ار ﻣ ﯽ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ اﺮﺑ . ي
ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ ﮏﺒﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﺒﻫر ي ﺑﺮﻣ نﺎﯿ ﺳﺮﭘ زا ﮥﻣﺎﻨﺸ دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا ﻘﻣ
سﺎﯿ ﺮﺒﻫر ي شزرو رد ا .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا
ﻦﯾ رد ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ
40 رﺎﺘﻓر ،لاﺆﺳ
ﺑﺮﻣ نﺎﯿ ار رد ﺮﻤﺗ و شزﻮﻣآ رﺎﺘﻓر ﺪﻌﺑ ﺞﻨﭘ
،ﻦﯾ ﺗاﺮﮐﻮﻣد رﺎﺘﻓر
،ﮏﯿ ﺎﻤﺣ رﺎﺘﻓر ،ﻪﻧاﺮﻣآ رﺎﺘﻓر ﺖﯾ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ درﻮﺧزﺎﺑ و ﺖﺒﺜﻣ
ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺠﻨﺳ ) ارودﻼﭼ ي و
ﺎﺻ ،ﺢﻟ 1980 (.
و ﯽﻔﺠﻧ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ ) 1397 ( اﺮﺟا ﺎﺑ ي ا ﻦﯾ ور ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ي
115 ﻦﮑﯾزﺎﺑ نز ﺗﯿ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ي ﻟ ﮓﯿ ﺎﺑ و رﻮﺸﮐ ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ لﺎﺴﺗﻮﻓ ﺮﺗﺮﺑ
ﺎﻔﻟآ شور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ي
ﻧورد تﺎﺒﺛ ،خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ ﯽ
ار نآ 87 /0 شراﺰﮔ r =
ﻧورد تﺎﺒﺛ ،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد .دﺮﮐ ﯽ
ﻠﮐ ﯽ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ 77
/0
r =
دروآﺮﺑ .ﺪﺷ ياﺮﺑ ﻊﻤﺟ روآ ي هداد ﺎﻫ رد ﻣز ﮥﻨﯿ ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ
،ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﮥﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ زا
ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﯽﻔﺳﻮﯾﺮﯿﻣ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ )
1394 هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا (
ﺪﺷ ا . ﻦﯾ ﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﮥ 14 ﻟاﺆﺳ ﯽ ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ ار ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ رد
ﺞﻨﭘ ﺪﻌﺑ
،ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا طﺎﺸﻧ ﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ
ﮥ ،ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ
ﯿ ﺖ ﺬﭘ ﯾﺮ ي لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ،ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا
ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و ﻣﯿ ثاﺮ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا هزاﺪﻧا ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ . ﯽﻔﺳﻮﯾﺮﯿﻣ )
1391 ( ﺎﭘ ﯽﯾﺎﯾ ا ﻦﯾ ار ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ 84
/0 ا رد .ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮐ شراﺰﮔr =
ﻦﯾ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﻧ ﺰﯿ تﺎﺒﺛ ﻧورد ﯽ ﺎﻔﻟآ نﻮﻣزآ شور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ي
خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ اﺮﺑ ي ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻞﮐ 77
/0 دروآﺮﺑr =
ﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ ناﺰﯿ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻟﻮﺒﻗ ﯽ
نﺎﺸﻧ ار ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻫد . ياﺮﺑ ﻊﻤﺟ روآ ي هداد ﺎﻫ ي درﻮﻣ ﻧ زﺎﯿ ﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ اﺪﺘﺑا ،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽ
ﺎﺑ مزﻻ ﺲﯿﺋر ﻫ ﯿﺄ ت ناﻮﻧﺎﺑ لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ نﺎﺘﺳا
نﺎﻣﺮﮐ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺖﻓﺮﮔ
ﻬﺗ تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ ﮥﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ و ﻪﯿ
ﺷ ﺪ ﺑﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ . نﺎﯿ
ﺗﯿ ﻢ ﺎﻫ ﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ رد ي
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ةرﺎﺑرد ﻤﮑﺗ ﺪﻧور و ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻞﯿ
ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺎﻫ رﻮﻀﺣ ي
ﺎﺿر ﺎﺑ و ﺪﺷ ﺖﺒﺤﺻ ﺖﯾ
ﺑﺮﻣ
،نﺎﯿ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺎﻫ ﺑ ﻦﯿ زﻮﺗ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻊﯾ
.ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺶﯿﭘ نﺎﻨﮑﯾزﺎﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻞﯿﻤﮑﺗ زا ﺿﻮﺗ
مزﻻ تﺎﺤﯿ
رﺎﺑرد ة ﻮﺤﻧ ة ﻤﮑﺗ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ نآ ﻞﯿ ﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ
ﻊﻓر ياﺮﺑ ﻣﺎﻬﺑا ﻪﻧﻮﮔﺮﻫ
ﯽ .ﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ
ﺎﻫ ﻞﯿﻤﮑﺗ زا ﺲﭘ ﻪﺴﻠﺟ نﺎﻤﻫ رد
ﻊﻤﺟ روآ ي .ﺪﻧﺪﺷ
اﺮﺑ ي ﺰﺠﺗ ﯾﻪ ﻠﺤﺗو ﯿ ﻞ هداد ﺎﻫ ﺻﻮﺗ رﺎﻣآ زا ﯽﻔﯿ
) ﻣ
،ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿ فاﺮﺤﻧا ﻌﻣ
،رﺎﯿ لواﺪﺟ ﻏ و (هﺮﯿ ﻃﺎﺒﻨﺘﺳا رﺎﻣآ و ﯽ
) ﻠﺤﺗ ﻞﯿ ﺳﺮﮔر نﻮﯿ شور ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﮔﺪﻨﭼ
دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا )ا (ﺮﺘﻨﯾ اﺮﺑ ي ﻌﺗ ﻦﯿﯿ ﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ي ﻧﺎﮔﺪﻨﭼ ﮥ ﺑ ﻦﯿ ﻐﺘﻣ يﺎﻫﺮﯿ ﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯿ
ﻟﺎﻧآ ﺰﯿ راو ﺲﻧﺎﯾ ﮥﻫاﺮﮑﯾ نورد ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ ) ﺎﺑ
هزاﺪﻧا ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي رﺮﮑﻣ ( اﺮﺑ ي ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ ﺑ توﺎﻔﺗ ﻦﯿ ﮏﺒﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﺒﻫر ي ﺑﺮﻣ ﯿ نﺎ ﺢﻄﺳ رد رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ي 05 /0 ﻪﺑ P≤
رﺎﮐ .ﺪﺷ هدﺮﺑ هداد
ﺎﻫ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ
مﺮﻧ راﺰﻓا ﮥﺨﺴﻧSPSS
24 ﺰﺠﺗ ﻪﯾ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗو ﺪﺷ .
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ يﺎﻫ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﺻﻮﺗ ﯿﻔ ﯽ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻧدﻮﻣزآ
ﯽ ﺎﻫ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻫد ﯽﻨﺳ هوﺮﮔ ﻪﮐ 17
- 25 لﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ 3/
54 ﻓ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺪﺻرد ار ﯽﻧاواﺮ
ـﺑ رد ﯿ ﻦ هوﺮـﮔ ﺎـﻫ ي
ﻤﻫ .ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد ﯽﻨﺳ ﻨﭽ
ﯿ ﻦ 64 زﺎﺑ زا ﺮﻔﻧ ﯾ نﺎﻨﮑ و دﺮﺠﻣ 36 د ﺮﻔﻧ ﯾ ﺮﮕ ﻞﻫﺄﺘﻣ دﻮﺑ ﺪﻧ ﺳرﺮﺑ . ﯽ ﻌﺿو ﯿ ﺖ ﺼﺤﺗ ﯿﻠ ﯽ ﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﮥ ﭘ ﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋ ﯿﺰ ﮐﺎﺣ ﯽ ﻪـﮐ ﺖﺳا
2/
58 زا ﺪﺻرد ﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﮥ ﺼﺤﺗ كرﺪﻣ ياراد ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﯿﻠ
ﯽ د ﯾ ﻢﻠﭙ و 2 / 28 ﺼﺤﺗ كرﺪﻣ ياراد ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺪﺻرد ﯿﻠ
ﯽ ﻧادرﺎﮐ ﯽ ﻧدﻮﺑ ﺪ . 7/
10 ا ﺪﺻرد ﯾ ﻦ داﺮـﻓا
ﺼﺤﺗ كرﺪﻣ ﯿﻠ
ﯽ ﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ ﯽ و 9/
2 ﻧ ﺪﺻرد ﯿﺰ ﺼﺤﺗ كرﺪﻣ ﯿﻠ
ﯽ ﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ ﯽ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ و ﺪﺷرا اد
ﺪﻨﺘﺷ ﻨﺘﺳا رﺎﻣآ ﺶﺨﺑ رد . ﻃﺎﺒ
ﯽ
، اﺮﺿ زا ﯾ ﺐ ﮕﻟﻮـﭼ ﯽ
ﺸﮐ و ﯿ ﮔﺪ ﯽ اﺮﺑ ي ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ ﺒﻃ ﯿﻌ ﯽ ﻮﺗ ندﻮﺑ زﯾ ﻊ هداد ﺎﻫ ـﺧﺮﺑ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽ
ﮥﻧﺎﺘـﺳآ نﺎـﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻣآ ﻪـﻈﻓﺎﺤﻣ
ار ﻪـﻧارﺎﮐ )
5/
0 و+
5/
0 - ( ﻪـﺑ ناﻮـﻨﻋ
ﺒﻃ زا فاﺮﺤﻧا ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﯿﻌ
ﯽ زﻮﺗ ندﻮﺑ ﯾﻊ ﺬﭘ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺮ ﺪﻧا ؛ ﻟﺎﺣرد ﯽ ﻪﮐ ﺑ ﺧﺮ ﯽ د ﯾ ﺮﮕ ﺴﻔﺗ ﯿﺮ ﻪﻧادازآ ) ار ﺮﺗ 2 و + 2 - رد ( ﺠﮐ درﻮﻣ ﯽ ﺸﮐ و ﯿ ﮔﺪ ﯽ ﯾﺎ ودﺮـﻫ
ﺟﺮﺗ ﯿ ﺢ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻫد اﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ؛ ﯾ ﻦ نﺎﻤﻫ لوﺪﺟ رد ﻪﮐرﻮﻃ 1
ﺸﻣ هﺪﻫﺎ ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ زﻮﺗ ، ﯾﻊ هداد ﺎﻫ ﻐﺘﻣ ﮥﻤﻫ رد ﯿ
ﺎﻫﺮ ﺑﺎﻗ .ﺖﺳا لﻮﺒﻗ ﻞ
لوﺪﺟ 1 . ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺎﻫ ي ﺠﮐ ﯽ ﺸﮐ و ﯽﮔﺪﯿ زﻮﺗ ﻊﯾ هداد ﺎﻫ
ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﯽﮕﻟﻮﭼ ﺐﯾﺮﺿ
ﯽﮔﺪﯿﺸﮐ ﺐﯾﺮﺿ
رﺎﺘﻓر ﺷزﻮﻣآ ﯽ ﺮﻤﺗ ﯽﻨﯾ 61
/ 0 - 046
/ 0
ﺗاﺮﮐﻮﻣد رﺎﺘﻓر ﮏﯿ
52 / 0 - 27
/ 1
ﻪﻧاﺮﻣآ رﺎﺘﻓر 63
/ 0 48
/ 0 -
ﺎﻤﺣ رﺎﺘﻓر ﺖﯾ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽ 26
/ 1 17
/ 1
