2017年7月5日
格差と援助の経済学 2017 年春学期末試験
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学籍番号 氏名
5/10 5/24 6/14W CS 平常点
I II III 期末点 総合点
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I.
社会厚生比較（
35点）
appendix 1にある2009年のフィリピンのデータを参考に以下に回答しなさい。
(1) 功利主義を前提に、マニラ圏と非マニラ圏との社会厚生の比較をしなさい。(10点)
(2) ロールズ型価値観を前提にマニラ圏と非マニラ圏との社会厚生の比較をします。(25点)
(2-1)表中の(a)(b)は何のために必要なのか説明しなさい。(5点）
(2-2) (3)pgap2の数値の比較で何が言えるだろうか(10点）
(2-3)社会厚生の比較をしなさい。(10点）
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II.
以下について簡単に説明しなさい。
(20点
)(1) パレート最適と貧困概念の関係 (5点)
(2) 社会厚生関数（5点）
(3) アトキンソン指数（5点）
(4) Watts指数（5点）
学籍番号 氏名
5
III. ODA policy
（
35点）
appendix 2を読んで以下を論述しなさい。
(1) EUのODAの目的は社会厚生関数の概念を用いてどのように整理できるか。(10点)
(2) EUのODAを政策において不平等inequalityの問題はどのように位置づけることができるだろうか。（25点）
SDGsの「目標10不平等の削減」についての6月26日授業での説明は不十分だった。資料を元に現在のODA政策におけ
るinequalityの位置づけについて深く考えなさい。
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格差と援助の経済学 2017 年春学期末試験 資料 appendix
この用紙は持ち帰ってください。
Please take this sheet home with you.
1 appendix 1: Poverty and Inequality in the Philippines
Table 1: household income statistics
observation mean Std.Dev. Min Max
Manila 2,277 3772.32 3416.669 515.49 61123.3
Non-Manila 36,123 4105.696 5013.135 284.6091 230337.5
Total 38,400 4085.927 4933.496 284.6091 230337.5
unit: Philippines peso
0.2.4.6.81Lorenz income (by manila)
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1
Cumulative population proportion
manila==0 manila==1
01000200030004000Gen. Lorenz income (by manila)
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1
Cumulative population proportion
manila==0 manila==1
Table 2: poverty statistics
observation #of the poor (1) head- count (q/N)
(2) pgap (3) pgap2 (a)=(1)×(2) (b)=(1)×(3)
Manila 2,277 325 .142 .189 .055 .027 .007
Non-Manila 36,123 8,709 .241 .251 .090 .060 .021
Total 38,400 9,034 .235 .249 .088 .059 .021
pgap: average of poverty gap z−yi
z of the poor
1 q
∑
i∈q
z−yi
z
pgap2: average of squared poverty gap
(z−yi z
)2
of the poor
1 q
∑
i∈q
(z−yi z
)2
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2 appendix 2: New European consensus and SDGs
On 19 May 2017, the European Council adopted a new European consensus on development. It is a shared vision and framework for action for development cooperation for the European Union (EU) and its Member States.
Section 1.1: extracts of the document of the consensus Section 1.2: goal 10 of SDGs.
2.1 New European consensus on development
1. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development1 (2030 Agenda), adopted by the United Nations in September 2015, is the international community s response to global challenges and trends in relation to sustainable development. With the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at its core, the 2030 Agenda is a transformative political framework to eradicate poverty and achieve sustainable development globally. It balances the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, including the key issues of governance and peaceful and inclusive societies, recognising the essential interlinkages between its goals and targets. It must be implemented as a whole and not selectively. The 2030 Agenda aims to leave no-one behind and seeks to reach the furthest behind first.
4. The EU and its Member States are committed to a life of dignity for all that reconciles economic prosperity and efficiency, peaceful societies, social inclusion and environmental responsibility. In doing so, efforts will be targeted towards eradicating poverty, reducing vulnerabilities and addressing inequalities to ensure that no-one is left behind. By contributing to the achievement of the 2030 Agenda, the EU and its Member States will also foster a stronger and more sustainable, inclusive, secure and prosperous Europe.
16. The EU and its Member States will implement a rights-based approach to development coopera- tion, encompassing all human rights. They will promote inclusion and participation, non-discrimination, equality and equity, transparency and accountability. The EU and its Member States will continue to play a key role in ensuring that no-one is left behind, wherever people live and regardless of ethnicity, gender, age, disability, religion or beliefs, sexual orientation and gender identity, migration status or other factors. This approach includes addressing the multiple discriminations faced by vulnerable people and marginalised groups.
22. Eradicating poverty, tackling discriminations and inequalities and leaving no-one behind are at the heart of EU development cooperation policy. Poverty is multidimensional and relates to economic, social, environmental, cultural and political aspects. The EU and its Member States will pursue an end to hunger and all forms of malnutrition as well as promote universal health coverage, universal access to quality
generations to meet their needs. Economic growth is lasting and more beneficial to the poorest when it is inclusive. To tackle rising economic and social inequalities, the EU and its Member States will support national development paths that maximise positive social outcomes and impacts. They will work with partner countries to promote progressive taxation and redistributive public policies that pay due attention to better sharing the benefits of growth, the creation of wealth and decent jobs and to improved access to factors of production, such as land, finance and human capital.
37. To combat inequality, the EU and its Member States will also support efficient, sustainable and equitable social protection systems to guarantee basic income, prevent relapses into extreme poverty and build resilience. They will assess the determinants of and trends in economic and social inequalities and will strengthen their tools and approaches to make them more effective in addressing inequality. The EU and its Member States will mainstream the reduction of inequality in their development cooperation and support innovative social practices.
2.2 Goal 10 in SDGs
Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries
10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average
10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status
10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discrimina- tory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard
10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality
10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations
10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions
10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies
10.a Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements
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10.b Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmes
10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent
