Waste Management Policy in Japan Waste Management Waste Management
Policy in Japan Policy in Japan
Koji Hayashi Kenji Oshima Kentaro Nara
Keisuke Shiinoki Kaito Hosoyamada
Purpose of presentation
z We’d like to introduce to you EPR, the concept of waste management policy in Japan, and
Japanese laws based on it.
(EPR・・・Extended Producer Responsibility)
z We’d like you to know EPR itself and its effect.
Before our presentation
z Although we presented about waste (EPR) last year, we will present again for persons who
has never participated in the past symposiums.
z Basically, the word “Waste” will be used as
municipal waste (such as household appliances, containers, and packaging).
Structure
1, Background
ーWhy did Japan adopt EPR?ー
2, Effects of EPR
ー3 examples of laws based on EPRー
3, Impacts on China by EPR
4, Conclusion
Background
ー Why did Japan adopt EPR? ー
Kaito Hosoyamada
Chapter 1
1, Why did Japan adopt EPR?
Chapter 1
Because
・・・Recycling is necessary in Japan
EPR promotes recycling
and
①
Why is recycling necessary in Japan?
②
Why does EPR promote recycling?
① Why is recycling necessary in Japan?
There are 2 reasons・・・
Shortage of landfills Limited
natural resources
Remaining capacity & years of landfills
0 50 100 150 200
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
years
million M
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
Capacity Years
Decreasing in recent years Only about
10 years
Shortage is very serious
Reducing final disposal is necessary
Source: Made from Ministry of Environment (2003) Environmental Statistics
3
① Why is recycling necessary in Japan?
There are 2 reasons・・・
Shortage of landfills Limited
natural resources
Reducing final disposal is necessary
① Why is recycling necessary in Japan?
z Natural resources are limited.
Remaining years
oil（43 years), copper (49 years), lead (22 years)
z Japan has little natural resources and has to import them a lot
It is necessary to use them more effectively !
Chapter 1
① Why is recycling necessary in Japan?
There are 2 reasons・・・
Shortage of landfills Limited
natural resources
Reducing final disposal is necessary
Using resources effectively is necessary
Recycling can achieve them !
What is 3R ？
z
It means
・・・Reduce, Reuse and Recycle
Reducing
Reusing
Recycling
Chapter 1
To reduce dumping by using products as long as possible
To use used products again after repairing or cleaning
To utilize waste as resources and make new products from them
3R leads to
the reduction of final disposal
the effective use of natural resources
Reason(1)
Shortage of landfills
Chapter 1
There are 3 figures ・・・
Volume of Total Waste
3 5 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 5 . 0 5 0 . 0 5 5 . 0
1981 1982
1983 1984
1985 1986
1987 1988
1989 1990
1991 1992
1993 1994
1995 1996
1997 1998
1999
2000Year (Million ton)
Source: Ministry of Environment (2003) Environmental Statistics
Reason(1) Shortage of landfills
Chapter 1
Capacity of newly built landfills
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
year million M
Source: Made from Ministry of Environment (2003) Environmental Statistics
3
② Why does EPR promote recycling?
z
(1) What is EPR?
z
(2) How does EPR
promote recycling?
z
(3) Kinds of responsibilities
(1) What is EPR?
Extended Producer Responsibility
EPR
To extend producers’ responsibility for their products to the post-consumption stage
before EPR before EPR after EPR after EPR
(1) What is EPR?
Production Recycling or
Disposal Consumption
Producers’
responsibility Local government’ s Responsibility
Case1: general case
Extended!
Chapter 1
Pre-consumption Post-consumption
before EPR before EPR after EPR after EPR
Production Consumption
Producers’
responsibility Local government’ s Responsibility
Case2: non-general case
Recycling or Disposal
Extended!
(1) What is EPR?
Chapter 1
Pre-consumption Post-consumption
Producers are responsible for recycling or disposal.
They have to bear recycling or disposal costs.
Products may have a rise in price.
(2) How does EPR promote recycling?
Chapter 1
More Recycling and Reduction!
Producers want to cut costs.
Chapter 1
Producers begin producing
longlong--livedlived products easily
easily--recycled productsrecycled
・・・
recycling
disposal
Chapter 1
Recycling is necessary in Japan
EPR promotes recycling
and Japan
adopted EPR
To sum up
・・・(3) Kinds of responsibilities
※ Physical Physical responsibility responsibility
Producers must collect and recycle their used products themselves .
※ Financial Financial responsibility responsibility
Producers must finance systems to collect and recycle their used products.
Chapter 1
1 : PhysicalPhysical and FinancialFinancial responsibility
e.g. Specific Household Appliances Recycling Law in Japan
2 : Only FinancialFinancial responsibility
e.g. Containers and Packaging Recycling Law in Japan
3 : The other cases
e.g. ELV law in Japan
cases
How do producers bear the
“responsibilities” ?
Chapter 1
The most efficient way to bear the responsibility
depends on characteristics of products
Sammary of chapter 1 ・・・
Please keep in mind 3 things
1. Japan needs to
1. Japan needs to recyclerecycle waste,waste,
in order to
in order to reduce final disposalreduce final disposal
use resources effectively use resources effectively..
2. EPR promotes
2. EPR promotes recyclingrecycling..
3. The most efficient form of responsibility 3. The most efficient form of responsibility
depends on characteristics of products depends on characteristics of products..
Chapter 1
Japan adopted
EPR
Structure
1, Background
ーWhy did Japan adopt EPR?ー
2, Effects of EPR
ー3 examples of laws based on EPRー
3, Impacts on China by EPR
4, Conclusion
Effects of EPR
ー 3 examples of laws based on EPR ー
Chapter 2
・Home Appliance Recycling Law
・Containers and Packaging Recycling Law
・ELV recycling Law
Home Appliance Recycling Law
Kenji Oshima
This law obliges recycling of This law obliges recycling of waste household appliances.
waste household appliances.
Chapter 2
1. The relationship between Household
1. The relationship between Household
Appliance Recycling Law and EPR
Appliance Recycling Law and EPR
2. 2. Results of the last two years Results of the last two years 3. Conclusion
3. Conclusion
Chapter 2
Outline of the law
z The law has come into force in April 1st, 2001
z Targets
⇒TV, refrigerator, washing machine, air TV, refrigerator, washing machine, air conditioner
conditioner
zz ＰｕｒｐｏｓｅＰｕｒｐｏｓｅ
①①mitigate the shortage of landfillsmitigate the shortage of landfills
②② efficient use of resourcesefficient use of resources
Chapter 2
50%
50%
55%
Recycling 60%
rate
Washing Machine Refrigerator
Air TV
Conditioner
Chapter 2
before before
useruser
retailer retailer
local local
government government
recycle recycle treatment
treatment agency
agency
treatment treatment dispose dispose
Flow of waste appliances Flow of waste appliances
producer producer
treatment treatment
after after
PROPRO
manufacturer manufacturer
importer importer
Local Local
government government useruser
retailer retailer
local local
government government
recycle recycle
dispose dispose
PROPRO
Responsibility (collection & recycling) was Responsibility (collection & recycling) was
physically and financially physically and financially transferred to private sector transferred to private sector!!
Chapter 2
1. The relationship between Household 1. The relationship between Household
Appliance Recycling Law and EPR Appliance Recycling Law and EPR
2.
2.Results of the last two years
Results of the last two years3. Conclusion
3. Conclusion
Chapter 2
Result of Recycling Rate
60%
61%
75%
78%
2002
56%
59%
73%
78%
2001
50%
50%
55%
60%
law
Washing Machine Refrigerator
Air TV
Conditioner
Chapter 2
1. The relationship between Household 1. The relationship between Household
Appliances Recycling Law and EPR Appliances Recycling Law and EPR
2. 2. Results of the last two years Results of the last two years
3. Conclusion3. Conclusion
Chapter 2
Conclusion
The two purpose has achieved
①①mitigate the shortage of landfillsmitigate the shortage of landfills
②② efficient use of resourcesefficient use of resources
Chapter 2
Containers and Packaging Recycling Law
Kentaro Nara
Chapter 2
Out line
1.Back ground
2.Summary of the law
・Flow chart
・Partial EPR
3.Actual result in Japan
・The change from back ground situation
⇒ EPR is effective in recycling
・The volume of recycled is increasing
・Growth of the volume of waste is mitigated
By the Law…
Chapter 2
Background
z 55% of municipal waste in Japan consists of containers and packaging
the Ministry of Health and Welfare 1997
Ratio of
volume weightRatio of
44.5%
22.9%
8.3%
10.0%
5.9%
8.5%
77.4%
1.7%
8.0%
2.6%
5.9%4.3%
55.5%
22.6%
expect containers and packaging
ratio of "Containers and packaging" in Waste
containers for food
containers for beverage containers for commodities paper containers
others
containers and packaging
Chapter 2
0 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0
1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7
vol ume of recycl ed( t) vol ume of products ( t) vol ume of was te( t)
Source: Japan PET Bottle Association 2001
Background
volume of containers (PET bottles)
UP!! UP!!
LOW! LOW!
Flow chart
containers flow money flow
producers
recyclers
consumers
local
government
Physical responsibility
Financial responsibility
Partial EPR!! PRO
Chapter 2
0 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 0 0
1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2
v ol um e of col l ected( t) v ol ume of products ( t) v ol um e of w a s te( t)
effect of EPR
Source: Japan PET Bottle Association 2001
After ・・・
ＵＰ！ ＵＰ！
ＤＯＷＮ！
ＤＯＷＮ！
EPR is EPR is
effective in recycling
effective in recycling ！ ！
Chapter 2
Is EPR perfect?
z The volume of waste is still increasing
z WHY??
＊Producers are doing nothing?⇒
（redesigning for easy recycling, resource saving, etc)
＊Local governments are ・・・？⇒
(collecting, transporting, etc)
＊Consumers are ・・・？？ ⇒
(separating waste??)
NO!
NO!
???
Chapter 2
Present condition
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
1000ｔ
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
2000 2001
1000ｔ
Volume of recycled production Volume of waste
GAP!!
GAP!!
GAP!!
GAP!!
PET bottles Plastic containers
and packing
containers
Does it come from Partial EPR?
producers
recyclers
consumers
local
government
PRO PRO
producers
Defect!!
EPR’s defection
z EPR can’t influence on Consumers!
⇒Waste separating is not enough!!
⇒It can be a big problem.
⇒It depends on the products property!
Chapter 2
Complement measures
z Charge for garbage collection
Consumers pay some money when they dump.
z Deposit
Consumers are returned some money when they bring cans or bottles back to the shop.
・Consumers will buy the product with a few package.
・Consumers will separate garbage strictly.
・Consumers will return cans or bottles.
・The rate of recycling will be high.
Chapter 2
Actual result in Japan
~Moriyama city~
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
1981 1982 1983 1998 1999
t
Volume of waste Volume of recycled
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
1981 1982 1983 1998 1999
g
Volume of waste per capita / day
Change of the volume of waste
down down down down
up up
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 g
Volume of waste per capita / day
Actual result in Japan
~Seki city~
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
t
Volume of waste Volume of recycled
Change of the volume of waste Change of the volume of waste
up up
down down down down
Conclusion
z EPR is not always perfect!
Some cases…
EPR needs Complement measures!
We have to consider the product’s property!
Complement measures are necessary !!
Chapter 2
ELV Recycling
Koji Hayashi
Chapter 2
ELV (end of life vehicle)
Chapter 2
Why is ELV recycling law necessary?
No.１
z ELV
( end of life vehicle) is 4million per year
z
In the past, ELV was recycled/deposited through market
z
The car recycling system has gone bankrupt
Chapter 2
What is ASR?
z ASR Automobile Shredder Residue
z Mainly contains iron scrap
z Constitute about 25% of ELV
return
Chapter 2
１９７０ １９７５ １９８０ １９８５ １９９０ １９９５ ２０００
Price of ASR Disposal cost
￥/ t
price of ASR is keeping down
Final disposal cost up↑
the price of ＡＳＲ down↓
→ASR lost its worth
illegal dumping / Improper disposal
recycling system had been out of control
Why is ELV recycling law necessary?
No.2
→ To decrease quantity of ASR is necessary
Chapter 2
Why is ELV recycling law necessary?
No.2
Revenue - cost ＋
Revenue - cost −
ASR lost its worth recycling system
collapsed
Reducing ASR is necessaryWhy is ELV law necessary ? Why is ELV law necessary ?
~Consideration of the environment~
~Consideration of the environment~
• Used in portion of Air-control
• Chlorofluorocarbon destroys ozone
Treating it properly is necessary
Chapter 2
Why is ELV law necessary ? Why is ELV law necessary ?
danger danger
Shredding Air-bags, it sometimes explode
Treating it carefully is necessary
Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ 3-3
BOMB!!
BOMB!!
Chapter 2
ELV law as EPR
The role of Car producers
① Collect chlorofluorocarbon /air bag /ASR and recycling them
To help decreasing disposal waste preventing illegal dumping protecting environment
reducing danger in shredding air-bag
②Collect treatment fee from final user at the time of delivery
ELV law as EPR
The role of Car producers
① Collect ASR and recycle them
To help decreasing disposal waste preventing illegal dumping
②Collect treatment fee from final users when they buy
EPR
<EPR>
a local government producers
<ELV law>
Nobody but market car producers
ELV law is Partial EPR
Responsibility
Chapter 2
summary
z Adaptation of EPR into ELV recycling law will lead to
→recovery of collapsed ELV recycling law
→reduce disposal waste, and prevent illegal dumping
Chapter 2
Structure
1, Background
ーWhy did Japan adopt EPR?ー
2, Effects of EPR
ー3 examples of laws based on EPRー
3, Impacts on China by EPR
4, Conclusion
Impacts on China
by EPR policies in Japan
Keisuke Shiinoki
Chapter 3
Expected impacts on China
z
1, Improvement in technology to
produce environmentally compatible parts
z
2, Improvement in technology for recycling
Chapter 3
zIncentives for Chinese parts producers to produce environmentally compatible parts.
1.Improvement in technology to produce environmentally compatible parts
z Japanese producers have responsibility for treating their products.
z They want to get environmentally compatible parts to produce environmentally compatible products.
In case of Home appliance products, most of part factories is now in China.
Improving technology to produce environmentally
compatible parts
2, Improvement in technology for recycling
z Most of the Home appliances producing
factories of Japanese companies are also in China.
z There is a possibility that the Japanese
companies transfer their recycling factories to China.
Improvement in technology for recycling in China!
Chapter 3
Expected impacts on China
1.Improving technology to produce environmentally compatible parts 2.Improving technology for recycling
These may be effective for China to
①cope with predicted waste management problems in the future.
②have market power in the world
Chapter 3
① Why may the transfer happen by introducing EPR?
China Japan
Producing factory
Recycling factory
Producing factory
Market demandLittle
Recycling factory
Structure
1, Background
ーWhy did Japan adopt EPR?ー
2, Effects of EPR
ー3 examples of laws based on EPRー
3, Impacts on China by EPR
4, Conclusion
Conclusion
Kenji Oshima
Chapter 4
Conclusion ①
EPR is an effective policy to EPR is an effective policy to
promote recycling and promote recycling and
reduce waste!
reduce waste!
・Home Appliance Recycling Law
・Containers and Packaging Recycling Law
・ELV Law Chapter 4
Conclusion ②
1, Improving technology to produce environmentally compatible parts
2, Improving technology for recycling
①cope with waste management problems
②have a market power!
The positive impacts on China by Japanese EPR policies are
・・・Chapter 4
Fin
Thank you for listening !!
