The first part of this report will focus on the implementation, development and current status of the social insurance system in Mongolia. The remaining 2.5% was spent on investment and operating costs of the social insurance organization (see Figure 3).
Health Insurance Situation
General government expenditure on health (GGHE) as % of THE Out-of-pocket expenditure as % of PvTHE.
Pension Insurance Aspects
In favor of economics, politics and various social factors, the increased pension amount was instead provided by the social insurance fund. One of the implementations is the "Act on recalculation of pension insurance commissions and working years", approved by the Danish Parliament.
Issues to Focus on
At the moment, the social insurance sector has started to implement decisions that include more scope. However, it affected the calculation of the future financing of the social insurance fund and the problems to solve became the next crucial issue for the social insurance organization.
Impact of Pensions and Benefits on Household Consumption: Case of Mongolia
- Literature Review
- Theoretical Aspects about Consumption
- The Data: Impact of Pensions and Benefits on Household Consumption. Case of Mongolia
- The Estimation Result
Gudarzi Farahani Yazdan, Merabirad Sina (2013) "Testing Hall's Permanent Income Hypothesis: A Case Study of Iran". Keynes developed the absolute income hypothesis in his work "The General Theory of Employment, interest and money" (1936).
Conclusion
An Analysis of Why the Permanent Income Hypothesis Does Not Apply in Japan." Working Paper No. 34; Household Consumption Expenditures in Peru: A Test of the Permanent Income Hypothesis." Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Dergisi 17.
Social Insurance Development in Mongolia Special fund to help poorBasis of legislation Began to issue the benefits
Social Safety Nets in Chile
- Introduction
- Social Protection in Chile
- Coordination of Agencies for Social Protection
- Macroeconomic Effects
- Conclusions and Recommendations
5 International Labor Organization (2011) “Social Protection Floor for a Fair and Inclusive Globalization”, Report of the Advisory Group chaired by Michelle Bachelet, convened by the ILO in collaboration with WHO, Geneva, p. Challenge of Universal Social Protection in Latin America and the Caribbean, Washington D.C., The World Bank, p. 18 Social Protection Floor for a Fair and Inclusive Globalization, Report of the Advisory Group chaired by Michelle Bachelet, convened by the ILO in collaboration with the WHO, International Labor Organization 2011, p.
20 Floor of Social Protection for a Fair and Inclusive Globalization, Report of the Advisory Group chaired by Michelle Bachelet convened by the ILO with the collaboration of the WHO, International Labor Organization 2011, p. 21 Floor of Social Protection for a Fair and Inclusive Globalization, Report of the Advisory Group chaired by Michelle Bachelet convened by the ILO in collaboration with the WHO, International Labor Organization 2011, p.
Social Protection as an Entry Point to Inclusive Growth in Myanmar
Social Protection Mechanism in Myanmar
The Social Security Act encourages industrial establishments employing at least five people to join the scheme. Only 110 townships from 13 states/regions (except Chin State) are covered by the government's social security system so far. The coverage of far fewer than 1 million insured workers, compared to other economies such as Thailand with more than 9 million insured workers, shows the challenges facing the country's social security system.
The pension scheme, social welfare, labor welfare and insurance scheme are the measures currently applied in Myanmar's social security programs. Both contributions and benefits of the social insurance system are administered by the Social Security Council of the Ministry of Labour.
Current Reforms for Social Protection
Instead of development aid, international organizations such as UNDP could only provide humanitarian aid to Myanmar due to the violation of human rights in Myanmar. Laws in Myanmar regarding non-contributory social protection schemes include the Rehabilitation and Employment of Persons with Disabilities Act 1958, the Myanmar Maternal and Child Welfare Association Law 1990, the Myanmar Child Law 1993 and the Anti Trafficking in Persons Law 2005 .The Rehabilitation and Employment of Persons with Disabilities Act 1958 is being reviewed for further amendments to ensure broader rights of persons with disabilities.
To carry out effective welfare work and assistance in relation to the health and social conditions of mothers and children. To provide health and social welfare assistance and assistance to the public when required.
Key Issues and Challenges for Proper Social Protection and Resilience
- Poverty and Inequality
- Inadequate Social Security Coverage
- Poor Social Safety Net Scheme along with Limited Funds
- Inadequate Legal Framework and Enforcement
- Less Awareness on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
The government administers a social security system that covers approximately 570,000 formal workers in selected industrial establishments, or approximately 2 percent of the total labor force (see Table 1). Social security is financed by contributions from the employees themselves (who pay 1.5 percent of their wages) and their employers (who pay 2.5 percent of the employee's wages). Free medical care, work accident benefits and cash benefits are the main responsibilities of the social security system.
Cash payments are provided to employees insured under the social security system in case of illness, maternity, death and industrial accidents. There are specific laws to provide social protection in limited areas and for relatively small numbers of beneficiaries, for example regarding workers' compensation and the social security system for the formal sector.
Recommended Strategies for Inclusive Growth Through Stronger Social Protection
- Provide Equal Opportunities for All
- Focus on Balanced and Proportionate Growth
- Provide Income Opportunities and Efficiency Gains
- Extend Effective Coverage of Social Protection System
- Seek Financing for Social Protection
The high poverty rate actually puts a burden on the country to achieve effective coverage of social protection programs. Myanmar's social protection system needs to expand beyond the formal social security system to include comprehensive social assistance. Moreover, it should be possible to link social protection policies to the poverty reduction strategy of society as a whole.
These self-employed persons must be included in the social security system by arranging their contributions so that they are equal to the sum of the contributions of employers and employees of certain groups. There is a clause regarding unemployment benefits in the new Social Security Law of 2012, but it must be activated by establishing the relevant rules, including the means of financing.
Conclusion
34;Fighting poverty and inequality: the role of social protection." PowerPoint presentation at the 49th Session of the Commission for Social Development held at the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development in New York on 14 February 2011. 34 ;Social Protection System in ASEAN : Social Policy in a Comparative Analysis." Presented at the 15th Symposium of the International Consortium for Social Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 16-20 July 2007. 34; Law Against Trafficking in Persons." State Council for Peace and Development, Union of Myanmar.
34;The Myanmar Maternal and Child Welfare Association Act." The State Peace and Development Council, Union of Myanmar. 34;Myanmar's Social Security System and Future Prospect." PowerPoint presentation at the National Workshop on Reforms for Economic Development, held at Nay Pyi Taw on August 19-21, 2011.
Social Protection in Cambodia
Background and Context
Cambodia has a great demographic dividend because it is one of the youngest countries in the region in terms of population. In the northeastern provinces (Mondol Kiri and Rattanak Kiri), 46% of women and 22% of men have no formal education. Cambodia's poverty rate is one of the highest in the region, although it experienced a relatively high economic growth rate of around 6% between 1990 and 2013.
In the 1980s, there was a period of reconstruction and rehabilitation under the Khmer Rouge regime. Cambodia has the highest share of out-of-pocket payments compared to other economies in the region.
Public Policy and Institutional Arrangements
The National Social Protection Strategy for the Poor and Vulnerable (NSPS 2011) was developed to provide better and more systematic social protection to the poor and vulnerable. There are four important pillars of social protection: labor market policy, social insurance (non-contributory, higher income group), social safety net (non-contributory) and additional social provisions. The Ministry of Home Affairs (MoI) plays a role in identifying entry points to ensure the quality and equitable provision of social protection at the sub-national level.
Other specialized agencies providing social protection services are the Cambodian Red Cross and the National Disaster Management Committee. The National Social Protection Strategy for the Poor and Vulnerable (NSPS 2011) outlines four areas of social protection interventions, including food and nutrition interventions, health interventions, education, technical and vocational training interventions and social welfare interventions and working conditions.
Constraints and Challenges
Administrative challenges include selection of beneficiaries, processing of applications, payment/reimbursement of benefits, verification and monitoring of the implementation of social welfare programs and projects, and exit of the beneficiary. Beneficiary selection (entry) refers to the entry of a beneficiary into the system and reflects not only the targeting of the social safety net program, but also the procedures carried out in the field for the selection of beneficiaries. The application processing phase (registration and eligibility verification) refers to the actual benefit registration process, how files are processed at different levels of administration and what eligibility verification takes place at the beginning of the application.24.
Verification and monitoring refers to what monitoring and verification takes place during the period of the claim and at what level. As an underlying challenge, the budget for safety net implementation remains low, with the majority of funding provided by development partners and earmarked for interventions that are often implemented in parallel with the RGC system.27.
Conclusion and Policy Recommendations
The current fiscal policy is not aimed at social protection, as the government budget for the education and health sectors is marginal. The implementation of social protection and social safety nets relies mainly on funding resources from the donor community. The implementation of the existing social protection programs remains very limited due to resource constraints, institutional weakness, knowledge gaps and poor coordination.
Expand coverage of the Health Equity Fund – a program that provides free access to healthcare for the poorest – and raise public awareness of the importance of reducing child malnutrition. 29 Asian Development Bank (ADB), Kingdom of Cambodia: Update and Improvement of the Social Protection Index, August 2012.
Reflection on the Housing Security Program in China
- The Background of Housing Policy in China
- Housing Policy Framework in China
- The housing financing instruments for the middle-tier families
- The housing financing instruments for the lowest tier families
- Analysis of the Performance of Housing Programs in China
- Problems in housing policy designing and implementation
- The impact of institutional succession and power conversion
- Local governance in public housing provision
- Conclusion and Discussion
However, as mentioned above, the central government has not made any special effort to meet the housing needs of the growing low-income population. Some of the structural reasons for the poor performance of housing programs in China are considered here. The state's ambition is to cover all households that need housing assistance.
In China, all land is governed by the government, and the local government is the de facto owner of the land. The difference between balanced and unbalanced relationships lies in the degree of local autonomy in decision-making.
Social Security in Colombia
Social Security Systems in Colombia
The members of the contributory scheme have access to health services, called "Compulsory Health Plan" (POS in Spanish). The members of the subsidized regime must make a smaller contribution; they are recipients of the solidarity scheme. The rest of the population – that is, those who are neither in the contributory nor the subsidized regime – only have access to health services to the extent that money is available.
Official statistics in Colombia for the month of May 2014 show that 91% of the employed population has access to the health system in any regime. As it was shown before, only 35% of the working population makes the relevant contributions for the benefit of the old-age pension.
Unemployment and Informal Sector in Colombia
Fiscal sustainability: According to studies, 42% to 72% of the amount of pensions is subsidized within the average premium with defined benefit system7. According to the figure above, the population working in the 13 major cities and their metropolitan areas has an informal job by May. Available at https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/ech/ech_informalidad/re_ech_informalidad_mar_may2014.pdf.
It is worrying that in eight of the thirteen major cities the informality rate is above 50%. Regarding this branch of economic activity, the highest levels of informality are found in commerce, hotels and restaurants.
Education in Colombia
Higher education is a special case in Colombia; Improvements at this level are caused by the promotion of "técnica" and "tecnológica" education. On the other hand, the number of students in professional programs increased from 754,570 to 1,218,536 during the same period. As a result, the weight of students of professional programs in the total of higher education decreased.
