Chapter 3. Amorphous Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone) (PAES)/cellulose
3.3 Result and Discussion
3.3.3 Chain orientation and CNC alignment of PAES and PAES/CNC nanocomposite fibers
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tendency to decrease rapidly even if the CNC enters only 1 wt%, which indicates that the CNC has a negative effect on the PAES chain orientation. When more than 5 wt% of CNC is added, fPAES is almost zero and it means that the PAES chain is hardly aligned. It is already known from the previous study that amorphous orientation is interrupted by a crystalline phase 68,70. The PAES chains adjacent to the CNC having a rigid crystalline shape are difficult to align due to the anisotropic properties of PAES.
From this tendency of CNC and PAES chain orientation, it can be seen that the effect of the increase in modulus is due to the alignment of the CNC and the high modulus of the CNC itself, not due to the alignment of the PAES chain.
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Figure 3.7 2D WAXD pattern images of (a) control PAES, (b) PAESCNC1, (c) PAESCNC5, and (d) PAESCNC10 fibers at various TDRs.
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Figure 3.8 The 2D WAXD integrated scans of PAES and PAESCNC fibers at various TDRs of (a) as- spun, (b) 4.8, (c) 5.76, and (d) 6.4.
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Figure 3.9 The 2D WAXD equatorial scans of PAES and PAESCNC fibers at various TDRs of (a) as- spun, (b) 4.8, (c) 5.76, and (d) 6.4.
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Figure 3.10 The 2D WAXD meridional scans of PAES and PAESCNC fibers at various TDRs of (a) as- spun, (b) 4.8, (c) 5.76, and (d) 6.4.
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Figure 3.11 2D WAXD azimuthal scans of CNC(004) planes of PAES/CNC composite fibers at (a) as- spun, (b) TDR 4.8, (c) TDR 5.76, and (d) TDR 6.4.
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Figure 3.12 The change of Hermann’s orientation factor from (a) the azimuthal scans of CNC(004) and (b) deconvoluted PAES and CNC(200) spectra.
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Table 3.2 The calculated Hermann’s orientation factors of CNC(004) planes of composite fibers.
PAESCNC1 PAESCNC5 PAESCNC10
As-spun 0.50 0.69 0.70
TDR 4.8 0.58 0.73 0.80
TDR 5.76 0.67 0.74 0.82
TDR 6.4 0.72 0.83 0.85
Table 3.3 The calculated Hermann’s orientation factors of CNC(200) and PAES peak of PAES and PAES/CNC fibers from 2D WAXD azimuthal scans at various DR.
PAES + CNC(200)
Control PAESCNC1 PAESCNC5 PAESCNC10
PAES PAES CNC PAES CNC PAES CNC
TDR 4.8 0.17 0.10 0.66 0.00 0.67 0.00 0.73
TDR 5.76 0.18 0.11 0.67 0.02 0.73 0.01 0.76
TDR 6.4 0.18 0.11 0.67 0.02 0.76 0.01 0.79
94 3.4 Conclusion
Control PAES, PAESCNC1, PAESCNC5 and PAESCNC10 fibers were manufactured by dry- jet wet spinning. The tensile property tendencies of the nanocomposite fibers prepared in this study were analyzed depending on the CNC content and the draw ratio. The tensile strength and modulus of control PAES fibers were 122.0 MPa and 3.2 GPa, respectively, at TDR 6.4. The tensile strength of PAES/CNC1 at TDR 6.4 is 170.8 MPa which is the highest value and the highest tensile modulus value is 6.1 GPa of PAES/CNC10 at TDR 6.4. PAESCNC fibers have increased tensile strength and modulus according to the draw ratio. However, in the case of tensile strength, although it increases with the draw ratio, it tends to decrease as the CNC content increases from 1 wt% to 10 wt%. The increase in tensile modulus according to the draw ratio and CNC content is due to the high tensile modulus (150 GPa) of the CNC itself and the increase in the alignment of CNC. This well-aligned CNC caused the improved reinforcing effect of CNC in composite fibers. Therefore, it results the increasing in tensile strength with the draw ratio. On the other hand, the tendency of the strength decrease according to the CNC content is because CNC acts as a factor that hinder the alignment of the amorphous PAES polymer chains and agglomeration of CNC due to many functional groups on the surface of CNC. This phenomenon is maximized as the CNC content increases, resulting in a decrease in tensile strength.
This study understands the impact of CNC on ISB-based super engineering plastic (PAES) fibers and can be used for further research on amorphous polymer nanocomposite materials.
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