Macroalgal biomass is rich in biodegradable organics and contains little lignin, which is beneficial for its effcient bioconversion. Ulva is a macroalgal genus noted for causing harmful green ties worldwide. Given that macroalgal blooms have been more frequent and severe with global warming, biomethanation of Ulva biomass via AD appears to be environmentally and economically attractive. Despite its high potential as AD feedstock, the high sulfur content of Ulva can deteriorate methanogenesis and thus negatively affect process stability during long-term operation. Furthermore, several properties of Ulva, including the rigid cell structure, substrate seasonality, and high nitrogen, can also reduce AD efficiency. In my PhD study, biomethanation of sulfur-rich Ulva biomass was investigated focusing on methanogenic efficiency and stability, with sulfide control. In Study 1, mono-digestion of Ulva biomass was examined with different reactor configurations of batch, repeated batch, and continuous operation with CSTR and SBR to minimize the underlying challenges. The operational approaches demonstrated the high biomethanation potential of Ulva biomass and the signficance of sulfide control during Ulva AD for long-term continuous operation. Then, Study 2 investigated co-digestion of Ulva biomass with cheese whey at varying substrate mixing ratios in continuous mode. The results proved that co-digestion of Ulva biomass with whey was beneficial for Ulva biomethanation, with higher methane yield and lower H2S production than those in Ulva mono-digestion. Based on these observations, further enhancement of methane production with sulfide control was investigated in Study 3 by adding conductive magnetite in the co-digestion of Ulva and cheese whey. In the presence of magnetite, the H2S production was significantly reduced (<1 ppmv at 20 mM Fe) along with formation of extracellular S0, which was not observed in the absence of magnetite. It was experimentally proposed that magnetite promoted a novel electric-syntropy between exoelectrogenic ASOBs and electrotrophic methanogens, possibly via DIET, thus inducing anaerobic sulfide oxidation to S0. In conclusion, magnetite-assisted biomethanation of sulfur-rich Ulva biomass can effectively control sulfidogenesis and thus improve process efficiency and stability. This study contributes to information and operational strategy relating to the biomethanation of sulfur-rich feedstocks such as Ulva, with novel possibilities for an in situ H2S control method via DIET.
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