Chapter Ⅲ. Determination of Phthalates
3.5. Phthalates in Real Beach Sand
29
30
Chapter Ⅳ.
Phthalate Maps – First Step to Changes
31
Phthalate concentrations in 5 beaches were illustrated to maps as seasons, and each concentration in number was suggested in Appendix Section (Table A1, A2). In spring, the total concentration of 4 phthalates was about 0.2 μg/L in Ilsan Beach, and it was the lowest concentration among 5 beaches (Figure 18). In 4 beaches except Ilsan Beach, DnBP and DEHP were more than 50 % of the total concentrations while DEP was about 50 % in Ilsan Beach. DMP showed the lowest concentrations among 4 phthalates in all beaches.
In summer, overall concentrations decreased compared to the concentrations in spring (Figure 19). The decrease of phthalates concentration seems because of more rainfall in summer than in spring.
The phthalates concentration in surface water is sometimes affected by dilution from rainwater and deposition of atmospheric phthalates40). In this case, the effect of dilution by rainwater was bigger than atmospheric deposition.
The seasonal change of concentration or portion of each phthalate was assumed that could be affected by use of phthalate-containing products in beach as well as surroundings of the beach. For example, phthalates are used in insect repellent for flies and mosquitos (DMP), fixative or carrier for perfumes and fragrances (DEP), textiles and adhesives (DnBP), and most of PVC products (DEHP)3). However, the impact from beach visitors seems insignificant rather than environmental factors considering the results of this research.
The total concentrations of 4 phthalates varied from 0.17 μg/L to 0.69 μg/L, and the average of total concentration of 5 beaches in 2 seasons is about 0.42 μg/L. The impact of phthalates in seawater can be thought insignificant due to their trace-level concentration. How much is the mass of phthalates in the ocean? The volume of oceans, seas, and bays on the earth is 1.338 × 1021 L41). If 4 phthalates are homogeneously distributed in whole oceans, seas, and bays on the earth, the mass of 4 phthalates is 5.6
× 108 ton (0.56 billion ton). This amount is more than the amount of chemical circulation in Korea, 2014 showing about 0.5 billion ton42). This amount is more than 5 times of “The Great Pacific Garbage Patch”, i.e. plastic island in the Pacific Ocean, which is estimated 0.1 billion ton43) and has 7 times larger area than the Korea Peninsula. It is just assumption, but the mass of phthalates in the ocean, seas, and bays on the earth is quite meaningful considering other toxic organic compounds.
32
Figure 18. Phthalate concentration map in Ulsan and Busan, Spring, 2017
Figure 19. Phthalate concentration map in Ulsan and Busan, Summer, 2017
33
Chapter Ⅴ.
Significance and Value of the Research
34
This research studied phthalates from 5 beaches in Korea and the concentration maps were made.
Phthalates in beach seawater was determined by SBSE-TD-GC/MS after optimizing the SBSE conditions. Overall concentrations were similar to or lower than the results of other research. It was observed that phthalate concentrations in seawater are affected by environmental factors such as neighboring industrial area and weather difference. For sand samples, it was confirmed that only TD for pretreatment is not enough and additional procedure should be needed for reliable results.
It is hard to generalize the tendency of phthalates occurrence through the data of just 2 seasons.
This research is a part of long-term observation. It aims to observe the phthalates occurrence in beaches and to extend spatially and periodically in long-term. Through these maps, the phthalates occurrence in beaches can be related to consumption pattern of phthalate-containing products meaning the human activities. Furthermore, it is hoped that the world-wide phthalate map of beaches and oceans is made with other researchers in the world. All the oceans and the seas on the earth connect each other and circulate. People living on the earth are sharing the oceans and the seas containing phthalates and other chemicals. The whole earth can be connected by the world-wide phthalates map.
I have interested in how to use well the synthetic organic compounds that we made and how to treat the chemicals. In addition, I wish to conduct the research stepping into our living with appropriate approach. The public usually gain information about chemicals, especially synthetic organic compounds, through mass media such as news, internet, documentary and other media. Most of the information is about the health threat by the chemicals and the media emphasizes that we should avoid the harmful compounds. These types of introduction to chemicals sometimes generate vague fear and even
“Chemophobia”. This research will be evolved gradually and will be a bridge between human–human, humans–science, and humans–environment. Finally, it will be expected to suggest a way about emerging chemical-related problems.
35
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39
Appendix
Table A1. Phthalate concentrations (μg/L) in seawater, Spring 2017
Dadaepo Beach Songjeong Beach Imnang Beach Jinha Beach Ilsan Beach DMP 0.084 ± 0.016 0.054 ± 0.036 0.074 ± 0.011 0.097 ± 0.019 0.020 ± 0.004
DEP 0.150 ± 0.032 0.106 ± 0.053 0.147 ± 0.031 0.141 ± 0.045 0.085 ± 0.049 DnBP 0.179 ± 0.011 0.236 ± 0.133 0.168 ± 0.028 0.309 ± 0.244 0.039 ± 0.012 DEHP 0.236 ± 0.037 0.213 ± 0.079 0.300 ± 0.060 0.114 ± 0.056 0.028 ± 0.003 Sum 0.649 ± 0.026 0.608 ± 0.281 0.689 ± 0.048 0.661 ± 0.304 0.172 ± 0.047
Table A2. Phthalate concentrations (μg/L) in seawater, Summer 2017
Dadaepo Beach Songjeong Beach Imnang Beach Jinha Beach Ilsan Beach DMP 0.047 ± 0.010 0.026 ± 0.011 0.056 ± 0.022 0.053 ± 0.016 0.047 ± 0.010
DEP 0.036 ± 0.001 0.031 ± 0.013 0.043 ± 0.004 0.042 ± 0.011 0.036 ± 0.008 DnBP 0.086 ± 0.007 0.069 ± 0.061 0.155 ± 0.052 0.165 ± 0.088 0.143 ± 0.111 DEHP 0.052 ± 0.005 0.075 ± 0.056 0.087 ± 0.027 0.111 ± 0.078 0.074 ± 0.034 Sum 0.216 ± 0.010 0.205 ± 0.115 0.340 ± 0.098 0.372 ± 0.187 0.301 ± 0.150
40
Acknowledgement
저의 석사 졸업 연구에 많은 도움을 주신 분들께 감사하다는 말씀을 전하고 싶습니다.
가장 먼저 흥미로운 주제를 연구할 기회를 주시고, 연구에 어려움이 있을 때마다 함께 고민하며 새로운 시각을 가지도록 지도해주신 조재원 교수님께 감사의 말씀을 드립니다.
바쁘신 와중에도 많은 조언을 주신 이창수 교수님, 조경화 교수님께도 감사드립니다. 사소한 질문에도 귀찮아 하지 않고 친절하게 알려주시고, 선배 여성과학자로서 많은 도움을 주신 최미진 박사님, 정말 감사합니다. 그리고 연구비 걱정 없이 연구할 수 있도록 지원해준 사이언스월든 센터에도 감사의 말씀을 드립니다.
우리 OWIE 랩 메이트 세 오빠, 많은 실험을 알려주시고 제가 놓쳤던 사소한 부분을 가르쳐 준 종관오빠와 호정오빠, 샘플링과 랩 생활에 가장 많이 함께한 태우오빠에게도 많이 감사했습니다. 제 하소연도 많이 들어 주시고 어려운 행정 관련된 일에도 큰 도움을 주신 최미출 선생님과 윤빛나 선생님, 같이 수다 떨어 주셔서 큰 힘이 되었습니다, 감사해요.
술친구이자 학부, 대학원을 같이 지내면서 힘든 일도 재미있는 일도 같이 나눴던 우정이랑 현정이도 정말 고마워! 너희가 있어서 더 즐거운 석사과정 시간이었어.
멀리 떨어져 있으면서 연락도 안 하는 둘째 딸 항상 걱정하시고 응원하면서 기도해주신 부모님, 내색은 잘 못 했지만 많이 많이 사랑해요. 엄마 아빠 딸인 게 정말 자랑스럽고 지금까지 잘 키워 주셔서 감사합니다. 더 멋지고 자랑스러운 사람이 될게요. 집에 갈 때마다 격하게 환영해주는 소희 언니 취업 축하하고 앞으로 더 고생하고 돈 많이 벌어서 나 맛있는 거 많이 사주길! 너무 귀엽고 예쁜 우리 막내 지윤이, 고등학교 가서도 신나게 잘 지내고 많이 배워와, 너는 건강하게 잘 크기만 하렴.
마지막으로 가장 가까운 곳에서 힘이 되어주고, 가끔은 쓴 소리도 하면서 깨달음을 주는 진우, 고맙고 사랑해. 변덕 심하고 눈물 많은 여자친구 잘 돌보느라 고생 많았어. 너와 함께한 대학, 대학원 시간은 정말 소중하고 행복한 기억이야. 앞으로도 잘 부탁해!
다 적지는 못했지만, 많은 분들의 응원과 지원으로 어느새 석사 졸업을 앞두고 있습니다. 앞으로 더 재미있는 연구, 자연과 사람을 위한 연구, 소통하는 연구, 소외된 자를 잊지 않는 연구를 하는 연구자가 되겠습니다. 다시 한 번, 정말 감사합니다.
허희진 드림