5. S UMMARY AND S UGGESTIONS FOR F UTURE W ORKS
5.3. R EFERENCES
1. Aitola, K.; Domanski, K.; Correa‐Baena, J. P.; Sveinbjörnsson, K.; Saliba, M.;
Abate, A.; Grätzel, M.; Kauppinen, E.; Johansson, E. M.; Tress, W., High temperature‐stable perovskite solar cell based on low‐cost carbon nanotube hole contact. Advanced Materials 2017, 29 (17), 1606398.
2. Kim, Y.; Jung, E. H.; Kim, G.; Kim, D.; Kim, B. J.; Seo, J., Sequentially fluorinated PTAA polymers for enhancing VOC of high‐performance perovskite solar cells. Advanced Energy Materials 2018, 8 (29), 1801668.
3. Zhou, L.; Chang, J.; Liu, Z.; Sun, X.; Lin, Z.; Chen, D.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, J.;
Hao, Y., Enhanced planar perovskite solar cell efficiency and stability using a perovskite/PCBM heterojunction formed in one step. Nanoscale 2018, 10 (6), 3053-3059.
4. Park, J. H.; Seo, J.; Park, S.; Shin, S. S.; Kim, Y. C.; Jeon, N. J.; Shin, H. W.;
Ahn, T. K.; Noh, J. H.; Yoon, S. C., Efficient CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells employing nanostructured p‐type NiO electrode formed by a pulsed laser deposition. Advanced Materials 2015, 27 (27), 4013-4019.
5. Yang, I. S.; Sohn, M. R.; Do Sung, S.; Kim, Y. J.; Yoo, Y. J.; Kim, J.; Lee, W. I., Formation of pristine CuSCN layer by spray deposition method for efficient perovskite solar cell with extended stability. Nano Energy 2017, 32, 414-421.
6. Yun, A. J.; Kim, J.; Hwang, T.; Park, B., Origins of Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells with Low-Temperature Processed SnO2 Electron Transport Layer. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2019, 2 (5), 3554-3560.
7. Feng, J.; Yang, Z.; Yang, D.; Ren, X.; Zhu, X.; Jin, Z.; Zi, W.; Wei, Q.; Liu, S.
F., E-beam evaporated Nb2O5 as an effective electron transport layer for large flexible perovskite solar cells. Nano Energy 2017, 36, 1-8.
8. Zhai, Y.; Wang, Z.; Wang, G.; Peijnenburg, W. J.; Vijver, M. G., The fate and toxicity of Pb-based perovskite nanoparticles on soil bacterial community: Impacts of pH, humic acid, and divalent cations. Chemosphere 2020, 126564.
9. Zhang, X.; Wang, W.; Xu, B.; Liu, H.; Shi, H.; Dai, H.; Zhang, X.; Chen, S.;
Wang, K.; Sun, X. W., Less-lead control toward highly efficient formamidinium-based perovskite light-emitting diodes. ACS applied materials & interfaces 2018, 10 (28), 24242-24248.
10. Soleimanioun, N.; Rani, M.; Sharma, S.; Kumar, A.; Tripathi, S. K., Binary metal zinc- lead perovskite built-in air ambient: Towards lead-less and stable perovskite materials. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 2019, 191, 339-344.
11. Shao, S.; Liu, J.; Portale, G.; Fang, H. H.; Blake, G. R.; ten Brink, G. H.; Koster, L. J. A.; Loi, M. A., Highly reproducible Sn‐based hybrid perovskite solar cells with 9% efficiency.
Advanced Energy Materials 2018, 8 (4), 1702019.
12. Chen, S.; Deng, Y.; Gu, H.; Xu, S.; Wang, S.; Yu, Z.; Blum, V.; Huang, J., Trapping lead in perovskite solar modules with abundant and low-cost cation-exchange resins. Nature Energy 2020, 5 (12), 1003-1011.
13. Cheacharoen, R.; Boyd, C. C.; Burkhard, G. F.; Leijtens, T.; Raiford, J. A.; Bush, K. A.; Bent, S. F.; McGehee, M. D., Encapsulating perovskite solar cells to withstand damp heat and thermal cycling. Sustainable Energy & Fuels 2018, 2 (11), 2398-2406.
14. He, J.; Li, T.; Liu, X.; Su, H.; Ku, Z.; Zhong, J.; Huang, F.; Peng, Y.; Cheng, Y.-B., Influence of phase transition on stability of perovskite solar cells under thermal cycling conditions. Solar Energy 2019, 188, 312-317.
15. Farooq, A.; Hossain, I. M.; Moghadamzadeh, S.; Schwenzer, J. A.; Abzieher, T.;
Richards, B. S.; Klampaftis, E.; Paetzold, U. W., Spectral dependence of degradation under ultraviolet light in perovskite solar cells. ACS applied materials & interfaces 2018, 10 (26), 21985- 21990.
16. MeyerBurgerTechnologyLtd.; SmartwireConnectionTechnology.
https://www.meyerburger.com/user_upload/dashboard_news_bundle/376409e022f7d2ae6f6e29318f8 055410774c7fd.pdf. Accessed May, 2019.
17. Equipment, V. P., International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaic (ITRPV) 2018 Results. March: 2019.
18. Chundrui, S. K.; Schmela, M., Heterojunction Solar Technology 2019 Edition. TaiyangNews 2019.
19. Messmer, C.; Goraya, B. S.; Nold, S.; Schulze, P. S. C.; Sittinger, V.; Schön, J.;
Goldschmidt, J. C.; Bivour, M.; Glunz, S. W.; Hermle, M., The race for the best silicon bottom cell: Efficiency and cost evaluation of perovskite–silicon tandem solar cells. Progress in
Photovoltaics: Research and Applications n/a (n/a).
20. Markus Fischer; Michael Woodhouse; Susanne Herritsch; Trube, J., International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaic (ITRPV) Result 2019 including maturity report 2020. 2020.
21. Kim, G.; Min, H.; Lee, K. S.; Yoon, S. M.; Seok, S. I., Impact of strain relaxation on performance of α-formamidinium lead iodide perovskite solar cells. Science 2020, 370 (6512), 108- 112.
22. Min, H.; Kim, M.; Lee, S.-U.; Kim, H.; Kim, G.; Choi, K.; Lee, J. H.; Seok, S. I., Efficient, stable solar cells by using inherent bandgap of α-phase formamidinium lead iodide. Science 2019, 366 (6466), 749-753.
23. ClimateDataInformation ALBEDO. http://www.climatedata.info/forcing/albedo/.
Figure 5.1. Si SC market trend.17
Figure 5.2. Various Si SC structures: PERC, TOPCon, and SHJ. (a) Expected current density of tandem SC based on various Si bottom SC. (b) VOC and (d) FF of various Si bottom SCs. (e) Expected efficiency of tandem SC based on various Si bottoms. Reproduced with permission: Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons.19
Figure 5.3. (a) Schematic of bifacial tandem SC; (b) simulated current density of bifacial tandem SC as a function of albedo reflection.
Chan Ul, Kim
R esearch Statement
By training, I am a materials scientist and engineer researching at the intersection of solar cells and their manipulation/functionalization based on fundamental optics and advanced nano- fabrication/characterization. Broadly stated, my research is directed towards developing lossless tandem solar cells for overcoming Shockley-Queisser limit of single junction solar cell.
E ducation
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)
Combined M.S-Ph.D program. Department of Materials Science and Eng. Research focuses on tandem solar cell. (February 2014 – February 2021)
Chonbuk National University
Bachelor of Engineering, Chemistry. (February 2014)
R esearch Experience
UNIST, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and KIST-UNIST Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials/Perovtronics Research Center
- Advisor: Kyoung Jin Choi
1. Optical simulation: Modeled the optical designs of device by using Combined Ray Optics/Wave Optics Model (CROWM). Focus is on the effect of functional layers which have characteristics such as refractive index, absorption coefficient, structure, thickness and band gap on current density of solar cells. I have modeled the optical designs such as:
- Silicon solar cells - nano & microstructure silicon solar cells.
- CIGS cells.
- Semi-transparent & opaque perovskite solar cells.
- 2-terminal & 4-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells.
2. Experiment: Demonstrated optimizing the design of - Silicon solar cells.
- Semi-transparent & opaque perovskite solar cells.
- 2-terminal monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell. (February 2014 – present)
P rojects
8 “Development of Super Solar cells for overcoming the theoretical limit of silicon solar cell efficiency (>30%)” Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy. Research Manager. (September 2019 – present)
- As I am in charge of the research manager of the project, derived research results. Also, participated in the operation and experiment of each institution. Based on the my tandemization technology of stacking top perovskite cells based on homojunction silicon Department of Materials Science and Eng., Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
E-mail: [email protected] Mobile: (+82) 010-2586-9560
heterojunction silicon solar cells.
7 “Development of efficient, scalable and stable perovskite solar cells for commercial transparent tandem solar cells” Ministry of Science and ICT. Research Personnel. (June 2019 – present)
- In charge of the optical design for optimizing monolithic perovskite/CIGS tandem solar cell by optical simulation. We are making monolithic/CIGS tandem solar cells based on optical design.
6. “Development of indoor IoT sensor system self-powered by bifacial transparent solar cells.”
Ministry of Science and ICT. Research Personnel. (March 2018 – present)
- In charge of the bifacial transparent silicon substrate for solar cell by using dry etching such as deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). We are making bifacial transparent solar cells to achieve project goal.
5. “Helmholtz Jülich-UNIST joint research center for future energy solution.” Ministry of Science and ICT. Research Personnel. (April 2017 – 2019)
- For collaboration, discussed with Helmholtz Jülich research center about difference with bottom cell design based on heterojunction silicon solar cell. Recommended optimal tandem design based on heterojunction silicon solar cell. I focusing on optimizing sub cells for tandem solar cells.
4. “Development of high-efficiency (≥25%) crystalline Si/Perovskite monolithic tandem solar cells” Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy. Research Manager. (2016 – 2020)
- As I am in charge of the research manager of the project, derived research results. Also, participated in the operation and experiment of each institution. The strategy to high efficiency is following. First, to reduce absorption of functional layer, optimized functional layer by controlling refractive index, thickness and electrical properties. Second, for lossless tandem solar cell, conducted current matching by tuning bandgap, composition, thickness of perovskite film. Finally, for high-efficiency perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell, each sub cell’s element technologies were developed. So, we had successfully achieved final goal “Development of high-efficiency (≥25%) crystalline Si/Perovskite monolithic tandem solar cells”.
3. “Development of flexible solar cell based on Si nanowire-polymer composites” Ministry of Science and ICT. Research Personnel. (December 2014 – October 2017)
- I was in charge of the emitter and back surface field for silicon nanowire solar cell based on metal assisted chemical etching process, result in developed Si nanowire-polymer hybrid solar cell for project purpose. And also, I have found perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell’s potential from this project.
2. “Development of Multi-channel micro-fluidic for micro-disk laser” Ministry of Science and ICT. Research Personnel. (September 2014 – July 2017)
- I was in charge of micro fluidic photo mask design and experimentally demonstrated micro- fluidic channel by using photolithography process and deposition process.
1. “Development of InAsP nanowire solar cells having 10% class energy conversion efficiency”
Ministry of Science and ICT. Research Personnel. (September 2014 – August 2015)
- I was in charge of the electrode design for InAsP nanowire solar cells, result in achieving over 10% class energy conversion efficiency.
P ublications
11 “Strategy for Large-Scale Monolithic PVK/Si Tandem Solar Cell: A Review of Recent
Progress” Chan Ul Kim1, Eui Dae Jung1, Young Wook Noh1, Seong Kuk Seo, Yun Seong Choi, Hyesung Park, Myoung Hoon Song and Kyoung Jin Choi. EcoMat, Accepted. (2020) 1These authors contributed equally.
10 “Quantitative evaluation of the antibacterial factors of ZnO nanorod arrays under dark conditions: Physical and chemical effects on Escherichia coli inactivation” Eunhoo Jeong1, Chan Ul Kim1, Jeehye Byun, Jiho Lee, Hyung-Eun Kim, Eun-Ju Kim, Kyoung Jin Choi, Seok Won Hong. Science of The Total Environment, 712, 136574 (2020) 1These authors contributed equally.
9 “Stretchable and colorless freestanding microwire arrays for transparent solar cells with flexibility” Sung Bum Kang, Ji-Hwan Kim, Myeong Hoon Jeong, Amit Sanger, Chan Ul Kim, Chil-Min Kim and Kyoung Jin Choi. Light: Science & Applications, 8,121 (2019)
8 “Two-terminal mechanical perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with transparent conductive adhesives.” In Young Choi, Chan Ul Kim, Won Jin Park, Hyungmin Lee, Myoung Hoon Song, Kuen Kee Hong, Sang Il Seok, and Kyoung Jin Choi. Nano Energy, 65, 104044 (2019)
7 “Optimization of device design for low cost and high efficiency planar monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells.” Chan Ul Kim1, Jae Choul Yu1, Eui Dae Jung In Young Choi, Wonjin Park, Hyungmin Lee, Inho Kim, Dok-Kwon Lee, Kuen Kee Hong, Myoung Hoon Song and Kyoung Jin Choi. Nano Energy, 60, 213-221 (2019) 1These authors contributed equally.
6 "All-Transparent NO2 Gas Sensors Based on Freestanding Al-Doped ZnO Nanofibers." Amit Sanger, Sung Bum Kang, Myeong Hoon Jeong, In Young Choi, Chan Ul Kim, Hyungmin Lee, Kyoung J. Choi. ACS Applied Electronic Materials, 1, 1261-1268 (2019)
5 "Morphology-Controlled Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanofibers for Highly Sensitive NO2 Sensors with Full Recovery at Room Temperature." Amit Sanger, Sung B. Kang, Myeong H.
Jeong, Min J. Im, In Y. Choi, Chan U. Kim, Hyungmin Lee, Yeong M. Kwon, Jeong M. Baik, Ho W. Jang, Kyoung J. Choi. Advanced Science, 5, 1800816 (2018)
4 "Preparation, characterization, and application of TiO2-patterned polyimide film as a photocatalyst for oxidation of organic contaminants." Subramaniyan Ramasundarama, Mingizem Gashaw Seidab, Won seop Lee, Chan Ul Kim, Eun-Ju Kim, Seok Won Hong, Kyoung Jin Choi. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 340, 300-308 (2017)
3 “Enhanced piezoresponse of highly aligned electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) Nanofibers."
Sung Bum Kang, Sang Hyuk Won, Min Ji Im, Chan Ul Kim, Won Il Park, Jeong Min Baik and Kyoung Jin Choi. Nanotechnology, 28, 395402 (2017)
2 "3D Hierarchical Indium Tin Oxide Nanotrees for Enhancement of Light Extraction in GaN‐
Based Light‐Emitting Diodes." Min Joo Park1, Chan Ul Kim1, Sung Bum Kang, Sang Hyuk Won, Joon Seop Kwak, Chil‐Min Kim, Kyoung Jin Choi. Advanced Optical Materials, 5, 1600684 (2017) 1These authors contributed equally.
1 “Two-terminal DSSC/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells exceeding 18%-Efficiency.” Jeong Kwon, Min Ji Im, Chan Ul Kim, Sang Hyuk Won, Sung Bum Kang, Sung Ho Kang, In Taek Choi, Hwan Kyu Kim, In Ho Kim, Jong Hyeok Park, and Kyoung Jin Choi, Energy Environ. Sci., 9, 3657-3665 (2016)
I n preparation
3 “Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells based on PERC cells.” Chan Ul Kim, Young Seok Lee, Inho Kim, and Kyoung Jin Choi. (in preparation)
2 “Plasma damage-free sputtering of indium zinc oxide layer for perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell.” Chan Ul Kim, Eui Dae Jung, Myoung Hoon Song, Kyoung Jin Choi. (in preparation) 1 “Textured AR film with UV LDS dyes for perovskite/Silicon tandem solar cell.” Eui Dae Jung,
Chan Ul Kim, Myoung Hoon Song, Kyoung Jin Choi. (in preparation)
P atents
6 “Monolithic tandem solar cell including photoconversion film and manufacturing method”
Chan Ul Kim, Kyoung Jin Choi, Myoung Hoon Song, Eui Dae Jung. Korea Patent App. No.
KR20200127685A (2020)
5 “A photoelectric device including a sputtering damage mitigating layer, and a manufacturing method” Chan Ul Kim, Kyoung Jin Choi, Myoung Hoon Song, Eui Dae Jung. Korea Patent App. No. KR20200127684A (2020)
4 “Hetero junction tandem solar cell and manufacturing method” Chan Ul Kim, Kyoung Jin Choi, In Young Choi, Hyungmin Lee. Korea Patent Pub. No. KR102100105B1 (2020)
3. “A fabrication method of Microstructures using templet for membrane” Chan Ul Kim, Kyoung Jin Choi, Sung Bum Kang, Min Joo Park, Myoung Hoon Jeong. Korea Patent Pub. No.
KR101846644B1 (2017)
2. “Flexible and transparent encapsulant, method of manufacturing the same and semiconductor devices comprising the same.” Chan Ul Kim, Myoung Hoon Song, Kyoung Jin Choi, Eui Dae Jung, Jae Choul Yu, Min Ji Im. Korea Patent Pub. No. KR102016793B1 (2019)
1. “Solar cells using self-assemble oxide and fabrication method of the same” Chan Ul Kim, Kyoung Jin Choi, Min Joo Park, Sung Bum Kang, Myung Hoon Jeong, In Young Choi. Korea Patent Pub. No. KR101783125B1 (2017)
P resentations
5 “Optimization of Device Design for Low Cost and High Efficiency Planar Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cell” Chan Ul Kim, Jae Choul Yu, In Young Choi, Myoung Hoon Song and Kyoung Jin Choi. The 2019 MRS Fall Meeting was held in Boston. December 2019
4 “Monolithic perovskite/silicon–homojunction tandem solar cell” Chan Ul Kim, Jae Choul Yu, In Young Choi, Myoung Hoon Song and Kyoung Jin Choi. The 2018 MRS Spring Meeting was held in Phoenix. April 2018
3. “Omnidirectional Broadband Antireflection Coating for Silicon Solar Cell Using ITO Nanostructures” Chan Ul Kim Sang Hyuk Won, Min Joo Park, Sung Bum Kang, Min Ji Im, Kyoung Jin Choi. The 2016 MRS Spring Meeting was held in Phoenix. March 2016
2. “Fabrication of highly efficient hybrid solar cells based on SiNWs/PEDOT:PSS” Chan Ul Kim, Myung Hoon Jeong, Ja Young Won, and Kyoung Jin Choi. 2015 KIEEME Annual Summer
Conference in Gangwon. June 2015.
1. “Failure analysis of PEDOT:PSS/n-Si hybrid solar cells during long-term stability test” Chan Ul Kim, Ja Young Won , and Kyoung Jin Choi. The 48th Winter Annual Conference of the Korean Vacuum Society in Gangwon. February 2015.
T eaching Experience
UNIST Department of Materials Science and Engineering
1. KIST-UNIST Joint Lecture on Convergent Materials. Teaching Assistant.
- Prepared teaching materials, managed weekly discussion sessions (September – December 2015)
2. Introduction to Material Science and Engineering. Teaching Assistant.
- Managed weekly discussion sessions. Addressed individual students’ questions and needs.
(September – December 2014)
3. Nano semiconductor device. Teaching Assistant.
- Managed weekly discussion sessions, composed in-class quizzes & part of exams, and graded course assignments, quizzes and exams. (March – June 2014, March – June 2015)
R esearch Expertise
Fabrication of Solar Cells
- Standard & PERC Silicon solar cells, Nono & Micro structure silicon solar cells.
- Semi-transparent & opaque perovskite solar cells.
- Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells.
Fabrication Tools for Solar Cells - Thermal evaporator - E-Beam evaporator - Sputter
- Atomic layer deposition (ALD)
- Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) - Mask aligner
- Spin coater
- Reactive ion etching (RIE) - Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) - Deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE) - Wet etching
- Glove box
- Rapid thermal annealing (RTA) - Furnace
- Cluster system for large scale tandem solar cell Analytical Tools
- Cold field-emission scanning electron microscopy (Hitachi SU-8200) - Atomic force microscopy (Veeco DI-3100)
- UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy (Cary 5000) - 4 point probe (MS tech, CMT-2000N, AIT)
- Keithley source & multi-meter (Keithley 4200 & 2400) - Probe station (MS tech)