In a narrower sense, analogy is a deduction or an argument from one particular to another particular, in contrast to deduction, induction and abduction, where at least one of the premises or the conclusion is general. Located in their environment and responding/responding to stimuli from their environment Physical-world properties -> converted to data in the computer. Agents are robots that sense the physical environment and respond as appropriate, performing human-like behavior.
Softbots (software robots) are intelligent agents that use software tools and services on behalf of a person.
Physical sensors. Many hardware sensors are available nowadays which are capable of capturing almost any physical data
Virtual sensors. context data from software applications or services
Logical sensors. make use of a couple of information sources, and combine physical and virtual sensors with
Sensors can be embedded in the environment as parts of the entity room, car, worn on people. Can be programmed to transmit information at a suitable rate or to sleep Berkeley Moths/Smart Dust. By using passive sensors instead of requiring people to create and maintain calendars or otherwise explicitly indicate their outage, our .. approach helps make outage estimation practical for use in everyday systems. . using sensors to recognize everyday situations.
¾ User's current activity, usefulness of message, user's emotional state, time, past and future activities, level of social involvement, social expectations. Visual Context: A rich resource for more specific context can be derived through video analysis and feature extraction. Integrated sensors for motion, orientation, light and . temperature, and relates to our own work with an emphasis on small, lightweight, energy efficient and low cost components. Smart-its: a stick-on computer with a set of sensors and the ability to communicate with other smart-its.
¾ Challenge in reasoning to build a cohesive and consistent picture of a part of the world. ¾ Any device, hardware or software, or their combination, that can be used to obtain contextual information.
Thinking
Utilization of the data obtained
Making sense to obtain knowledge
Such knowledge together with other (perhaps built-in) knowle- dge can then be used to infer further knowledge about the
Data fusion
PROCESSING (Object Refinement)
PROCESSING (Situation Refinement)
PROCESSING (Threat Refinement)
PROCESSING (Process Refinement)
Data fusion, is generally defined as the use of techniques that combine data from multiple sources and gather this information to achieve. Sensor fusion is the combination of sensory data or data derived from sensory data from different sources so that the resulting information is in some sense better than would be possible when these sources were used. It is used in data mining and consolidation of data from unstructured or semi-structured resources.
Location Models from the Perspective of Context Aware Applications and Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, 2002, Bauer. Activity : A collection of tasks, with multiple users as participants, and can be suspended and resumed over time and space. Ontology: provides a comprehensive model of different types of context information, which can be used to describe situations for specific domains.
¾ writing rules that describe conditions (stated in terms of context entities) Context quality modeling (Gu, 2004). The Semantic Web emerged from the engineering of knowledge and intelligent agents to improve web search and web services and exchange descriptions of entities and relationships. Integrate ontology and Semantic Web technology into our pervasive CORBA-based GAIA computing infrastructure to extend multiple services.
The context information described by the ontology ensures that different entities have the same semantic understanding of the contextual information. ¾ write rules that describe the conditions (stated in terms of the context of the entities) An Intelligent Meeting Room Scenario. User privacy policy: the broker creates a profile for the user to define the rules and restrictions of the broker and improve the reasoning of a broker with users and.
An infrastructure for context awareness based on first-order logic, 2003, Ranganathan First-order logic-based formalism for representing context and situation. Using default settings to minimize user intervention and to preserve ambiguity until resolved. A mediator: component resolves ambiguity automatically or allows the user and the computer to communicate about ambiguity.
Acting
An Abstract Architecture
Direct sensor access
Context server
Responsible for receiving raw context data .. uses appropriate drivers for physical sensors and APIs for virtual and logical sensors. Query functionality is often implemented in reusable software components that make the low-level details of hardware access .. transparent by providing more abstract methods Ex) getPosition(). Sensors required at the base layer most often return technical data that is not suitable for use by application designers.
Individual context atoms can be combined with high-level information for greater value and accuracy. Example) Clients only need to send one request to get high-level data instead of connecting to different sensors. Conflict detection problem: can occur when using multiple data sources, needs to be solved at this layer as well.
Organize the collected data and present it to the customer via a public interface. Customers can access it in two different ways. Each customer subscribes to specific events in which he is interested More suitable due to rapid changes in the underlying.
Infrastructure, Middleware, and Toolkits
An infrastructure approach to Context-aware Computing, 2001, Hong and Landay Library: a generalized set of related algorithms .. design reuse by providing a basic structure for a particular class of applications.. central responsibilities in an application, but provide ways to framework for specific needs.. build on frameworks by also offering a large number of reusable components for common functionality. The Context Toolkit is a framework for sensor-based context-aware applications and provides a number of reusable components. ¾ "an established, ubiquitous, trusted, and publicly available set of technologies that serve as a foundation for other systems.".
¾ subsystems of a layered architecture can be abstracted into a middle layer infrastructure .. between sensors on the one hand and devices and applications on the other. represents a single layer of abstraction, making it easy to update individual pieces independently of each other.
Issues of Security, Privacy, and Efficiency
Otherwise, it is possible that the world would have changed before actions were taken based on the acquired context information.
Summary
Using context-aware computing to reduce the perceived burden of interruptions from mobile devices, 2005, Ho, MIT.
