Current conditions of the North Korean energy industry ..3 North Korean energy policy ..3 The North Korean energy industry ..6. While the North Korean energy problem was initially caused by the collapse of the Chapter One.
Current Conditions of the North Korean Energy Industry
North Korea has devoted most of its efforts to maximizing domestic coal production. To provide a macro perspective on North Korea's energy supply and demand, let's start with the basic economic indicators of the North Korean economy.
Sectoral Situations of the North Korean Energy Industry
7 It is estimated that North Korea built a thousand small and medium-sized hydroelectric power stations in 1999. As shown in
, China is North Korea's main oil supplier.
Issues and Problems of North Korean Energy Sector
At the same time, North Korean energy problems are intertwined with international concerns, as shown in the process of dealing with North Korea's nuclear development. While high labor morale has boosted the North Korean economy in the past, low morale has exacerbated North Korea's economic problems. North Korea began nuclear development in the mid-1960s with the help of the former Soviet Union.
And this line of logic was reflected in the content of the Agreed Framework between North Korea and the US. Thus, North Korea's nuclear development activities and the following negotiations among the six parties have significant impact on North Korea's energy security. In this regard, future South-North Korean relations will have a profound impact on the recovery of North Korea's energy industry.
And South Korean companies operate their factories in the Gaesung industrial complex in North Korea. One of the main factors that has promoted South-North Korean economic exchanges and cooperation would be South Korea's willingness to help North Korea.
Cooperative Projects for Energy Sector Development
The current level of North Korea's energy supply is only about 60–70% of 1990 levels. Together with the Six Party Processes, North Korea's internal development would influence the future developments of the energy industry. 19 South Korean Ministry of Unification, Energy Supply to North Korea (Ministry of Unification, September in Korean).
First, it is necessary to internationalize the issue of South Korea's supply of two million megawatts of electricity to North Korea. Thus, it is necessary to consider the following projects to adequately supply energy to North Korea. It would be difficult to predict the future course of North Korea's nuclear development program.
Conclusion
Recognizing that KEDO is an international organization to finance and provide a light water reactor project (hereinafter referred to as the "LWR Project") to the DPRK as specified in the Agreed Framework between the United States of America and the Democratic People's Republic of of Korea of October 21, 1994 (hereinafter referred to as the "US-DPRK Agreed Framework"). Reaffirmation that the DPRK will fulfill its obligations under the applicable provisions of the US-DPRK Agreed Framework and will accept the LWR project as specified in the June 13, 1995, US-DPRK Joint Press Release. The DPC will be responsible for other tasks and items required for the LWR project, specified in Annex 2 to the Agreement.
KEDO shall finance the costs of the tasks and elements specified in Annex 1 to the Agreement, which shall be repaid by the DPRK on a long-term, interest-free basis. In the event that the DPRK pays in cash equivalents or goods (such payment is hereinafter referred to as "Benefits in Kind"), the value of such payment in kind shall be determined jointly by KEDO and the DPRK, based on an agreed formula for determination of fair and reasonable market price. Details of the amount and terms of repayment must be specified in a separate protocol between KEDO and the DPRK under the agreement.
Delivery Schedule
KEDO and the DPRK will facilitate practical arrangements that both parties deem necessary, including efficient contacts and cooperation between the participants in the LWR project, to ensure the rapid and smooth implementation of the LWR project. The legal status and privileges and immunities of KEDO shall be specified in a separate protocol between KEDO and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in accordance with the Agreement. The necessary consular arrangements will be specified in a separate protocol between KEDO and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in accordance with the Agreement.
KEDO will take steps to ensure that all personnel deployed to the DPRK by KEDO and its contractors and subcontractors undertake to respect the relevant laws of the DPRK, as agreed between KEDO and the DPRK, and at all times to behave in a respectful manner at all times. decent and professional manner. Details regarding access to the Site and use of the Site will be specified in a separate protocol between KEDO and the DPRK in accordance with the Agreement. Details regarding the provisions of this Article and the contents and procedures for issuing and receiving guarantees shall be specified in a separate protocol between KEDO and the DPRK in accordance with the Agreement.
Training
Services
Details regarding the above services shall be determined in one or more separate protocols between KEDO and the DPRK in accordance with the Agreement, if necessary. The DPRK issues a site acceptance certificate to KEDO upon completion of the site inspection. The DPRK is responsible for the safe operation and maintenance of LWR facilities, adequate physical protection, environmental protection and, pursuant to Article VIII(3), safe storage and disposal of radioactive waste, including spent fuel, in accordance with a set of codes and standards set forth in Article I(3).
In this regard, the DPRK shall ensure that appropriate nuclear regulatory standards and procedures are in place to ensure the safe operation and maintenance of LWR power plants. Upon completion of the LWR plants, KEDO and the DPRK will conduct safety inspections to ensure the safe operation and maintenance of the LWR plants. Details regarding the schedule and procedures for conducting security checks are set out in a separate protocol between KEDO and the DPRK in accordance with the agreement.
Nuclear Liability
Details regarding the indemnification agreement and insurance or other financial security will be specified in a separate protocol between KEDO and the DPRK in accordance with the agreement. The DPRK will not bring any claims against KEDO, its contractors and subcontractors, and their respective personnel as a result of nuclear damage or loss. The national legal system of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea may provide that, if the operator proves that the nuclear damage resulted in whole or in part from gross negligence on the part of the person suffering the damage, or from an act or omission by that person with the intention of causing damage to cause, damage, the effect in relation to the damage suffered by this person.
In the course of performing its obligations under the Agreement, each party may receive, directly or indirectly, information relating to the other party's intellectual property. Each side agrees to protect the confidentiality of the intellectual property of the other side and to use it only for the purpose of the LWR project as set forth in the Agreement. Unless otherwise agreed between the two parties, neither party shall replicate, copy or otherwise reproduce any of the equipment or technology of the other party supplied in connection with the LWR project.
Assurances
The DPRK shall not transfer nuclear equipment or technology or nuclear material transferred pursuant to the Agreement, or any nuclear material used therein or produced using such items, outside the territory of the DPRK, unless otherwise agreed between KEDO and the DPRK , except as provided in Article VIII, paragraph The above assurances may be supplemented by DPRK assurances, through appropriate arrangements, for KEDO Members supplying to the DPRK all components controlled under the Export Trigger List for the Nuclear Suppliers Group for the LWR project, if and when such KEDO Member of members and the DPRK deems it necessary.
Force Majeure
Dispute Resolution
Any dispute that cannot be resolved in this manner shall, at the request of one of the parties and with the consent of the other party, be submitted to an arbitral tribunal with the following composition: KEDO and the DPRK shall each appoint one arbitrator and two arbitrators shall be so-called elected by the third party, who shall be the chairman. If KEDO or the DPRK fails to appoint an arbitrator within thirty days of the mutual agreement to arbitrate, KEDO or the DPRK may request the President of the International Court of Justice to appoint an arbitrator. The same procedure shall be used if the third arbitrator has not been elected within thirty days of the determination or appointment of the second arbitrator.
A majority of the members of the arbitral tribunal shall constitute a quorum, and all decisions shall require the concurrence of two arbitrators. The costs of the Chairman in the performance of his duties and the remaining costs of the arbitral tribunal shall be borne equally by both sides. KEDO and the DPRK will fulfill their respective obligations in good faith to achieve the basic objectives of the Agreement.
Amendments
For the cause of peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula and in Northeast Asia in general, the six parties held in the spirit of mutual respect and equality serious and practical talks regarding the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula on the basis of the common understanding of the previous three rounds of the talks and agreed in this context to the following: .. 1) The six parties unanimously reaffirmed that the goal of the six-party talks is the verifiable denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula in a peaceful manner. The ROK (South Korea) reaffirmed its commitment not to acquire or deploy nuclear weapons in accordance with the 1992 Joint Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, while asserting that it has no nuclear weapons within its territory. The 1992 Joint Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula must be respected and implemented.
The other parties expressed their respect and agreed to discuss at an appropriate time the issue of supplying light water reactors to the DPRK. North Korea and Japan committed to take steps to normalize their relations in accordance with the Pyongyang Declaration (2002) on the basis of the resolution of an unhappy past and the outstanding issues. The six parties agreed to explore ways and means to promote security cooperation in Northeast Asia.
Paper prepared for the KEEI-IEA Joint Conference on Northeast Asian Energy Challenges and Project Proposals in 2004. Multilateral Energy Sector Cooperation in Northeast Asia: Opportunities and Problems. Energy and Security in Northeast Asia: Supply and Demand, Conflict and Cooperation. State of the art, issues, collaboration opportunities and limitations.” Prepared for the Workshop on Future Multilateral Economic Cooperation with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, The Stanley Foundation, June.
