This paper examines the development of the ROK's North Korea policy and its relationship with inter-Korean economic cooperation over the past 15 years. This means that inter-Korean economic cooperation is basically promoted by the ROK government. In the late 1990s, inter-Korean economic cooperation emerged as an important aspect of the ROK's North Korea policy.
Rather, it only examines the relationship between inter-Korean economic cooperation and the ROK's DPRK policy under. Furthermore, inter-Korean economic cooperation continued in a manner that focused on the following concepts. This made inter-Korean economic cooperation the most complex and diverse economic venture for the DPRK.
Such controversies regarding inter-Korean economic cooperation have had a profound effect on South Korean policy towards North Korea under the Lee Myung-bak administration. The attitude of the Lee Myung-bak administration changed the pattern of inter-Korean economic cooperation in the late 2000s. It is clear that the decline in inter-Korean economic cooperation has had a negative impact on the DPRK's economy.
ROK Policy on North Korea and Inter-Korean Economic Cooperation 19. DPRK Commercial Trade Surplus in Inter-Korean Trade.
Policy Environment and Directions for North Korean Human Rights*
Thus, the North Korean human rights issue has been internationalized beyond the borders of South Korea and North Korea. In this respect, the human rights issue of North Korea has become a powerful topic at the international level. The above-mentioned three confrontational perspectives have concisely shown the implementation of North Korea's Human Rights Act.
Interest in North Korean human rights will increase among individual countries. In addition, the role of non-governmental organizations Political environment and guidelines for North Korean human rights 39. In particular, the political cooperation system that Political environment and guidelines for North Korean human rights 47.
Seo Bo-Hyeok, North Korean Human Rights: Theories and Current Policies [Bukhaninkwon: Yiron, Silje, Jeongchaek] (Seoul: Hanul, 2007), ch.7. Lee Keum-Soon, Kim Soo-Am, “North Korean Human Rights: Opening Up and Improving the Quality of Life,” p. Second, we need to resolve conflicting views on the effectiveness of North Korea's human rights law.
In addition to public pressure through the North Korean Human Rights Policy and Guidelines Environment 55. Improving North Korean Human Rights: Strategy for a Peaceful Intervention and International Cases [Bukhaninkwongaeseon Aeottukhaehalgeosinga: Pyonghwajeokgaeipjeolyakgwa Gukjesarye]. Recognition and Response to Democracy and Human Rights in North Korea [Minjujueuiwa Inkwonedaehan Bukhaneui Insikwadaeeung].
The current status of North Korean human rights and the evaluation of the international community.” New Asia [Sinasea], Vol. The needs and consideration to implement the North Korean Human Rights Act.” KINU Online Series2012-24. North Korean Human Rights: A Trend in the International Community and North Korea's Countermeasures [Bukhaninkwon: Gukjesahoe Donghyanggwa Bukhaneui Daeeung], Vol.
The Impact of Domestic Politics on North Korea’s Foreign Policy*
North Korea's recent foreign policy behavior regarding weapons of mass destruction (WMD) has typically been characterized by brinkmanship. In this study, we will examine a number of North Korea's aforementioned foreign policy behaviors and use the country's domestic political situation as a reference. In the next section, previous studies of North Korea's foreign policy will be reviewed 62 Dongsoo Kim & Yongseok Choy.
Our analyzes would suggest that the domestic situation has little influence on the design and implementation of brinkmanship in North Korea's foreign policy. A few researchers, such as Mansourov3 and Harrison,4 The impact of domestic politics on North Korea's foreign policy. Chung-in Moon, “North Korean Foreign Policy in Comparative and Theoretical Perspective,” in Byung Chul Koh (ed.), North Korea and the World: Explaining Pyongyang's Foreign Policy (Seoul: Kyungnam University Press, 2000), p.
Saccone8 argues that North Korean cultural underpinnings, including the Juche ideology, shape North Korea's negotiation strategies. In other words, there was little effort to explain North Korean foreign policy in the The Impact of Domestic Politics on North Korea's Foreign Policy. Richard Saccone, To the Brink and Back: Negotiating with North Korea (Elizabeth, NJ: Hollym International Press, 2003).
This study hypothesizes that the regime would be more likely to use the word in adversarial domestic The impact of domestic politics on North Korea's foreign policy. The North Korean government has maintained almost complete control over the influence of domestic politics on North Korea's foreign policy. Against this background and after the Impact of Domestic Politics on North Korea's Foreign Policy.
The regime in Pyongyang appears to have been stable enough to “start and accelerate a vital economic The impact of domestic politics on North Korea's foreign policy. The article examines the relationship between domestic politics and foreign policy behavior of North Korea. Although direct answers to this question are beyond the scope of this paper, this Impact of domestic politics on North Korea's foreign policy.
Cyber War and Policy Suggestions for South Korean Planners
They will then be followed by an assessment of North Korea's cyber warfare capabilities, which are South Korea's main cyber security concerns. Finally, policy suggestions regarding the future direction of the South Korean Armed Forces' cyber warfare preparations will follow. In general, cyber security against cyber threat has three pillars: cyber crime, cyber terrorism and cyber warfare.
Hyun-Suk Cho, "Cyber Security in the Era of Big Data," unpublished material, Seoul National University of Technology (January 2012). Sanger and Noah Schactman, "The Wrong War: The Insistence on Applying Cold War Metaphors to Cybersecurity Is Misplaced and Counterproductive." As discussed above, there are at least two conflicting views on cybersecurity strategy: the liberal perspective and the realist perspective.
Among the cybersecurity issues in South Korea's infrastructures, North Korean cyber threats are considered the highest priority. South Korea's perception of cyber security is dire, and most discussions are framed as national security issues due to North Korea's threats. Thus, it can be argued that there is a tendency to nationalize or militarize cyber security in South Korea.
According to the Cyber Security Master Plan, the liaison on cyber security is primarily the National Intelligence Service. Although it is appropriate for an intelligence agency to address cyber security problems in peacetime, it does not reflect the concept of cyber warfare as an independent act of war. South Korea's situation is more dramatic, as North Korea is trying to take advantage by waging cyber warfare.
In other words, citizens may spare little effort in cybersecurity and instead expect action from the state. The Wrong War: The emphasis on applying Cold War metaphors to cybersecurity is misplaced and counterproductive. Cybersecurity Threats and Their Countermeasures in the ROK.” Paper presented at the 7th KIDA-IDA-NIDS Trilateral Workshop.
A Prospect for Inter-Korean Economic Development Cooperation
Utilizing ODA to Promote Multilateral Forestation Projects
However, North Korea is an integral part of Korean unification which could take place at any time in the future. North Korea's forests have been terribly destroyed since the 1990s.3 The aridity of North Korea's mountains is a man-made disaster. The following chapter provides a brief overview of recent inter-Korean relations and the state of North Korea's forests.
Three programs – the UN Program Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD), the World Bank's Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) and the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) – are credible candidates for an afforestation project launch in North Korea. According to the UN's official definitions of afforestation and reforestation, North Korea hardly applies. Afforestation (A) is defined “as the direct man-made conversion of land that has not been forested for a period of at least 50 years into forested land through planting, sowing and/or the man-made promotion of natural seed sources.” and reforestation (R) is “the direct, human-induced conversion of non-forested land to forested land by planting and sowing on land that was forested but has been converted to non-forested land.
Constructive cooperation is essential to admit North Korea as a responsible member of the international community. UN REDD+ Program assisted by South Korea may offer a good opportunity for cash-hungry North Korea to revive its deteriorating ecosystem.29. The concept of a joint reforestation project resurfaced in the sitting government's initial policy toward North Korea.
In 2008, newly installed President Lee Myung-bak appealed three goals32 and twelve tasks to serve as the official policy for North Korea, "The Policy of Mutual Benefit and Shared Prosperity", with forestry cooperation being one of the twelve proposed tasks. They are the resolution on the North Korean nuclear issue, the opening of North Korea and the development of North Korea's economy. In addition, South Korea must clarify its constitutional interpretation of North Korea's legal status.
The strategic objective of the JKF project should be the institutionalization of a sustainable forest management (SFM) in North Korea. It is not definitive whether South Korea can finance a UN REDD+ project in North Korea using its ODA contributions. It is neither a resolution to stop North Korea's deforestation nor a deadly catalyst to promote peace on the Korean peninsula.
Thus, it is not possible for South Korea to identify North Korea as a recipient of South Korea's ODA for REDD for now. Implications and Promotion of Tree Plantation Projects in North Korea.” Issues and Tasks of Domestic and Overseas Economy [Guknaeoe Kyungje Hyunangwa Gwaje], Vol.
