North Korea's negotiating behavior toward South Korea : Continuities and changes in the post-inter-Korean summit era / By Huh, Moon-Young. This leads us to the question: "Has Pyongyang's negotiating tactics towards Seoul changed?" While some experts claim that the North's negotiating behavior has indeed changed in the wake of the post-Cold War era, others believe otherwise.
Composition of Negotiation Behavior
Objectives
Strategy
One person's goals are matched to those of the other to reach an agreement with a "You win, I lose" mentality. This tactic is chosen when the costs of a confrontation are significant or when disaster threatens. The second is the well-known tit for tat (TFT) strategy, which is often used to induce changes in the other party's behavior in favor of the party using the strategy by inducing the other party to predict which strategy the other party will follow. the former side will choose.10 The third is Gradual Reciprocity in Tension Reduction (GRIT), a strategy to reduce tension through response.
Tactics
Factors that Determine Negotiating Behavior
Various views have been offered on the factors shaping North Korea's negotiating behavior. 14Chun In Young, "Features of North Korea's Negotiating Behavior Towards the United States," (in Korean) (Seoul: SNU, 1995), p.
Negotiating Perspective
Hwan presents his belief that North Korea's negotiating perspective is based on revolutionary ideology, political culture in North Korea, North Korea's ability to adapt to changing environments, and pursuit of practicalities.16. Overall, the North's behavior appears to be influenced by how Pyongyang's view of the negotiations is shaped by its leaders, circumstances inside and outside the North vis-à-vis the other party, and the level of bargaining capacity of its negotiators.
Negotiation Situation
Negotiating Power
Characteristics of Negotiating Behaviors
Behavior can also be divided into balanced and unbalanced negotiation according to the status of the negotiators (the dynamics of both parties). Behavior can then also be divided into important and general negotiation according to the meaning of the negotiation.
Perspective of Specific Negotiation
South Korea
Negotiation Situation: Adapting to the Changing International Landscape Following the Cold War
In the 1980s, the North saw its revolutionary capacity strengthened in the international arena and North Korea, but weakened in South Korea with the rise of a new US. And in the North's resumption of talks with the South, it appears that the North has recognized the need to establish stable inter-Korean relations as a means of attracting foreign capital from other countries and promoting economic development, including the introduction of the Joint Ventures Act.
Negotiation Power: Intervention from Top Leader and Leadership from the Unification Front Department
1992) and signed the South-North Korea Agreement on Reconciliation, Non-Aggression and Exchanges and Cooperation (the Basic Agreement) and the Joint Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, believing that this could deter ROK-led unification by absorption and any US. For example, there was active intervention and interest from President Kim Il Sung when Lee Hu Rak, South Korea's intelligence chief, visited the North in May 1972 to temporarily sign the basis of the July 4th South-North Joint Communique. In addition, the North's delegation revealed that, under the leadership of President Kim Il Sung, they were committed to aggressively pushing for the adoption of a.
Negotiation Objectives
Warrior Negotiation
Negotiating Strategy
The North tends not to compromise or give in when launching military operation-style negotiations. Thus, the North stuck to a competitive strategy throughout the negotiations to meet its political objectives. If the demands were not met, the North implemented a strategy of inaction to unilaterally cancel the talks.
Negotiating Tactics
In terms of tactics to take the lead or take initiative, the North implemented several techniques. For example, during the Cold War era, the North reached an agreement of general principles with the South in the process of inter-Korean dialogue (first phase). If the South rejects these, the North often takes a passive attitude in opening the next round of talks.
Nature of Negotiation
Compared to the general negotiation styles mentioned above, under Kim Il Sung's regime, the North seemed to benefit not only from irrational tactics, but also from aggressive bargaining tactics and situational competitive debate tactics to achieve its goals of hidden. . For example, the North repeatedly argued for its own interpretation of the three principles of the Joint Communiqué and emphasized first dealing with military issues in order to improve inter-Korean relations using competitive debate tactics. Regarding the importance of negotiations, the North pursued "significant negotiations", emphasizing the political importance to manage false and unbalanced negotiations.
2000 Summit
Defensive Genuine Negotiation
Ministry Level Talks
The North agreed to establish the committee at the third ministerial meeting (September in Jeju Island) and responded to the first meeting of the committee (December. Fourth, the North's efforts to win economically were exposed in the agendas of the ministerial-level talks. The North took participate in the 12th ministerial talks (October 14-17 in Pyongyang) to calm the aggressive stance of the United States and prevent the deterioration of the situation on the Korean peninsula; he also expressed his intention to participate in the second round of the Six-Party Talks (October 30), and demonstrated its willingness to take a flexible position on the non-aggression guarantee and the principle of simultaneous steps (November 15).
Economic Talks
For example, as suspicion about the North's nuclear development grew internationally (October Pyongyang agreed to resolve the issues through the Eighth Ministerial Talks (October 19-22 in Pyongyang). Since then, the North has tried not to aggravate the situation by to dive during the ninth ministerial meeting (January 21-24 in Seoul). However, during the tenth SNECC meeting there were some signs that the North is changing.
Military Talks
Throughout history, the North has continually sought to abrogate the armistice treaty and exclude South Korea as a retaliatory measure. Characteristics of each area 43 38 The Southern Navy began bombarding a Northern warship crossing the NLL. In response, the North did not attend the planned 3rd general working meeting scheduled for 19 July 2004.
Talks on the Cultural and Societal Level
Perspective of Negotiation: Continuity
The North also presented its basic principles and directions for unification under the Kim Jong Il regime in 1997 by combining the "Three Great Principles of Unification" in 1970, the "Democratic Confederal Republic of Koryo" in 1980, and the "Ten Gen. - eral Principles of Solidarity of Koreans" in 1990 to "Three Chapters of Unification". 41 Since 2000, the Nordic countries have emphasized a Solidarity of Koreans” (focusing on North Koreans); and "the cooperation of the Koreas" under the great slogan "by ourselves".
Perspective of Negotiation: Changes
2002, the North emphasized the importance of improving inter-Korea relations by using the phrase "cooperation between the two Koreas".42 In its joint editorial in 2003, the North said the. The KCNA joint editorial in 2005 also categorized cooperation between the Koreas into three areas: national independence, anti-war and peace, and patriotic unification.46 The North also emphasized that the US the North also began to express national cooperation for unification. light after it comprehended. the core of the "Peace and Prosperity Policy".
Negotiating Condition
A heated debate over views of North Korea and methods for reconciliation with the North has been raging in Southern society since the signing of the joint statement in 2000. The main contentious issues are the apparent lack of reciprocity from the North for South Korea's generosity, the pace of reconciliation projects, economic aid to the North and unification formula. Accordingly, the North gained economic benefits, strengthened its bargaining power against the United States, and laid the basis for a federal system as a formula for unification.
Negotiating Power
Conflicts involving such policies towards the North have intensified due to the existing feud between the ruling and opposition parties, and due to ideological and regional conflicts. The beginning of the Roh government brought a new generation (the "386" generation) to challenge the political establishment and the older generation, but it also led to deepening divisions within South Korean society. In addition, in the course of the changing order in Northeast Asia, the US-DPRK conflict, friction in the US-ROK alliance, and realignment of the USFK have exacerbated the crisis on the Korean peninsula.
Continuity in Wielding the Top Leader’s Influence
Negotiations were deadlocked during the discussion of the joint declaration in 2000, when the North's idea of a "Democratic Confederal Republic of Koryo". When Lim Dong Won, a special envoy, visited the North in April 2002, and with the inter-Korean talks suspended and the North's delegation unable to push through on implementing the declaration, Chairman Kim personally visited the Paekhwawon State Guesthouse to give option to accept and declare an inter-Korean six-point joint press release.50. This helped the North's representatives maneuver while indirectly controlling the meeting and keeping Kim Jong Il's status from declining.
Expanding the Unification Front Department
With such an increase in the number and types of inter-Korean dialogue, the UFD itself has expanded as it negotiates. Factors Determining Negotiating Behaviors 53 54 The Council for Reconciliation and Cooperation of Korean Nationals is the North's organization consisting of politics, society, culture and religion and formed on June 8, 1998 before the North proposed the opening of the August 15 Grand Festival. Because the North benefits from inter-Korean talks to ease economic and security concerns at the regime's defense level and to promote unification operation at an expanding regime level, it needed working-level professionals from the fields of different to fulfill his goals. .
Increasing Flexibility from Negotiating Representatives Although members of the North Korea delegation are still con-
- Negotiating Objective
- Negotiating Tactics: 65 Change and Continuity
In addition, the North called on the South to pay reparations in exchange for the mountain. Since the inter-Korea summit, the North has used inter-Korea dialogue for various purposes. Since the sixth ministerial talks collapsed without making any agreements, the North has become more passive in inter-Korea meetings.
Sixth, unlike in the past, the North's representatives improved their understanding of the South's regime. Since 2004, the North has seemingly pushed for its unification front operation via inter-Korea meetings.
