Clio: A Primary Study of The Image of Historical City
Hsu T.-W.1, Kim S.-J.2, Lee J.-H.3, Chiou S.-C.4
1 4National Yunlin University of Science and Technology
123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Republic of China, Taiwan
2 3 Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
291 Daehak-ro(373-1 Guseong-dong), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is in methodology development how to define the image of historical city based on Kevin Lynch’s theory, the image of city.
Besides the usual elements (paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks), our study additionally has focus on the
‘historical buildings or space’ with cultural value as a new element to extract the image from each historical city. In our research flow, the role of ‘historical buildings’ has been considered as a bridge that connects past-space and present-space. By doing so, the image of city can be investigated under continuous time line. And in this priory study, our concept has been adapted in a comparative city image research for Chiayi City (Taiwan) and Jeonju City (Korea) with each city’s past- present city maps. This approach can suggest a research to expect the changing of one city for the future, and can give advices to develop historical value in one city.
Keywords
Image of city, space syntax, historical city.
INTRODUCTION Motivation
The word “history” presents the meaning of “his story.”
A city may occur some changing, such as regime or emigrants, and it will transform into a completely different individuals after a long time. The future generations may treat the history as spectator's point of view. But actually people live inside are sharing the same timeline and space. The memories between residents and space are indelible and growing.
The image of city can be explained as people’s collective memories for one space. For each person, the memories that they have are unique. The way to get information or generate memories is also dissimilar. The collective memories are converted from the memories in past and present. That means a city with its past that can be a complete one, and each one has its own timeline.
The theory about the image of city investigates the status of present space from analyzing the pattern of street to define the elements of image. However, both the past and present status of one historical city plays important roles. The time factor makes the defining image of historical city become more difficult.
Research problem
This study aims at a preliminary research on defining image of historical city. The formation process
of historical city must company with sets of historical events. However, to describe the image of historical city with only the records of events (governmental documents or articles) is not exact enough. From trying to find the image of city in the past and make a thorough inquiry in pattern of one space, the image of historical city can be certified. For this hypothesis, this study set the research problem as below:
The image of historical city
The image of historical city with long-history and humanistic activities may differ from a modern city. Can historical buildings that distributed in the city symbolize the image? Furthermore, what is the perspective that people treat the historical and modern buildings?
The position of historical buildings
As mentioned above, the historical building has special value with long time history. And due to it has existed since ancient, the historical building connects past and present of one space. How to use it to communicate with the past and present in the space?
Purpose
Historical city can be seen as a “timescape”, and the image of historical city is a kind of sequence memories of space. Each element in the city may possible have its timeline. The aim of this study is develop a methodology which makes be able to define the images of historical city. This study also uses space syntax to represent the relationship between the elements of image and the space of city. Furthermore, the new methodology which can analyze the time dimension of historical city is inducted by reviewing the urban planning map in past.
In order to analyze the space of historical city by using the image of city and space syntax, the research steps are as follows:
(1) To analyze the image of historical district will be the first step, and list the historical buildings with potential cultural value.
(2) To investigate the topological relations between historical buildings and entire space of city.
(3) To survey the past urban planning map with locations of historical buildings, and explore the generation process of the district of historical city.
Scope
This study has focus on the analysis of historical space by using Jeonju City of Korea and Chiayi City of Taiwan as examples to define the new element of image of historical city. The reason of choosing these two cities for this case study is these two places were the colonies under ruling of Japanese Empire in the Second World War. Due to this, they have the much similar in source of modernization cultural context. Further more, these two cities have a long own history both in Taiwan and Korea. The functions of unban have been completely since ancient time, like economy, military, and religion which are the essential factors of one independence city.
RELATED WORK Image of city
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This theory may refer to the meaning of image of city. A
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The image of city may have different appearances from varied group of people, like the image of residents and tourists who stay in same space maybe totally distinct.
7KHLPDJHPD\DOVRV\PEROL]HDVWKHSHRSOH¶VEHOLHIRI space, and how much they understand about this space, as Fig2 below. When the image of the city is assembled IURPWKRXVDQGVRISHRSOH¶VFRJQLWLRQLWZLOOEHHVVHQFH of economy, society, history and culture in this city.
Figure1. The intersection of knowing and space is the image of city.
In ³The Image of The City´, Kevin Lynch !#" mentioned about elements of image of city which urban planner used to communicate to each other, the five elements are district, edge, node, landmark, and path. Lynch said the factors that composed the image of environment can be probed into, which are ³identity´, ³structure´, and
³meaning.´ Identity and structure are constituted by visual elements of city, and meaning is converted from experience of human. In later, there are many researches start to study how to make this theory fit into different culture or cities. According to this, there are new elements developed for describing the image of city
PRUHGHWDLOHGOLNHEOXHULEERQJUHHQEHOWVN\OLQH«DQG so on.
Historical buildings can be explained as property produced by human behavior or event to make future generation perceive that they have ever existed in the world. Since external factors like scope or materials of one historical building canQRWUHSUHVHQWWKH ORQJ \HDU¶V historical significance completely. The implicit cultural meaning could make historical value emerge.
The historical buildings are important symbols and component parts in one space of city. There is differ from a normal architecture or public space, a historical building has accompanied with the city for longer time.
These kinds of old building might have diverse functions in different periods, and its course could also imply some keys of the changing of historical city. For people who living in this city, the levels of interaction generate unequal images of city. Residents are leaved memories from some buildings or spaces, when historical events happened. This attribute of buildings or spaces makes them elevate into historical buildings. As mentioned above, the knowing of people about space is
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Figure2. The compositions of images of historical city.
Space Syntax
The approach of computational design allows this perspective when scholars take interpretation research of cultural meaning or image from historical city. As an example of computational approach, we can consider a Space Syntax methodology. Usually, the space syntax methodology has been developed for interpreting complex relationships those are weaving architecture level or city level plans.
There are some researches to interpret relational characteristics that were underlain in urban planning or housing by space syntax theory. The space syntax methodology also can be applied to understand characteristics of traditional towns or houses [1,8].
Above all, in the perspective of real world level, the space syntax methodology can generate a guideline for making a decision when designer faces complex design
problems. By using space syntax methodology, designer can take numerical data set for making a robust decision.!
Figure3. (a)District, (b)Axial map, and (c)Joint map [3]
Analyzing method with pattern of city
With the Space Syntax the Shape Grammar methodology also can be applied in this city image extracting research, as one of the computational approaches. The shape grammar has been developed for interpreting morphological identities ± morphological patterns ± those are contained in complex morphologies including urban plans.
Additionally, the shape grammar methodology can show to us a design pattern that was underlain in complex design artifacts. Computationally it can detect a simplified pattern in the complex level of city, and sometimes this simple pattern has a characteristic of representative.
Historical study
Korea and Taiwan were the colonies under Japanese Empire rule in the Second World War. Since the assimilation policy and Modernization (Colonization) by Japanese, the colonies were the extension of Japanese mainland. Due to this, Japanese had developed their colonies seriously in order to let the residents in mainland be able to live in colonies. The grid of streets in present Chiayi City is similar to Kyoto City in Japan.
Emperor of Japan dispatched emissaries to Chang-An (It is Xi-An, China) and emissaries bring back the concept of the arrangement of streets. Then, Heiankyo(诐蒃箯) was built, and that is Kyoto City now.
These historical facts make the cities in Taiwan and Korea full with essence of experience from Japanese constructed their city in mainland. According to this, these cities in Korea and Taiwan are much the same with the pattern. Even though ten more years, cities have QHZ DSSHDUDQFH DQG GLIIHU IURP RWKHUV¶ EDVHG RQ cultural multiplicity and technology. The root of humanities has inherited the conjunct blood. Just like triplets have the same gene and similar face. Here are the image elements of historical city, Jeonju and Chiayi, and describes as below.
Chiayi (竔蝂)
Chiayi was called Zhu-Luo Mountain in the past. In Ming Dynasty, Chiayi started carving out by immigrant from Zhang-Zhou, Fujian. Besides space facilities, a city needs not only hardware, but also management office, military equipment, market, and space for folk beliefs.
These places can classify into three parts due to function,
³Economy´, ³Military´, and ³Religion.´ Until 1862,
Chiayi had become the most modern city in Taiwan with complete market and religion space [5].
Early Chiayi was an agricultural city. In 1721, Chiayi changed the name from Tian-Xing County to Zhu-Luo County, and the magistrate gave an order to construct town walls and improve water conservation system. This makes agricultural production have substantial growth.
In 1895, after the Treaty of Maguan ceding Taiwan to Empire of Japan, Japanese discovered that Chiayi had abundant natural resources and start to plant Industrial crops like sugar cane. Forestry also expanded to Mountain Ali forest zone. Therefore Chiayi became the center of sugar industry and forestry, especially output of forestry in Chiayi was the best in Asia during Japanese period.
The current sugar industry and forestry in Chiayi City did not produce anymore, yet the districts still can find the trace industrial development [11]. And parts of the religion space or public facilities have upgraded to historic sites. As many cases which converting from a historical city to a tourist city, most sightseeing in Chiayi are related to culture and history. These culture nodes also gradually became the common memories of Chiayi people.
Jeonju (衒褳)
Jeonju was called Wan-San in the past. This glorious historical city had been started with Korean history [4,7].
From A.D. 756, the name of this city was changed to Jeonju, and this city has been called as this name still.
After the late Goryeo Dynasty, the morphological arrangement of city had been completed to this contemporary city plan; restricted inner side by an old city wall [4].
The economic function of this city had been flourished with main road which heads to south plains of Korean peninsula from Seoul (capital city of Joseon Dynasty).
In other words, when Joseon Dyanasty, this city had got a role of hub-market which connects this fertility province to other provinces [9,10]. Even under the ruling of Japanese Empire, this city had got a role of head for managing this province; the railway was extended to Jeonju in 1914. The provincial government complex of Joseon Dynasty had been destroyed except major one building after starting of Japanese colonization. But the role of head in this province (Jeonbuk) has sustained [4].
Further, this city was the hometown of national IRXQGHU¶V IDPLO\ RI -RVHRQ '\QDVW\. Get this honor, most historical monuments were deeply related to this dignity. Due to this reason, many historical spaces could safe even under the urban modernization (colonization) process in early 20c [10].
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This study tries to figure out the image of historical city, by using Chiayi City and Jeonju City as examples to compare their historical space. However the image could not extracted from patterns that represented by streets or planning-policies directly. There are many intangible
factors such as; context of history, awareness of residents, cultural multiplicity, and so on. To investigate, the first step, the relationship between human, space, and historical buildings should be analyzed based on the theory of the image of city.
To define the elements of historical image, the image of city should be combined with historical building in residents¶ memories, both in Chiayi and Jeonju. The elements of Chiayi include thirty tangible cultural heritages announced by Council for Cultural Affairs and other twenty-one open spaces such as landmark or public facilities that listed by Tourism Bureau. In case of Jeonju, dozens of cultural heritages have considered that announced by Council for Cultural Affairs and Jeonju City.
RESULTS Primary research The
Table1 and Table2 shows the collection of culture heritages lists announced by Council for Cultural Affairs and lists of tourist attractions recommend by Tourism Bureau; Chiayi and Jeonju.
Figure4. The arrangement of image elements in Chiayi City
Figure5. The urban planning map of Chiayi in 1931
Figure6. The junction nodes map from urban planning map of Chiayi in 1931
Category Name
Religion space
Shuangzhong Temple, Chiayi Jen Wu Temple, Xiantian Yuxu Temple, Lord Land Nunnery from Mt. Chiu Hua, Chiayi Martyrs' Shrine, Chiayi Su-Chow-Lien Ancestral Temple, Cheng Huang Temple, The Original Show Platform of Chiayi Cheng Huang Temple, Tomb of Grandmother Madam Wang Hsu, Wangxing Ancestral Temple
Monument
Fu Kang An Monument, Ping Wu Earthquake Monument, I Chiang San Monument, Bajhang River Free Ferryboat Monument, 228 Monument, The first women's cultural landmark in central Taiwan
Natural Landscape
Holland Lake, Amitabha temple, Fir Pond beside of Cultural Center, Beixiang Lake
Public Park
Confucian temple, Chiayi Park, Beizitou botanical garden, Chiayi Unvi. botanical garden, 228 Memorial Parks, Cultural Center, Sun- Shooting Tower, Art Site of Chiayi Railway Warehouse, Holland Lake Park, Chung Cheng Park, Botanical Garden, Kang Ping Sport Park, Jiayou Bicycle Trail, Shixian Road Biking Route
Shopping
District Night Market on Wen Hua Rd.
Landmark
Central Fountain, Red-hair Well, No. 21 Steam Locomotive, 12 Ancient Cannons, Chen Teng Po 's Easel, Shingjia Suspension Birdge, Chuen Hui Bridge, Tiger. Bats and Shu Chieun, The World's Tenth Landmark of Tropic of Cancer, Chiayi City Municipal Baseball Stadium Cultural and
Educational Facilities
Koji Pottery Exhibition Museum, Chiayi City Historical Relic Museum, Affiliated Structures of the Original Chiayi Shinto, Chiayi Municipal Museum, NCYU Insect Museum, Chiayi Renewal Garden, Hosanna Museum
Transport
Facilities Chiayi Statioin, Pei Men Railroad Station of Mt.
Ali
Community Yuan Lin Zi Community
Government Facilities
Taiwan Cigarette & Wine Monopoly, Former Chiayi Penitentiary, The original site of Chiayi Brewery, Water Source Meter Room, The Original Chaiyi Poster Office, The Original Chaiyi Telecommunications Office
Agriculture Experimental Institution
Table1. Culture heritages and tourist attractions in Chiayi
Category Name Religion space
Jeon-Dong Catholic Church, Jeonbuk Wan-San Church, Dong Jeonju Church, Dong-Mun Church, Nam-Go Temple, Dong-Go Temple etc.
Monument
Jo-Gyeong Monument, Ye-Jong Monument, Old Jeonbuk Provincial Office Monument, Old Jeonbuk Gam-Young Monument, Old Chi- Myoung-Ja Fortress Monument, Old Wan-san City Memorial Monument
Natural Landscape
Jeonju River, Mt. Wha San, Mt. Wan San, Mt.
Nam-Go San, Mt. Dong-Go San, Deok-Jin Lake, A-Jung Lake
Public Park
Wha-San Park, Da-Ga Park, Wan-San Park, Jeonju Cheon Park, An-Heung Park, Deok-Jin Sports Park, Wha-San Sports Park
Shopping
District Nam-Bu Market, Jung-Ang Market
Landmark
Jo-Gyeong Myo (Shrine for Dynasty), Gyeong- Gi Jeon (Shirine for National Founder), History Archiving Library (Joseon Dynasty), Pung-Pae Gaek-Sa Provincial Office (Joseon Dynasty), Poong-Nam South Gate (Joseon Dynasty), Nam-Go Fortress, Dong-Go Fortress, Ie-Mok Dae Pavilion (Joseon Dynasty), O-Mok Dae Pavilion (Joseon Dynasty), Han-Byuk Pavilion (Joseon Dynasty), Jeonju Confucian Shrine (Joseon Dynasty), Jeonju Confucian School (Joseon Dynasty), Jeon-Dong Catholic Church, Junbuk Provincial Office, Old North Gate Plaza, JIFF Plaza, Jeonju Traditional Village
Cultural and Educational Facilities
Jeonju Hanji Museum, Jeonju National Museum, Jeonju History Museum, Jeonju Confucianism Museum, Jeonju Natural History Museum, Han-Ok Cultural Center, Pan-So-Ri Cultural Center, Dong-Hak Revolution Movement Memorial Center, JIFF Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju Zoo, Jeonbuk National University of Education, Art Hall
Transport Facilities
Jeonju Station, Jeonju Intercity Bus-Terminal, Jeonju Express Bus-Terminal, Wan-San Intercity Bus-Terminal, Jeon-Dong Intercity Bus-Station, Old Jeonju Station
Community Jeonju Community
Government Facilities
Jeonju City Hall, Old Jeonbuk Provincial Office, Jeolla Newspaper Office, Jeonbuk Newspaper Office, Jeonju Health Care Center, National Bank (Jeonju Office), Wan-san Police Office, The Chamber of Commerce and Economy (Jeon!u Office) The Meteorological Observatory Center (Jeonju Office)
Table2. Culture heritages and tourist attractions in Jeonju
Figure7. The arrangement of image elements in Jeonju City
Figure8. The urban planning map of Jeonju in 1910 and 1940 [10]
"
Figure9. The junction nodes map from urban planning map of Jeonju
Discussion
Fortunately, Jeonju City and Chiayi City still keeps many historical buildings since Modernization Period (early 20c colonization time). It is filled with cultural and historical value in cultural heritage conservation domain. However, it is not enough that trying to conserve individual buildings or spaces each by each.
The conservation way is not only keep them away from damage, but also to think about how to let these objects keep growing with surroundings and the residents who living inside. The protective isolation caused these historical properties got disconnected from society and get into oblivion.
To solve this problem, conservation of historical buildings should be considered with the concepts of urban development. In other words, in order to make historical buildings no longer be the burden on growth of city, but become the symbol of this city. There will be helpful to create the characteristics of city when policy of urban development associating with conservation. To determine if one space can be a suit place to conserve historical buildings from evaluating factors such as:
humanities, history, natural conditions, policies, and so on. That will be another important topic.
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH Future research
Due to historical background and cultural content, the humanistic value of different cities could not measured from externality. Furthermore, there is nor judgment to compare humanistic value of two objects. Filling with cultural, unique, and historical for people, and it is worth.
The old town is fusing with modern city in the development of society. Even the old town became the core of city, and the old one and new one coexist peacefully. As it should be some cultural heritages cannot endure natural disaster or changing of environment. Or this space cannot support satisfaction for the demands of its building-owner. There are many factors that make historical buildings being eliminate WKURXJK FRPSHWLWLRQ FDOOHG ³QDWXUDO VHOHFWLRQ´ DQG
³DUWLILFLDOVHOHFWLRQ´7KHUHPXVWEHVRPHUHYHUVLEOHDQG necessLW\ IURP WKH SRVLWLRQ RI ³HOLPLQDWRU´ DQG
³HOLPLQDWHG´ 7KHVH UHDVRQV WKDW FDXVH KLVWRULFDO building declined will be another interesting topic for future research.
Conclusion
Defining the historical conservation zone
According to analyze the pattern of streets by space syntax and use GIS to locate the position of historical buildings. The arrangement map of image elements with historical buildings in a city could be observed in a visual way. The behavioral pattern of residents who living in this city may has related to this map. From the nodes of historical buildings, to the line of their relationship, the flat zone constructed by these historical elements should probably impact by the buildings, and becomes a special historic zone. Moreover, whole space of each city can be seen to a huge historic zone in Chiayi and Jeonju. And this will be the source for the extracting image of historical city.
Promoting the activities of conservation
The activities of conservation of historical building are often discouraged by urban renewal. Even it will cause to damage cultural heritage so that broken forever. This study analyzed the changing of environment where historical building located on from past to present. And also propose suggestions and standards that are suitable for the two cities.
The Integrated strategy of conservation
As mentioned above, the strategy of conservation of historical building is different from the changing of each city based on the different culture, condition of country, RUSHRSOH¶VYDOXHV7Ke differences will be reflected on the interaction between historical buildings and their surrounding space. The results can be the foundation to develop the strategy of conservation.
There are many valuable buildings concealed in modern city. The historical buildings were probably set without the specific aims for future generation. As time goes by, the cultural and historical value is risen, and people will realize the importance for themselves. They may try to conserve the building and make it exist. This way pours the emotion into this building. No matter how material broken, as long as the image of historical building exists LQ SHRSOH¶V PLQG WKH PHPRULHV ZLOO QRQVWRS accumulating and being inheriting.
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