• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Reactor analysis (continued)

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2024

Membagikan "Reactor analysis (continued)"

Copied!
19
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)
(2)

• Reactor analysis (continued)

– Plug flow reactor

– Completely mixed flow reactor – Detention time

(3)

Completely mixed batch reactor (CMBR)

– Fill‐and‐draw type

– No flow in or flow out 1) define control volume 2) write a mass balance eq.

dt R ) out (

d dt

) in ( d dt

dM

dt

V dC kCV

(4)

3) solve the equation

dt kC

dC

integrating over t=0 to tfinal:

final

kt initial

final

C e

C

(5)

• Plug‐flow reactor (PFR)

L

1) define control volume: 

the moving “plug”: a very thin, homogeneous plate  moving in the direction of flow

V

Vreactor

(6)

2) write a mass balance eq.:

dt R ) out (

d dt

) in ( d dt

dM

dt

V dC kCV

3) solve the equation: kC

dt

dC

integrating over t=0 to t0 (= L/vflowVreactor/Q):

kt0

in

out e

C

C

 same form as the batch reactor!

(why??)

(1st order)

(7)

• Examples of PFRs

Disinfection Rivers and streams

(8)

Q:

In the U.S., a wastewater treatment plant must 

disinfect its effluent before discharging the wastewater  to a stream. The wastewater contains 4.5 x 105 CFU/L  of fecal coliform. The effluent standard for fecal 

coliform is 2 x 103 CFU/L. Assuming that the 

disinfection facility is a PFR, determine the length of  pipe required if the velocity of the wastewater in the  PFR is 0.75 m/s. Assume that the PFR is at steady state  and the first‐order reaction rate constant for 

destruction of the fecal coliforms is 0.23 min‐1.

(9)

• Completely mixed flow reactor (CMFR)       (continuous‐flow stirred tank reactor, CSTR)

Q Q

Cin Cout

C V

1) define control volume 2) write a mass balance eq.

dt R ) out (

d dt

) in ( d dt

dM

dt V dC

kCV (1st order) Cin

Q QCout

(10)

Because of homogeneous  mixing, CCout

Q Q

Cin C Cout V

3) solve the equation:

V kC

QC dt QC

V dCout in out out

(11)

Special case I: No reaction, initial concentration = C0

V kC

QC dt QC

V dCout in out out

V kC QC

dt QC

V dCout in out out

in out

out C C

t dt

dC

0

1 (t0 V/Q)

integrating over t=0 to t:









0 0

0 1

t exp t

t C exp t

C

Cout,t in

(12)

when Cin = 0,





0

0 t

exp t C

Cout,t

Time 0

Effluent concentration, C out

t=t0 C0

0.37C0

(13)

Special case II: Steady state

V kC

QC dt QC

V dCout in out out

V kC QC

dt QC

V dCout in out out

1 kt0

Cout Cin

(t0 V/Q)

 influent concentration (Cin) is reduced in the  effluent by a factor of (1+kt0

(14)

• Examples of CMFRs

Biological wastewater 

treatment Lake

(15)

Q:

Activated sludge is a key process for most 

wastewater treatment facilities. The process is often  run as a CMFR. Assume a 400 m3‐sized CMFR for an  activated sludge process receiving 2000 m3/d of 

wastewater. If a terrorist dumped 10 kg of a non‐

biodegradable toxic chemical to the reactor, how long  will it take for the toxic chemical concentration in the  reactor to a safe level (1 mg/L)?

(16)

Q:

A chemical degrades in a steady‐state CMFR 

according to first‐order reaction kinetics. The upstream  concentration of the chemical is 10 mg/L and the 

downstream concentration is 2 mg/L. Water is being  treated at a rate of 29 m3/min. The volume of the tank  is 580 m3. What is the rate of decay? What is the rate  constant?

(17)

Q / V t0

• Retention time (detention time), t

0

– The average time the fluid particles spend in the  reactor

– PFR: the time that fluid particles spend in a  reactor is the same (=t0) for all particles

– CMFR: the time that fluid particles spend in a  reactor is different

(18)

Cin

C

t0 0

0

• At the same t0,  PFR shows 

better 

performance 

• Advantage of  using CMFR: 

less sensitive to  shock loads and  toxic 

compounds

CMFR PFR

(19)

• Textbook Ch4 p. 162‐168

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

The paper deals with the study of laminar flow of a conduct- ing dusty fluid with uniform distribution of dust particles through a circular cylinder under the influence of

The higher the average SAT scores, academic reputation scores, retention rates, predicted graduation rates, actual graduation rates, percent of full-time faculty, percentage of

If these operators spend the balance of each 8-hour workday elsewhere in the Mill, what did the IH determine for the Time Weighted Average WBGT Index for a typical Open

When considering the average values of the results, the use of the proposed PRBM with all design methods reduces both rise-time and settling-time by 2 seconds and, at the same time,

The feasibility of using Monte Carlo code for power reactor application was examined in this study, and it was demonstrated that it is possible to calculated Cycle solution with 1- 2%

Waiting time = 0+24+27/3 = 17 Q What is the average waiting time for the processes below using SRTF scheduling algorithm... SRTF is a preemptive version of

Figure 8 summarizes the average time Chinese controllers say they spend planning sales revenue, costs, cashflow, liquidity, working capital, and other aspects for annual planning/annual

From the previous calculations of neutronics parameters including percentage burnup of individual fuel elements performed so far for 700 MWD burnt core of TRIGA reactor showed that