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Master's Thesis
Simulation of an Integrated Driving System for Electric Vehicles Based on High-Frequency Modeling
Bo-Ryang Park
Department of Electrical Engineering Graduate School of UNIST
2015
Simulation of an Integrated Driving System for Electric Vehicles Based on High-Frequency Modeling
Bo-Ryang Park
Department of Electrical Engineering
Graduate school of UNIST
Simulation of an Integrated Driving System for Electric Vehicles Based on High-Frequency Modeling
A thesis
submitted to the Graduate School of UNIST in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Master of Science
Bo-Ryang Park
June16,2015 Approved by
ThesisAdvisor
Ki Jin Han
Simulation of an Integrated Driving System for Electric Vehicles Based on High-Frequency Modeling
Bo-Ryang Park
This certifies that the thesis by Bo-Ryang Park is approved.
June16, 2015
Ki Jin Han Assistant Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology Thesis Committee Chairman
Jingook Kim Assistant Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology Thesis Committee Member
SeokhyungKang Assistant Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology Thesis Committee Memb
Abstract
In this thesis, a method to estimate the noise characteristics of an integrated driver system is developed through the construction of an equivalent circuit model including high- frequency parameters. Firstly, a high-frequency equivalent model of an AC motor has been made by using three-phase motor measurement data. Secondly, the parasitic elements of an inverter, which consists of a gate driver circuit and an IGBT module, is extracted from the EM simulation of printed circuit boards, packages, and chassis. Then, the parasitic elements of the motor and the inverter are included in the entire circuit model of the driver system.
Several SPICE simulations using the constructed circuit model enable the identification of possible origins of conducted emission. One factor is the size of the AC motor load that is connected the inverter. Another is the parasitic capacitance of IGBTs, which conducts common-mode noise currents to ground. The other contributor is the high frequency parasitic of the motor, which may provide other common-mode noise paths. Through the simulations, we can find that the effect of the high frequency parameters is significant in the noise characteristics of driving systems, and the proposed modeling method can be effectively used in designing EV system.
Contents
Abstract ... i
Contents ... ii
List of Figures ... iii
List of Tables ... v
Chapter 1.Introduction ... 1
Chapter2. Modeling for simulation ... 3
Chapter 3.Results ... 25
Chapter 4.Conclusion ... 39
Reference ... 40
List of Figures
Figure 1 The electric vehicle network system ... 1
Figure 2 Proposed simple equivalent electric machine model ... 3
Figure 3 The winding connection for three-phase winding with two-port network system ... 4
Figure 4 Making network system to SMA connector ... 5
Figure 5 Agilent ENA E5601B ... 6
Figure 6 Motor network system with SMA port ... 6
Figure 7 CM measurement procedure ... 8
Figure 8 The input Z impedance of CM versus frequency ... 8
Figure 9 DM measurement procedure ... 9
Figure 10 The input Z impedance of DM versus frequency ... 9
Figure 11 Voltages and currents for the CM connection in 2-port network system ... 10
Figure 12 Voltages and currents for the DM connection in 2-port network system ... 10
Figure 13 Voltages and currents for each phase winding in the 6-port network system ... 11
Figure 14 The calculated phase U of input impedance versus frequency ... 12
Figure 15 The input impedance of single phase and curve-fitting ... 12
Figure 16 The original model of gate drive board ... 14
Figure 17 Inverter gate-board modeling EM simulation... 15
Figure 18 The material information of the gate drive board ... 16
Figure 19 The mesh generation after applying ansoft classic method ... 17
Figure 20 The real IGBT module package - FS800R07A2E3 ... 18
Figure 21 The inverter IGBT module modeling in EM simulation ... 19
Figure 22 The material information of the IGBT module... 20
Figure 23 Block diagram of system ... 21
Figure 24 The basic operation of the gate drive board... 22
Figure 25 Gate input PWM signal upper side and lower side... 23
Figure 26 Case 1 : Inverter low frequency model ... 25
Figure 27 Case 1 : Line-to-line output voltage ... 26
Figure 28 Case 2 : inverter low frequency and motor low frequency model ... 27
Figure 29 The measurement data of line-to-line output voltage ... 28
Figure 30 Case 2 : Line-to-line output voltage switching frequency at 8 kHz ... 29
Figure 31 Case 2 : The noise spectrum switching frequency at 8 kHz ... 29
Figure 32 Case 2 : Line-to-line output voltage switching frequency at 10 kHz ... 30
Figure 33 Case 2 : The noise spectrum switching frequency at 10 kHz ... 30
Figure 34 Case 2 : Line-to-line output voltage switching frequency at 20 kHz ... 31
Figure 35 Case 2 : The noise spectrum switching frequency at 20 kHz ... 31
Figure 36 Case 3 : inverter includes parasitic parameter and low frequency motor ... 32
Figure 37 Case 3 : Line-to-line output voltage switching frequency at 8 kHz ... 33
Figure 38 Case 3 : The noise spectrum switching frequency at 8 kHz ... 33
Figure 39 Case 3 : Line-to-line output voltage at 10 kHz ... 34
Figure 40 Case 3 : The noise spectrum switching frequency at 10 kHz ... 34
Figure 41 Case 3 : Line-to-line output voltage at 20 kHz ... 35
Figure 42 Case 3 : The noise spectrum switching frequency at 20 kHz ... 35
Figure 43 Case 4 : inverter andmotor includes high frequency parameter ... 36
Figure 44 Case 4 : Line-to-line output voltage at 8 kHz ... 37
Figure 45 Case 4 : Line-to-line output voltage at 10 kHz ... 37
Figure 46 Case 4 : Line-to-line output voltage at 15 kHz ... 37
Figure 47 Case 4 : The noise spectrum switching frequency at 8kHz ... 38
Figure 48 Case 4 : The noise spectrum switching frequency at 10kHz ... 38
Figure 49 Case 4 : The noise spectrum switching frequency at 20kHz ... 38
List of Tables
Table 1 The information of the motor ... 4 Table 2 Extracted capacitance information ... 20
Chapter 1.Introduction
The vehicle engine has system that fossil fuels transmit power. The engine system leads to the resource exhaustion and environmental pollution like air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution and acid rain. Due to these problems, recently electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles are having motor drive systems has been the focus of an alternative idea to exhaustion of fossil fuel energy. Also Figure1 shows that H-EV(Hybrid Electric Vehicle) and EV(Electric Vehicle) market will be grown by 2020. Therefore, we focused on the issues in EV system[1-3].
The EV work on motor drive system by inverter. Fig.1 shows electric vehicle network system. A system of EV consists of battery pack, inverter, motor, automotive application component, and etc.. Generally, grounding of automobile is composed of common grounding with other automotive application component. In this EV system conducted common mode current route consist of grounding system and driving motor. The most sensitive route is sharing grounding between driving motor and inverter. Thus, conducted interference is resulted in electromagnetic noise becoming automotive application component through common grounding. By this interference, the problem is occurred in high frequency range from inverter switching. It can lead to circuit malfunction, failure, and dielectric breakdown. Accordingly in EV system using common grounding, the effect of electromagnetic noise is important[4-5].
reference: hdimagegallary.net
Figure 1 The electric vehicle network system
The previous study showed that conducted emission from the MDS(Motor Drive System) of a HEV/EV was analyzed using high- frequency circuit modeling in system-level approach. The conducted emission by PWM process can cause RFI(radio- frequency interference) problems in the AM/FM frequency range. In order to mitigate this conducted emission, a high- frequency equivalent circuit model is proposed by analyzing the fundamental circuits, parasitic components in their parts and connections and non-linear characteristics of IGBTs, high-power capacitors, inverters, motors, high-power cables, and bus bars which are composed of the MDS. It is confirmed that the simulated result by the proposed model is well agreed with measured results in spite of a large-scaled analysis in system level[6].
On the contrary, in this paper, conductive emission in an integrated driving system for EV using common grounding is analyzed. Firstly, the inverter model has parasitic parameter from electromagnetic simulation and it is presented between common ground and inverter. Secondly, the motor model has two parts that low frequency and high frequency. And here, the high frequency model for motor drive system of EV is proposed from measuring data. Through this model, we are analyzed the line-to-line voltage waveform and the noise using FFT.
Chapter2. Modeling for simulation
A proposed simple equivalent electric machine model of motor is presented to Fig.2 from [6]. This simple circuit can be used as the basis of the modeling and analysis for electric machine. Further, a proposed model is developed to include specification parameter for modeling and analysis. A proposed equivalent motor model includes both low frequency and high frequency. The occurring emission noise comes from high frequency switching as pulse width modulation(PWM) to using common ground. So, it should be considered in motor model.
Figure 2 Proposed simple equivalent electric machine model
Firstly, construct the motor equivalent circuit simulation is shown in Table.1.
impedance measurement, shown in Fig.
mode(DM). The variation between of two connections is system
expression of the signal line as a reference that is relationship to ground of outside system.
And also the DM means relationship to other signal line by inside system. Thus, expecting of measurement is shown firstly capacitive characteri
one-port system, CM is served capacitive characteristic like two is performed by inductive characteristic.
Table Parameter Motor type Rated voltage
Rated speed Rated torque
Figure 3 The winding connection for three
the motor equivalent circuit. The information of motor for circuit simulation is shown in Table.1. The two winding connections for three-
ance measurement, shown in Fig.3, divided into common mode(CM) and differential mode(DM). The variation between of two connections is system ground. The CM is expression of the signal line as a reference that is relationship to ground of outside system.
And also the DM means relationship to other signal line by inside system. Thus, expecting of measurement is shown firstly capacitive characteristic by two-port network system. If in port system, CM is served capacitive characteristic like two-port network system but DM is performed by inductive characteristic.
Table 1 The information of the motor
Value[unit PMSM
Rated voltage 600 [V]
3180 [rpm]
330 [ Nm]
(a) Common mode
(b) Differential mode
The winding connection for three-phase winding with two-port network system of motor for circuit
-phase motor input , divided into common mode(CM) and differential ground. The CM is expression of the signal line as a reference that is relationship to ground of outside system.
And also the DM means relationship to other signal line by inside system. Thus, expecting of port network system. If in port network system but DM
Value[unit]
PMSM 600 [V]
3180 [rpm]
330 [ Nm]
port network system
As shown in Fig. 3, make to two
measurement is to making port in end of winding by female type of SMA connector. Then, system ground, in case of CM, is placed on motor frame.
part that is insulated. After this work we can get shown Fig.4. Used E5601B, as
frequency range from 10 Hz to 3 GHz basically. Before the measuring set on the following the procedure. Firstly, insert frequency range start from 10 Hz to stop 1 GHz then choose log scale for easily checking graph form. Secondly, the sweep setup is 800 that mean 100 per 1 decade. After that should be calibrate cable condition li
Due to measure from 10 Hz, should be turn on the IFBW
frequency range. It helps reducing sampling noise in receiver during our measurement. In addition, noise power is proportional to IFBW is be
Figure 4 Making network system to SMA connector
, make to two-port network system for motor measurement. First step to measurement is to making port in end of winding by female type of SMA connector. Then, system ground, in case of CM, is placed on motor frame. It consists of signal part and g
After this work we can get motor network system with SMA port Used E5601B, as shown in Fig.5vector network analyzer(VNA), can measure
ge from 10 Hz to 3 GHz basically. Before the measuring set on the following the procedure. Firstly, insert frequency range start from 10 Hz to stop 1 GHz then choose log scale for easily checking graph form. Secondly, the sweep setup is 800 that mean 100 per 1 decade. After that should be calibrate cable condition like open, short, and load.
Due to measure from 10 Hz, should be turn on the IFBW function as to reduce noise for low frequency range. It helps reducing sampling noise in receiver during our measurement. In addition, noise power is proportional to IFBW is better to setting on small size.
(a) CM
(b) DM
Making network system to SMA connector
port network system for motor measurement. First step to measurement is to making port in end of winding by female type of SMA connector. Then, It consists of signal part and ground motor network system with SMA port as vector network analyzer(VNA), can measure ge from 10 Hz to 3 GHz basically. Before the measuring set on the VNA following the procedure. Firstly, insert frequency range start from 10 Hz to stop 1 GHz then choose log scale for easily checking graph form. Secondly, the sweep setup is 800 that mean ke open, short, and load.
as to reduce noise for low frequency range. It helps reducing sampling noise in receiver during our measurement. In
tter to setting on small size.
Making network system to SMA connector
Figure 6
Figure 5 Agilent ENA E5601B
(a) CM network system in motor
(b) DM network system in motor 6 Motor network system with SMA port
(a) CM network system in motor
(b) DM network system in motor
After preparing for measurement, connect to cable between SMA connector and VNA port in each network system. Then we can check the screen on VNA monitor when turn on the conversions option in VNA. In Fig. 8 and 10, the result of input impedance versus frequency is shown. Here, we have to check two things:
1) Obtain the frequency and corresponding impedance magnitude at resonance point 2) Obtain the frequency and impedance magnitude at the anti-resonance
In here, we focused on the first anti-resonance point where is represented at3.739 MHz in CM and at 6.053 MHz in DM. At this point of input impedance value is shown off going to low. Therefore, noise currents in CM and DM let flow thorough stator core. It interrupts flux flow in the stator and it will degrade motor performance. Moreover it leads to damage possibility other devices. This point is caused by inductance of the first few turns of the winding. Therefore, it is important thing when motor designing that should be set under the first anti-resonance point. Also measured motor is not proper real operation because in here except the rotor part of motor. The effect of rotor is going to small when approach near high frequency. So in this paper it rejects equivalent motor circuit.
Figure
Figure 8 The input Z impedance of CM versus frequency Figure 7 CM measurement procedure
The input Z impedance of CM versus frequency The input Z impedance of CM versus frequency
Figure
Figure 10 The input Z impedance of DM versus frequency Figure 9 DM measurement procedure
The input Z impedance of DM versus frequency The input Z impedance of DM versus frequency
Generally, AC machine has three
structure. Moreover, single-phase information is induced that each phase structure perfectly same. Three-phase input impedance matrix
measured, as shown Fig.11 and 12 matrix 6-port network are shown in Fig.13
Figure 11 Voltages and currents for the CM connection in 2
Figure 12 Voltages and currents for the DM connection in 2
Generally, AC machine has three-phase winding structure and it is mostly symmetric phase information is induced that each phase structure perfectly phase input impedance matrix that is already known value
measured, as shown Fig.11 and 12, and unknown value that single phase input impedance port network are shown in Fig.13.
Voltages and currents for the CM connection in 2-port network system
Voltages and currents for the DM connection in 2-port network system phase winding structure and it is mostly symmetric phase information is induced that each phase structure perfectly that is already known value 2-port network by and unknown value that single phase input impedance
port network system
port network system
Figure 13 Voltages and currents for each phase winding in the 6
The single phase input impedance matrix
Voltages and currents for each phase winding in the 6-port network system
single phase input impedance matrix from the calculation define the following
,
port network system rom the calculation define the following[8]:
= +
, = −
Using above the definition we can draw the graph, as shown Fig.14, input impedance versus frequency for the single phase. Fig.15 shows the calculated input impedance. It is defined capacitive characteristic at low frequency cause single port system of CM. Also each of resonance point and anti-resonance point helps to distinguish circuit model between series L-C and parallel L-C. Through this relationship we can get high frequency equivalent circuit part structure by applying curve-fitting method.
Figure 14 The calculated phase U of input impedance versus frequency
Figure 15 The input impedance of single phase and curve-fitting
Commonly open and short circuit test can draw each parameter of equivalent motor circuit.
It is that low frequency value contained motor. However, in this paper considering both low frequency part and high frequency part constructs equivalent circuit. From general way we can get the parameters of low frequency and above mentioned the other parameters which consist of single impedance from curve-fitting are high frequency characteristic. Meanwhile, inductance exists two parts too. The first few turns of winding are occurred to anti-resonance point.
After extracting parameters for another part that is inverter. The inverter
To using CAD type of each part we should using Q3D simulation for electromagnetic. The gate drive that is PCB board has multi
of board. In addition, during analyzing small patterns like thermal Accordingly, each layer is simplified for
by the voltage-line where is between transformer and voltage line is assigned SignalNet
are placed to the right side of voltage line
Hence, simplified model of voltage lines that Fig.16.The frequency range for simulation 8kHz.In other words, we also should consider
frequency is 1MHz that is reflected by 11th harmonics
Figure 16
parameters for motor equivalent circuit, makes switching signal . The inverter part includes the IGBT module and the gate drive To using CAD type of each part we should using Q3D simulation for electromagnetic. The
e that is PCB board has multi-layer. In this simulation doesn't need to every pattern In addition, during analyzing small patterns like thermal-via is occurred by error.
simplified for remaining main parts. Firstly, the between transformer and the gate of IGBT module voltage line is assigned SignalNet. A pair at the top line connects as one of the IGB are placed to the right side of voltage line.
Hence, simplified model of voltage lines that are +15 V, -8 V, and ground is shown as for simulation is selected by switching frequency of IGBT we also should consider the harmonics of switching frequency
is reflected by 11th harmonics over.
16 The original model of gate drive board
makes switching signal for part includes the IGBT module and the gate drive.
To using CAD type of each part we should using Q3D simulation for electromagnetic. The In this simulation doesn't need to every pattern via is occurred by error.
Firstly, the power is applied the gate of IGBT module. A dozen of A pair at the top line connects as one of the IGBTs where
8 V, and ground is shown as is selected by switching frequency of IGBT, as the harmonics of switching frequency. Selected
Figure 17 Inverter gate (a)
(b)
(c)
Inverter gate-board modeling EM simulationboard modeling EM simulation
Figure 18 The material information of the gate drive board
To insert the material of each part should know the same information of actual PCB. As represented in Fig.18, from the top to the bottom layer information is mentioned. The FR4- efoxy is only used to substrate on gate drive board and the pattern layers use copper for material.
Bottom pattern layer : copper IN1 pattern layer : copper IN2 pattern layer : copper Substrate : FR4_efoxy Top pattern layer : copper
Before analyzing we should consider one model. During the simulation,
model can't generate mesh by applying general mesh method.
offers three mesh methods that are auto, ansoft tau mesh, and ansoft classic mesh
default setup for meshing method. It only allows to automatically selecting the appropriate mesher based on geometry.
representation choices for strict or tolerant. For thin and flat object, works better than other mesh methods.
The structure of inverter gate drive PCB is thin and flat auto mesh method as default setup
Therefore, in this case, it better use ansoft classic method than other methods.
of applying method, generated me
blue, the thinner, i.e. divided more than green part.
Figure 19 The mesh generation after applying ansoft classic method we should consider one thing. That is when we deal
model. During the simulation, the model is divided into a small fine mesh. However, model can't generate mesh by applying general mesh method. The Q3D of EM simulator offers three mesh methods that are auto, ansoft tau mesh, and ansoft classic mesh
meshing method. It only allows to automatically selecting the appropriate mesher based on geometry. Another method as ansoft tau mesh includes surface s for strict or tolerant. For thin and flat object, the ansoft classic mesh than other mesh methods.
The structure of inverter gate drive PCB is thin and flat. If this type of structure applied to as default setup, it destroyed the mesh in model
n this case, it better use ansoft classic method than other methods.
rated mesh is performed to the Figure 18. It means , i.e. divided more than green part.
The mesh generation after applying ansoft classic method
when we deal with thin and flat divided into a small fine mesh. However, this Q3D of EM simulator offers three mesh methods that are auto, ansoft tau mesh, and ansoft classic mesh. The auto is meshing method. It only allows to automatically selecting the appropriate nsoft tau mesh includes surface ansoft classic mesh
. If this type of structure applied to during simulation.
n this case, it better use ansoft classic method than other methods. As the results It means that looks bright
The mesh generation after applying ansoft classic method
As same procedure, the IGBT module part is applied to Q3D simulation.
actual IGBT module package
pack and the lower connector is connected to motor input modules are located in the middle on package.
block of IGBT modules. The 8 pins in the single block is named to E2, G2, C G1, E1 from top to bottom. In here, T12 and T11 is thermal
of this simulation. Therefore, t
of back side displaces cause we does not conside pattern in modeling, as shown in Fig.21
the top and bottom connector had been trimmed by small.
Figure 20 The
As same procedure, the IGBT module part is applied to Q3D simulation.
actual IGBT module package FS800R07A2E3.The upper connector is connected to battery connector is connected to motor input, as phase U, V, and W
modules are located in the middle on package. The one phase of motor is controlled to The 8 pins in the single block is named to E2, G2, C
G1, E1 from top to bottom. In here, T12 and T11 is thermal-resistor. It is not necessary parts Therefore, those pins are ignored in modeling. Also here, the cooling plate of back side displaces cause we does not consider heat problem. As the result
, as shown in Fig.21, is similar to FS800R07AE3 module the top and bottom connector had been trimmed by small.
The real IGBT module package - FS800R07A2E3
As same procedure, the IGBT module part is applied to Q3D simulation. Fig.20shows the connector is connected to battery , as phase U, V, and W. The IGBT phase of motor is controlled to each The 8 pins in the single block is named to E2, G2, C2, T12, T11, C1, resistor. It is not necessary parts Also here, the cooling plate As the results, the PCB is similar to FS800R07AE3 module. Additionally
FS800R07A2E3
Figure 21 The inverter IGBT module modeling in EM simulation (a)
(b)
(c)
The inverter IGBT module modeling in EM simulation The inverter IGBT module modeling in EM simulation
Figure 22 The material information of the IGBT module
The material information is inserted. The AlN material, as substrate is indicated Fig.22 orange color, is located in between bottom copper layer and top pattern layer. The silicon fills with internal structure of IGBT module for circuit protection. Assign the SignalNet each pattern of model. The analysis setting of IGBT module is setup the same procedure that applied to gate drive board.
Through electromagnetic simulation on Q3D, we can check the data of parasitic parameters are conducted emission. In this data, we only extract from parasitic capacitance value among the parameters and the value is shown on Table 2.
Table 2 Extracted capacitance information
Parameter Value [pF] Parameter Value [pF]
_ 12.877 _ 104.24
_ 11.843 _ 36.848
_ 90.07 _ 28.958
Silicon
Al-N Copper
Pattern Insulator Pin
Substrate Copper
Copper
Until previous section, we are preparing to circuit simulation for entire driving system. To connecting between the calculated single
extracted capacitance is represented in Fig. 23
Figure
Each inverter part is imported the data from EM simulation.
modules are substituted for switch components. A pair of voltage lines in gate alternately applied to gate in IGBT component.
motor operation. In this case motor frame works to ground o
simulation the gate drive board parasitic is not dominant effect to output voltage. So, in this section does not include parasitic parameters of inverter gate drive board.
Until previous section, we are preparing to circuit simulation for entire driving system. To g between the calculated single-phase circuit from measurement data and the
is represented in Fig. 23 that is the whole block diagra
Figure 23 Block diagram of system
Each inverter part is imported the data from EM simulation. Moreover, inverter IGBT modules are substituted for switch components. A pair of voltage lines in gate
alternately applied to gate in IGBT component. Output signal of IGBT module n this case motor frame works to ground of circuit.
simulation the gate drive board parasitic is not dominant effect to output voltage. So, in this section does not include parasitic parameters of inverter gate drive board.
Until previous section, we are preparing to circuit simulation for entire driving system. To phase circuit from measurement data and the
that is the whole block diagram of system.
oreover, inverter IGBT modules are substituted for switch components. A pair of voltage lines in gate-board utput signal of IGBT module controls the . During this circuit simulation the gate drive board parasitic is not dominant effect to output voltage. So, in this
Inverter model starts from the main voltage path in gate drive and -8 V voltage line. The signal
gate in IGBT module as pulse width modulation drive board. The two signals that
comparator. The waveform that
from 0 to 5 dc voltage. Because of comparator as pull-up resistor
Figure 24 The basic operation of the gate drive board
Then ETABLE component, as using gate driver, makes applied to gate parts of IGBT.
m the main voltage path in gate drive board. It is combined +15 V signal of switching that alternately two voltage line
as pulse width modulation. That is the basic operation of
s that are reference value signal and tri-wave signal input that is output value going through the comparator
from 0 to 5 dc voltage. Because of the resistor R56 is located in output terminal up resistor.
The basic operation of the gate drive board
ETABLE component, as using gate driver, makes the PWM switching signal. It . The PWM signal applied phase U is shown as Fig.
t is combined +15 V two voltage lines is applied to basic operation of PWM for gate wave signal input to hrough the comparator is adjusted is located in output terminal of
The basic operation of the gate drive board
the PWM switching signal. It is phase U is shown as Fig.25.
Figure 25 Gate input PWM signal upper side and lower side
In this section, we discuss 4 cases as below:
1) Case 1: includes low-frequency model of inverter and no load.
2) Case 2: includes low-frequency model of inverter and motor.
3) Case 3: includes high-frequency model of inverter and low-frequency model of motor.
4) Case 4: includes high-frequency model of inverter and motor.
The system can be divided to inverter and motor parts and also each part model has two parts are low frequency model and parasitic parameters, as high frequency model. The system has the common ground. It means that some noise can flow any parts in system. So we should be separated part in the system then we can know which part more effect on output voltage value. Therefore each part connects to each type of frequency model then we have 4 cases of simulation. Here, we are focus on line-to-line voltage value in inverter output terminal.
Chapter 3.Results
In first case, the circuit only includes low frequency model of inverter. It is necessary case of basic to comparing other cases. We can call no-load condition. In the Figure 25, as shown case1, is represented to circuit of inverter and load part. Applied voltage where is inverter both end is battery voltage, 600V.Two IGBTs where the inverter controls to one phase of motor are called to the arm. Therefore, we should measure middle of the arm, namely between of two IGBTs. As the result, it is shown as Fig. 27.
Figure 26 Case 1 : Inverter low frequency model
Figure 27 Case 1 : Line-to-line output voltage
Second case, we add to motor circuit, i.e. the load. In this case we focus on the load effect.
Added circuit of motor is low frequency value. Previously mentioned general way of extracting motor parameter is open and short circuit test. From this test we can get motor parameter that resistor value is 17.65 ohm and inductor value is 134.7 uH as shown in Fig.28.The switching frequency value is applied 8 kHz.
Figure 28 Case 2 : inverter low frequency and motor low frequency model
Fig. 29 is presented to measurement for Case 2 condition. The blue line means measuring data to line-to-line output voltage waveform. The red line measured phase current. To compare measurement data for Case 2 condition, the simulation data is suitable output voltage.
After that the line-to-line output voltage is changed to adding noise in Fig.30. In the middle of Fig.30 (a), the small spark is coming from other phase overlapped. Both side of waveform has also spark occurring on each square wave edge. It depends on load size. The bigger using motor load, the more spark occurs. Fig.31 is presented to noise spectrum. The biggest noise value is shown at switching frequency 8 kHz and it decreases after 11th harmonics of switching frequency.
Other discussion deals with
frequency as 10, 20 kHz. Consequently, the spark has often occurred to depend on switching frequency going higher. That r
spectrum of the above 8 kHz, also 10, 20 kHz noise spectrum similarly show off.
Figure 29 The measurement data of line
ssion deals with this spark. Therefore the gate drive is applied
frequency as 10, 20 kHz. Consequently, the spark has often occurred to depend on switching frequency going higher. That results is represented on Fig. 32 and Fig. 35.
he above 8 kHz, also 10, 20 kHz noise spectrum similarly show off.
The measurement data of line-to-line output voltage
gate drive is applied to different frequency as 10, 20 kHz. Consequently, the spark has often occurred to depend on switching and Fig. 35. Like the noise he above 8 kHz, also 10, 20 kHz noise spectrum similarly show off.
line output voltage
(a) Full-time waveform
(b) Single pulse waveform
Figure 30 Case 2 :Line-to-line output voltage switching frequency at 8 kHz
Figure 31 Case 2 : The noise spectrum switching frequency at 8 kHz
(a) Full-time wave form
(b)single pulse wave form
Figure 32 Case 2 : Line-to-line output voltage switching frequency at 10 kHz
Figure 33 Case 2 :The noise spectrum switching frequency at 10 kHz
(a) Full-time wave form
(b)single pulse wave form
Figure 34 Case 2 :Line-to-line output voltage switching frequencyat 20 kHz
Figure 35 Case 2 :The noise spectrum switching frequency at 20 kHz
Third case deals with including parasitic parameter inverter side. Included parasitic capacitors are extracted from electromagnetic simulation of Q3D simulator. The six capacitors are mentioned on Table 2, but we insert only one capacitor that is added E_01 and C_02. The two parts, E_01 and C_02, connects to directly load part, as shown in Fig.36.
These capacitors as parasitic capacitor also connect to common ground. In this case, we can predict to noise occurring on output voltage. It is compared to Case 2 that the noise of edge increases slightly.
However, through second case, we already observed noise on the output voltage edge but the noise came from load part. Cause the effort of parasitic capacitor in the middle of output terminal and common ground.
Figure 36 Case 3 : inverter includes parasitic parameter and low frequency motor
(a) Full-time wave form
(b)single pulse wave form
Figure 37 Case 3 :Line-to-line output voltage switching frequency at 8 kHz
Figure 38 Case 3 :The noise spectrum switching frequency at 8 kHz
(a) Full-time wave form
(b)single pulse wave form
Figure 39Case 3 :Line-to-line output voltage at 10 kHz
Figure 40 Case 3 :The noise spectrum switching frequency at 10 kHz
(a) Full-time wave form
(b)single pulse wave form
Figure 41 Case 3 :Line-to-line output voltage at 20 kHz
Figure 42 Case 3 :The noise spectrum switching frequency at 20 kHz
Lastly, both side inverter and motor has high frequency parameter. The motor side adds to parameter from calculating single-phase data. In this case we could know two things. The one is that we could what model has an influence on the output voltage. In the case of model mixed high frequency, the larger noise was created by which parameter than taking a model independently consisting of the low frequency. And the other is what model between the inverter and motor model makes the output, dominantly. The Fig.43 shows that the motor model added high frequency has a strong domination on the output voltage rather than the inverter model, when the same condition under 8 kHz is performed in the third model.
Figure 43 Case 4 :inverter andmotor includes high frequency parameter
Figure 44 Case 4 :Line-to-line output voltage at 8 kHz
Figure 45 Case 4 :Line-to-line output voltage at 10 kHz
Figure 46 Case 4 :Line-to-line output voltage at 15 kHz
Figure 47 Case 4 :The noise spectrum switching frequency at 8kHz
Figure 48 Case 4 :The noise spectrum switching frequency at 10kHz
Figure 49 Case 4 :The noise spectrum switching frequency at 20kHz
Chapter 4.Conclusion
Through the preceding four cases, our research was focused on analyzing the output voltage for the finding model affected on. Firstly, the larger load in the motor model consisting with the low frequency could induce the noise on the output voltage. Secondly, the effect of the capacitor is parasitic ingredient induced using the ground in common was investigated. The six of capacitors are based in IGBTs of the arm, We only remain two capacitors that are located in output terminal. Finally, inverter and motor has high frequency model. In this case we could know two things, one is motor high frequency model effect and the other is finding dominant part. It helps to predict anti-resonance point in high frequency model. Therefore, we could consider the high frequency model when the motor designed.
Reference
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