Ɏɲɫɠɟɣɭɠɦɷ: ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ ɧɚɭɤ
«ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ»
Ƀɢɟɛɭɠɦɷ: ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ ɧɚɭɤ
«ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ»
Ɂɮɫɨɛɦ ɢɛɫɠɞɣɬɭɫɣɫɩɝɛɨ 15 ɮɟɜɪɚɥɹ 2000 ɝ.
Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨɦ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɞɟɥɚɦ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɬɟɥɟɪɚɞɢɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ Ɍɝɣɟɠɭɠɦɷɬɭɝɩ ɩ ɫɠɞɣɬɭɫɛɱɣɣ ɉɂ ʋ 77-1685
ɏɣɢɣɲɠɬɥɣɠ ɉɬɨɩɝɶ
Ɋɫɣɜɩɫɩɬɭɫɩɠɨɣɺ
2012. ɍɩɧ 1. ʌ 2.
ISSN: 2225-4293 ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɩɟɪɟɢɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ
ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ «Physical Bases of Instrumentation»
ɋɀȿɅɉɆɆɀȾɃɚ:
Ɋɮɬɭɩɝɩɤɭ Ƚ.Ƀ., ɝɥ. ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ, ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ɊȺɇ, ɞ.ɮ.-ɦ.ɧ., ɩɪɨɮ.
Ʌɫɛɝɲɠɨɥɩ Ƚ.ɏ., ɡɚɦ. ɝɥ. ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɞ.ɮ.-ɦ.ɧ., ɩɪɨɮ.
ȼɩɫɣɭɥɩ Ɍ.Ƚ., ɞ.ɮ.-ɦ.ɧ., ɩɪɨɮ.
Ƚɛɬɣɦɷɠɝ Ƚ.Ɋ., ɞ.ɬ.ɧ., ɩɪɨɮ.
Ƚɣɨɩɞɫɛɟɩɝ ɀ.Ȼ., ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ɊȺɇ, ɞ.ɮ.-ɦ.ɧ., ɩɪɨɮ.
Ⱦɮɦɺɠɝ ə.Ƚ., ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ɊȺɇ, ɞ.ɮ.-ɦ.ɧ., ɩɪɨɮ.
ȿɣɛɨɩɝ ɀ.ɇ., ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ɊȺɇ, ɞ.ɮ.-ɦ.ɧ., ɩɪɨɮ.
Ɂɣɡɣɨ Ⱦ.Ɉ., ɞ.ɮ.-ɦ.ɧ., ɩɪɨɮ.
Ʌɩɧɪɛɨɠɱ ɉ.Ɉ., ɞ.ɮ.-ɦ.ɧ., ɩɪɨɮ.
Ʌɩɳɥɣɨ Ƚ.Ƀ., ɞ.ɮ.-ɦ.ɧ., ɩɪɨɮ.
Ʌɫɩɰɣɨ ɉ.Ɉ., ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ɊȺɇ, ɞ.ɮ.-ɦ.ɧ., ɩɪɨɮ.
ɇɛɢɮɫ ɇ.ɇ., ɞ.ɬ.ɧ.
ɇɩɫɩɢɩɝ Ȼ.Ɉ., ɞ.ɮ.-ɦ.ɧ., ɩɪɨɮ.
ɉɭɦɣɝɛɨɲɣɥ ɀ.Ȼ., ɤ.ɮ.-ɦ.ɧ.
Ɋɩɡɛɫ Ƚ.ɘ., ɞ.ɮ.-ɦ.ɧ.
ɏɠɟɩɫɩɝ Ƀ.ȼ., ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ɊȺɇ, ɞ.ɬ.ɧ., ɩɪɨɮ.
ɏɣɦɛɲɠɝ Ȼ.ɇ., ɱɥ.-ɤɨɪɪ. ɊȺɇ ɞ.ɬ.ɧ., ɩɪɨɮ.
ɚɥɩɝɦɠɝ Ƚ.Ɋ., ɞ.ɮ.-ɦ.ɧ., ɩɪɨɮ.
EDITORIAL BOARD:
Pustovoit V.I., Editor-in-Chief, Academician RAS, Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Prof.
Kravchenko V.F., Deputy Editor-in-Chief, Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Prof.
Boritko S.V., Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Prof.
Vasiliev V.P., Dr. Sci. (Techn.), Prof.
Vinogradov E.A., Academician RAS, Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Prof.
Gulyaev Yu.V., Academician RAS, Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Prof.
Dianov E.M., Academician RAS, Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Prof.
Zhizhin G.N., Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Prof.
Kompanets O.N., Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Prof.
Koshkin V.I., Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Prof.
Krohin O.N., Academician RAS, Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Prof.
Mazur M.M., Dr. Sci. (Techn.)
Morozov A.N., Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Prof.
Otlivanchik E.A., Cd. Sci. (Phys.-Math.) Pozhar V.E., Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.)
Fedorov I.B., Academician RAS, Dr. Sci. (Techn.), Prof.
Filachev A.M., Associate of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Sci. (Techn.), Prof.
Yakovlev V.P., Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.), Prof.
ɇɌɐ ɍɉ ɊȺɇ, 2012
Ȼɟɫɠɬ ɫɠɟɛɥɱɣɣ: 117342, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, ɭɥ. Ȼɭɬɥɟɪɨɜɚ, ɞ. 15, ɤɨɦɧ. 232.
ɍɠɦɠɯɩɨ ɫɠɟɛɥɱɣɣ: (495) 334-83-50 E-mail: [email protected]
ZZZMIRSUXZZZSK\VELUX
Ɂɚɜ. ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɒɮɫɣɥɩɝ ȿ.Ƚ.
Ʉɨɪɪɟɤɬɨɪ Ɉɠɪɩɧɨɺɴɣɤ Ɉ.Ɉ.
ȼɟɪɫɬɤɚ Ȼɦɠɥɬɛɨɟɫɩɝɛ ɚ.Ƚ.
ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɶ Ʌɛɦɛɳɨɣɥɩɝɛ Ƀ.Ⱦ.
ɌɉȿɀɋɁȻɈɃɀ
ɇȻɍɀɇȻɍɃɒɀɌɅɉɀ ɇɉȿɀɆɃɋɉȽȻɈɃɀ ɏɃɂɃɒɀɌɅɃɐ ɊɋɉɑɀɌɌɉȽ ȼɛɜɣɲɠɝɛ Ⱦ.Ƚ., Ɍɣɨɺɝɬɥɣɤ Ⱦ.Ɋ., ȼɛɜɣɲɠɝɛ ɀ.ɋ.
Ⱦɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ ɜ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɥɟɧɤɟ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɷɤɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɏɃɂɃɒɀɌɅɃɀ ɉɌɈɉȽɖ ɅɉɌɇɃɒɀɌɅɉȾɉ ɊɋɃȼɉɋɉɌɍɋɉɀɈɃɚ ɍɛɭɛɫɠɨɥɩ Ɉ.Ƀ., ɀɞɩɫɩɝ Ʌ.Ƚ., ɐɩɟɡɛɠɝ Ƚ.ȿ.,
Ʌɩɬɣɨɩɝɛ ɀ.Ɉ., Ɍɛɝɮɳɥɣɨɛ Ɍ.Ƚ.
ɍɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨ-ɧɢɨɛɢɟɜɵɯ ɧɚɧɨɜɵɫɬɭɩɨɜ — ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ,
ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɊɋɃȼɉɋɖ Ƀ ɇɀɍɉȿɖ ɏɃɂɃɅɃ Ƀ ɍɀɐɈɃɅɃ
ɌȽɒ-ȿɃȻɊȻɂɉɈȻ Ɍɣɨɺɝɬɥɣɤ Ⱦ.Ɋ., ȼɛɜɣɲɠɝ ɋ.Ʌ. Ƚɺɭɥɣɨɛ Ɍ.Ȼ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɭɱɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɥɧ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɮɟɪɪɢɬ — ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤ — ɦɟɬɚɥɥ Ʌɫɛɝɲɠɨɥɩ Ƚ.ɏ., Ʌɮɫɛɠɝ Ȼ.Ȼ., Ɋɩɪɥɩɝɛ ɍ.Ɇ., ɋɛɥ Ȼ.ɉ.
Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɄɉȾ ɪɟɥɹɬɢɜɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɢ. ɑɚɫɬɶ I ɊɋɉȼɆɀɇɖ ɉȼɋȻȼɉɍɅɃ ɌɃȾɈȻɆɉȽ Ƀ ɃɂɉȼɋȻɁɀɈɃɄ Ƚ ȻɅɅɎɌɍɉɉɊɍɃɅɀ Ƀ ɋȻȿɃɉɏɃɂɃɅɀ ɂɝɠɢɟɣɨɛ ɇ.ə., Ɋɫɶɞɮɨɩɝ Ȼ.Ⱦ., ɍɫɠɪɛɲɻɝ Ƚ.Ƚ.,
Ɋɫɶɞɮɨɩɝ Ȼ.Ȼ., Ɍɛɧɩɟɠɦɩɝ Ȼ.Ɉ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɝɨɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɪɨɦɟɬɪɚ ɇɀɍɉȿɖ ȽɖɌɉɅɉɍɉɒɈɖɐ ɃɂɇɀɋɀɈɃɄ Ƀ ȽɉɌɊɋɉɃɂȽɀȿɀɈɃɚ ɏɃɂɃɒɀɌɅɃɐ ȽɀɆɃɒɃɈ
Ⱦɛɜɫɣɸɦɺɨ ȿ.ȿ., Ɋɫɶɞɮɨɩɝ Ȼ.Ȼ., Ɋɫɶɞɮɨɩɝ Ȼ.Ⱦ., Ɍɛɯɛɫɷɺɨ ɉ.Ȼ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɏɃɂɃɒɀɌɅɃɀ ɉɌɈɉȽɖ ɊɋɃȼɉɋɉɌɍɋɉɀɈɃɚ ȿɆɚ
ȼɃɉɆɉȾɃɃ Ƀ ɇɀȿɃɑɃɈɖ Ɉɩɝɣɥɩɝɬɥɣɤ Ɉ.ɇ., ɋɛɢɨɩɧɛɢɩɝ Ƚ.ɇ.,
Ɋɩɨɩɧɛɫɠɨɥɩ Ƚ.ɉ., Ɍɛɫɶɲɠɝ ȿ.Ȼ.
Ɋɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɮɥɭɨɪɟɫɰɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪ ɫ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɟɣ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɢɯ ɭɝɥɨɜ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɉɊɍɃɒɀɌɅɃɀ ɇȻɍɀɋɃȻɆɖ Ƀ ɍɀɐɈɉɆɉȾɃɃ Ⱦɫɠɤɬɮɰ Ⱦ.Ƀ., ɀɡɩɝ ɀ.Ⱦ., Ɍɭɠɪɛɨɩɝ Ɍ.Ȼ., Ʌɛɦɛɳɨɣɥɩɝ Ȼ.Ƚ.
ɉɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɨ-ɥɢɧɡɨɜɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɫ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɪɟɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ
ɊɋɃȼɉɋɖ Ƀ ɇɀɍɉȿɖ ȿɃɌɍȻɈɑɃɉɈɈɉȾɉ ɂɉɈȿɃɋɉȽȻɈɃɚ Ƀɝɛɨɩɝ Ƚ.Ʌ., ɇɛɭɝɠɠɝ Ȼ.ɚ., ɑɶɧɜɛɦ Ƚ.Ɉ., ɚɱɠɝɣɲ Ɍ.ɀ.
Ⱥɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ- ɪɚɞɢɨɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ
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CONTENTS
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES
Babicheva G.V., Sinyavsky G.P., Babicheva E.R.
Dispersion of (lectromagnetic 6urface :aves in the )errite )ilm 0agnetized 3arallel to its 3lanes with 0etal 6creens
PHYSICAL BASES
OF SPACE INSTRUMENTATION
Tatarenko N.I, Egorov K.V., Khodjaev V.D., Kosinova E.N., Savushkina S.V.
Ordered Arrays of Niobium Oxide Nanopillars —
the Formation Technique, Structure, Geometrical Parameters and Elemental Composition
DEVICES AND PHYSICS AND EQUIPMENT METHODS MICROWAVE RANGE
Sinyavsky G.P., Babichev R.K., Vyatkina S.A.
The %eam of %ackward 9olume 0agnetostatic :aves 3ropagating in )errite — 'ielectric — 0etal 6tructure
Kravchenko V.F., Kurayev A.A., Popkova T.L., Rak A.O.
Optimal (fficiency 5elativistic *enerators and $mplifiers.
Part I
PROBLEM OF SIGNAL AND IMAGE PROCESSING IN ACOUSTOOPTICS AND RADIOPHYSICS
Zvezdina M.Yu., Prygunov A.G., Trepachev V.V., Prygunov A.A., Samodelov A.N.
Exposure &onditions for +olometer 5eference +ologram
METHODS OF HIGH-PRECISION MEASUREMENTS AND REPRODUCTION OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES Gabriel’yan D.D, Prygunov A.A, Prygunov A.G, Safar’yan O.A
Method of (stimating )requency *enerator 6ystem PHYSICAL BASES OF INSTRUMENTATION FOR BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
Novikovskii N.M., Raznomazov V.M., Ponomarenko V.O., Sarychev D.A.
X-Ray Fluorescence 6pectrometer with *eometry of *razing ,ncidence
;5ay 5adiation
OPTICAL MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY
Greisukh G.I., Ezhov E.G., Kalashnikov A.V., Stepanov S.A.
Plastic Varifocal Microobjectives Including Diffractive-Refractive Correction Units DEVICES AND METHODS OF REMOTE SENSING
Ivanov V.K., Matveev A. Ya.,Tsymbal V. N., Yatsevich S. Ye.
Airborne Radar — Thermal Infrared Diagnosing of Waterlogged Soils
ɋɞɚɧɨ ɜ ɧɚɛɨɪ .0.. ɉɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɬɶ .0..
Ɏɨɪɦɚɬ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ (70ɯ100)1/16. ɉɟɱɚɬɶ ɨɮɫɟɬɧɚɹ. ɉɟɱɚɬɧɵɯ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ 6,5.
Ɉɬɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɨ: 500 ɷɤɡ. ɐɟɧɚ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɚɹ.
ɉɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɨ-ɥɢɧɡɨɜɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɫ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɪɟɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ
83 ɉɊɍɃɒɀɌɅɃɀ ɇȻɍɀɋɃȻɆɖ Ƀ ɍɀɐɈɉɆɉȾɃɃ
ɍȾɄ 681.45
Ƚɪɟɣɫɭɯ Ƚ.ɂ., ȿɠɨɜ ȿ.Ƚ., ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜ ɋ.Ⱥ., Ʉɚɥɚɲɧɢɤɨɜ Ⱥ.ȼ.
ɊɆȻɌɍɇȻɌɌɉȽɉ-ɆɃɈɂɉȽɖɀ ȽȻɋɃɉɉȼɕɀɅɍɃȽɖ Ɍ ȿɃɏɋȻɅɑɃɉɈɈɉ-ɋɀɏɋȻɅɑɃɉɈɈɖɇɃ
ɅɉɋɋɀɅɍɉɋȻɇɃ
ɉɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɨ-ɥɢɧɡɨɜɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɫ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɪɟɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ
© Ȼɝɭɩɫɶ, 2012
Ⱦɫɠɤɬɮɰ Ⱦ.Ƀ. — ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ, ɡɚɜ. ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɤɢ ɉɟɧɡɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬ- ɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɝ. ɉɟɧɡɚ. E-mail: [email protected]
ɀɡɩɝ ɀ.Ⱦ. — ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɟɧɡɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɝ. ɉɟɧɡɚ. E-mail: [email protected]
Ɍɭɠɪɛɨɩɝ Ɍ.Ȼ. — ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ, ɉɟɧɡɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɝ. ɉɟɧɡɚ. E-mail: [email protected]
Ʌɛɦɛɳɨɣɥɩɝ Ȼ.Ƚ. — ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɮɢɡɢɤɢ ɉɟɧɡɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɚɪɯɢ- ɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɝ. ɉɟɧɡɚ. E-mail: [email protected]
Ⱥɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɹ
ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɫ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɨɩ- ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ ɧɚ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɪɟɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɡ. ȼɵ- ɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɫ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɪɟɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧ- ɧɵɦ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬ- ɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɨ-ɥɢɧɡɨɜɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɫ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɪɟɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢ- ɤɢ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟ- ɦɵɦ ɤ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚɦ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɜɢɞɟɨɤɚɦɟɪ, ɫɢɫ- ɬɟɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ, ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɡɚ, ɪɟɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɡɚ, ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɪɟɮ- ɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɨɪ, ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦ
Abstract
The possibility is shown of reducing the cost varifocal objective with improvement of their op- tical performance due to the replacement of the optical glasses by the optical plastic and including a hybrid corrector consisting of the diffractive and refractive lenses. Guidelines on the designing of zoom objective with a diffractive-refractive corrector are given. The methods of modelling, computing and optimization to obtain the design parameters of plastic-lens varifocal objective with the diffractive-refractive corrector with optical performance that satisfy the requirements of the zoom objective mass cameras, surveillance sys- tems, mobile phones, etc, are presented.
Keywords: Modelling, zoom objective, diffractive lens, refractive lens, chromatism
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɧɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ- ɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɦɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟ- ɧɢɹ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɤɭɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɟ- ɏɃɂɃɒɀɌɅɃɀ ɉɌɈɉȽɖ ɊɋɃȼɉɋɉɌɍɋɉɀɈɃɚ. ɍ. 1. ʌ 2. 2012 ɞ.
Ƚɪɟɣɫɭɯ Ƚ.ɂ., ȿɠɨɜ ȿ.Ƚ., ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜ ɋ.Ⱥ., Ʉɚɥɚɲɧɢɤɨɜ Ⱥ.ȼ.
ɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɢɧɡɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɮɥɢɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɪɨɧɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɫɮɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɡ (ɊɅ). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɧɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɜɢɞɟɨɤɚɦɟɪɚɯ, ɫɢɫ- ɬɟɦɚɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɚɯ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
ɉɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨ- ɜɵɯ ɊɅ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ ɚɧɚɥɨ- ɝɢɱɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɜɭɯ-ɬɪɟɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɮɥɢɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɪɨɧɨɜ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɹ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɨɣ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɨ-ɥɢɧɡɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɪɟɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɡ (ȾɅ) [1–5]. ɉɨɞ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɧɡɚ- ɦɢ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɨɛ- ɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɨ- ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [6], ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ȾɅ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚɯ ɫ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɮɨɤɭɫɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɸ ɯɪɨɦɚ- ɬɢɡɦɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɟ ɪɟɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚ- ɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɚɫɮɟɪɢ- ɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɊɅ, ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɚɫɮɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɊɅ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɬɢɪɚɠɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɥɢɧɡɵ ɫ ɚɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɟ- ɥɨɦɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɞɢɮɪɚɤ- ɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɦ [7-9].
Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɥɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦɨɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ — ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɚ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɟ ɫɜɟɬɚ. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɚ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ sc ɨɬ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɜɨɥɧɵ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ (ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦɨɦ), ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɚɫɮɨ- ɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɦɨɧɨɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢ- ɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɜɨɥɧɵ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ (ɢɥɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦɨɦ), ɩɪɢɜɨ- ɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɧɨɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɟ- ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɨɛɚ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɸɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ [10, 11].
ɉɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɹ, ɩɪɢ- ɜɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɤ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɭ ɡɚɞɧɢɯ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɨɜ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɞɥɢɧɚɯ ɜɨɥɧ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤ- ɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ Omin ɢ Omax, ɬ.ɟ. sOcmin sOcmax. Ⱥɩɨɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɹ (ɢɫɩɪɚɜ- ɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ) ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɟɯ ɞɥɢɧ ɜɨɥɧ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Omin, O ɢ Omax, ɝɞɟ O — ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɞɧɢɯ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɯ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɢɧɚɯ ɜɨɥɧ (
min max
sOc sOc sOc ). Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɚɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤ ɚɩɨɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɚɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɚɩɨɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ- ɪɟɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ (ȾɊɄ), ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɝɨ ȾɅ ɢ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɟ ɊɅ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɨ-ɥɢɧɡɨɜɵɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɫ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɮɨɤɭɫɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ [12] ɢ [6]. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɜɵɲɟɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɨ- ɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚɦ. ɗɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɚɧɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫ- ɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɥɢɧɡ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɟɪɪɚɰɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɵɟ [13].
ɉɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɨ-ɥɢɧɡɨɜɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɫ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɪɟɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ
85 1. Ⱦɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɪɟɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɜ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɟ
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɜɢɞɟɨɤɚɦɟɪ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɥɢɧɡ, ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɦɟɠ- ɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɢ ɮɨɬɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɹ ɚɛɟɪɪɚɰɢɣ ɬɚ- ɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɮɨɤɭɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫ- ɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ( fminc fint1c fint 2c ... fmaxc ). Ⱦɥɹ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɨ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɣ ɨɩ- ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ. ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɯɟɦɵ (ɪɚɞɢɭɫɨɜ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɬɨɥɳɢɧ ɥɢɧɡ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɨɜ) ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶ- ɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɢɡ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɚɛɟɪɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ [13–16].
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ȾɊɄ (ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɢɡ ȾɅ ɢ ɊɅ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɮɥɢɧɬɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ) ɜ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɫ ɊɅ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɡ ɤɪɨɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɣ ɚɩɨɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɨɞ- ɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɣ ɚɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɣ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɧɢ ɚɪɨɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɧɢ ɚɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɟ ɩɨ- ɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɮɨɤɭɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
ɇɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɨɬɧɨɲɟ- ɧɢɣ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɤɫɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ 'scmax, ɤ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɭ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ 'sc0 ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɤɪɚɣɧɢɯ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ (ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɮɨɤɭɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ) ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹɯ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɦ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɤ 20% ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɟ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɝɨ [17] ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ:
2
0 4
sc K
' | O , (1)
ɝɞɟ O ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ, K fc D ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɫɢɥɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ, fc ɮɨɤɭɫɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ, Dɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡɪɚɱɤɚ.
ɉɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨ- ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ N0( )i , ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨ- ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ (ɑɄɏ) ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɣ ɧɟ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɭ Ɍ = 0,5) ɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚɦ Nmax( )i , ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɑɄɏ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚ- ɰɢɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɚɛɟɪɪɚɰɢɣ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ
( ) ( )
max 0
( ) ( )
0 max
i i
i i
s N
s N
' c d
' c , (2)
ɝɞɟ
i
ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ.ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ȾɊɄ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ (2) ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨ- ɪɵɯ fminc fc fmaxc . ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɤɪɨɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ, ɬɨ ɧɚɢ- ɛɨɥɟɟ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨ- ɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɢ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɟɬɨɫɢɥɵ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɵ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɵ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɊɅ, ɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɢ — ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɤɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ, ɜɵɛɨɪ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɬ.ɤ. ɜ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɞɜɭɦɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
Ƚɪɟɣɫɭɯ Ƚ.ɂ., ȿɠɨɜ ȿ.Ƚ., ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜ ɋ.Ⱥ., Ʉɚɥɚɲɧɢɤɨɜ Ⱥ.ȼ.
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ — ɩɨɥɢɦɟɬɢɥɦɟɬɚɤɪɢɥɚɬɨɦ (PMMA) ɢ ɚɤɪɢɥɨɦ (Acrylic), ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɮɥɢɧɬɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɵ ɞɥɹ ȾɊɄ ɨɝɪɚɧɢ- ɱɟɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ — ɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɪɨɥɨɦ (Polystyrene), ɩɨɥɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɦ (Polycarbonate) ɢ ɫɬɢɪɨɥ-ɚɤɪɢɥɨɧɢɬɪɢɥɨɦ (Styrene Acrylonitrile — SAN). ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɢ ɜɵɲɟɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ [18].
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ nd ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɚ ɠɟɥɬɚɹ d-ɥɢɧɢɹ ɝɟɥɢɹ (O Od 0,58756 ɦɤɦ). ɋɚɦ ɠɟ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ ɫɢɧɟɣ F ɢ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɣ Cɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ (Omin OF 0,48613 ɦɤɦ ɢ
O
maxO
C 0,65626 ɦɤɦ) ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɢQ
d ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɥɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ) /(
) 1
( d F C
d n n n
Q
. (3)Ɉɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ
Ɉɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
n
dQ
dPMMA 1,491756 57,44
Acrylic 1,491668 55,31
Polystyrene 1,590481 30,87
Polycarbonate 1,585470 29,91
SAN 1,567440 34,81
ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɟɣ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɨ-ɥɢɧɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ȾɊɄ, ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɊɅ ȾɊɄ ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɚɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɟ, ɨɩɢɫɵ- ɜɚɸɳɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ȾɅ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɫɮɟɪɨ- ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɧɨɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɛɟɪɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɤɪɚɣɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹɯ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɹ ɦɨɧɨɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɛɟɪɪɚɰɢɣ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɢ ɩɹɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ- ɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɯɨɞɚ ɥɭɱɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱ- ɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ ɦɚɥɨɫɬɢ [19].
2. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɫ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɪɟɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ
ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɭ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫ- ɫɨɜɨ-ɥɢɧɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɫ ȾɊɄ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ S_021 ɢɡ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɚ ZEBASE ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ- ɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ZEMAX [20]. ȾɊɄ ɛɵɥ ɫɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɚɧ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɊɅ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨ- ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ȾɅ. ɋɬɟɤɥɚ ɠɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɊɅ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɧɚ PMMA, ɢ ɭ ɬɪɟɯ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɊɅ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɚ ɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɨ- ɤɭɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ 29 ɦɦ fƍ 78 ɦɦ ɢ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ 5 K 7,8, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɨ- ɥɢɧɡɨɜɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɫ ȾɊɄ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɥ ɩɨɥɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ Nmax = 35 ɦɦ-1 ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧ- ɬɪɚɫɬɟ Ɍ = 0,5 ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɭɝɥɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɸ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɨɬ 2Ȧ = 22,6° ɩɪɢ fƍ = 29° ɦɦ ɞɨ 2Ȧ = 17° ɩɪɢ fƍ=78 ɦɦ. ɍ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɯɪɨ- ɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɨ 26 ɦɦ-1.
ɉɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɨ-ɥɢɧɡɨɜɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɫ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɪɟɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ
87 ȼɚɪɢɨɦɢɤɪɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɭɫɪɟɞ- ɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɤ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚɦ ɜɢɞɟɨɤɚɦɟɪ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ [21], ɛɵɥ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɚ ɜɵɲɟɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɨ- ɥɢɧɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɫ ȾɊɄ. Ɏɨɤɭɫɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚ- ɡɨɧɟ 2,9 ɦɦd fcd7,8 ɦɦ, ɚ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ — 2,7d dK 5,4 (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ).
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɜɲɟɣɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ- ɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ZEMAX) ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ Dcl ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 2 ɦɦ, ɚ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɧ- ɯɪɨɧɧɨ ɫ ɮɨɤɭɫɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 3,41 ɦɦd dL 5,64 ɦɦ. ɉɨɥɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ Nmax 65 ɦɦ-1 ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɟ T =0,5 ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɭɝɥɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɸ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɨɬ
2Z=52° ɩɪɢ fc=2,9 ɦɦ ɞɨ 2Z 20, 3o ɩɪɢ fc=7,8 ɦɦ.
ɚ)
ɛ)
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɜɚɪɢɨɦɢɤɪɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɫ ȾɊɄ:
(ɚ) — ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ fminc =2,9 ɦɦ;
(ɛ) — ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ fmaxc =7,8 ɦɦ.
1-ȾɅ; 2, 3, 5-8-ɊɅ; 4 — ɚɩɟɪɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚ
Ƚɪɟɣɫɭɯ Ƚ.ɂ., ȿɠɨɜ ȿ.Ƚ., ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜ ɋ.Ⱥ., Ʉɚɥɚɲɧɢɤɨɜ Ⱥ.ȼ.
Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɤɫɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟ- ɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɨɬ OF ɞɨ OC, ɤ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ- ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɭ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬ- ɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɑɄɏ ɧɟ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ 0,5 ɤ ɦɚɤ- ɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚ- ɫɬɚ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɚɛɟɪɪɚɰɢɣ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɤɪɚɣɧɢɯ (i=1; fc=2,9 ɦɦ), (i=3; fc
=7,8 ɦɦ) ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ (i=2; fc=5 ɦɦ) ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹɯ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɵ
(1) (1)
max 0
sc sc
' ' =2,8; N0(1) Nmax(1) 4,5, (4)
( 2) ( 2)
max 0
sc sc
' ' =3,2; N0( 2 ) Nmax( 2 ) 3,8, (5)
(3) (3)
max 0
sc sc
' ' =1,7; N0(3) Nmax(3) 2,7. (6) ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦ ɜɚɪɢɨɦɢɤɪɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ (fc=2,9 ɦɦ) ɩɨɱ-
ɬɢ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ, ɬ.ɤ. ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ɞɢɫɤɚ ɗɣɪɢ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ 1,5 ɪɚɡɚ, ɚ ɞɢɫɬɨɪɫɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 1,1%. ȼ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 0,2 ɪɚɞɢɭɫɚ ɞɢɫɤɚ ɗɣɪɢ, ɚ ɞɢɫɬɨɪɫɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 0,6%.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ (2), ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ȾɊɄ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠ- ɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɤɭɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫ- ɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɳɭɬɢɦɵɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɜɵɲɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɨɦɢɤɪɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɭɝɥɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɤ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɜɟ- ɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɬɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɚ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɣɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɮɨɬɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɥɭɱɢ ɩɪɢ fc=2,9 ɦɦ ɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɚɦɢ, ɞɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɞɨ 44°. ɗɬɨɬ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚ- ɬɨɤ, ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɬ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ- ɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɥɢɧɡ.
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɮɨɤɭɫɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ, ɜɤɥɸ- ɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ȾɊɄ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɭɸ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɸ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ, ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɣ ɚɯɪɨɦɚɬɢ- ɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɚɩɨɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɨ- ɤɭɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ ɞɨ ɜɟ- ɥɢɱɢɧ, ɫɨɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɵɯ ɫ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɦ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦ, ɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɮɨɤɭɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɛɟɪɪɚɰɢɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɣ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦ ɢ ɞɢɫɬɨɪɫɢɸ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɨ-ɥɢɧɡɨɜɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɨ- ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɫ ȾɊɄ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ- ɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɜɢɞɟɨɤɚɦɟɪɚɯ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɚɯ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɊɎ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ «ɇɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɞɪɵ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ» ɧɚ 2009–
2013 ɝɨɞɵ (Ƚɨɫɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬ 16.740.11.0145).
ɉɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɨ-ɥɢɧɡɨɜɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɫ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɪɟɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ
89 ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
1. Stone T. Hybrid diffractive-refractive lenses and achromats [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / T. Stone, N. George //
Appl. Opt. 1988. Vol. 27. P. 2960–2971.
2. Gan M.A. Optical systems with holographic and kinoform elements [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / M.A. Gan //
Proc. SPIE. 1989. Vol. 1136. P. 150.
3. Rouke J.L. Design of threeelement night-vision goggle objectives [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / J.L. Rouke, M.K. Crawford, D.J. Fischer, C.J. Harkrider, D.T. Moore, and T. H. Tomkinson //Appl. Opt.
1998. Vol. 37. P. 622–626.
4. Hua H. Design of an ultralight and compact pro- jection lens [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / H. Hua, Y. Ha, and J.P. Ro- land //Appl. Opt. 2003. Vol. 42. P. 97–107.
5. New Canon 400mm f/4 DO IS USM [ɗɥɟɤ- ɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
http://www.dpreview.com/news/0009/0009060 4canon_400do.asp/
6. Greisukh G.I. Design of achromatic and apo- chromatic plastic microobjectives [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / G.I. Greisukh, E. G. Ezhov, I. A. Levin, S.A. Ste- panov // Applied Optics. 2010. Vol. 49. No. 23.
P. 4379–4384.
7. ɉɨɬɟɥɨɜ ȼ.ȼ. Ⱥɫɮɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɵɥɟɧɢɹ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / ȼ. ȼ. ɉɨɬɟɥɨɜ, Ȼ.ɇ. ɋɟɧ- ɧɢɤ // Ɉɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɀɭɪɧɚɥ. 2004. Ɍ. 71. ʋ 12.
ɋ. 14–19.
8. Radtke D. Lazer-lithography on non-planar surfaces [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / Radtke D., Zeitner U.D. //
Optics Express. 2007. Vol. 15. No. 3. P. 1167–
1174.
9. G-S plastic optics [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. Ɋɟ- ɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: http://www.gsoptics.com/
10. ɑɭɪɢɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ȼ.ɇ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɚɛɟɪɪɚɰɢɣ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / ȼ.ɇ. ɑɭɪɢɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ / Ʌ.: Ɇɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, 1968. 312 ɫ.
11. Ɋɭɫɢɧɨɜ Ɇ.Ɇ. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɩɬɢɤɚ.
ɋɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / Ɇ.Ɇ. Ɋɭɫɢɧɨɜ, Ⱥ.ɉ. Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɧ, ɉ.Ⱦ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ. // ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ɇ.Ɇ. Ɋɭɫɢɧɨɜɚ / Ʌ.: Ɇɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, 1984. 423 ɫ.
12. Greisukh G.I. Diffractive-refractive hybrid corrector for achro- and apochromatic correc- tions of optical systems [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / G.I. Grei- sukh, E.G. Ezhov, S.A. Stepanov // Applied Optics. 2006. Vol. 45. No 24. P. 6137–6141.
13. Ɂɜɟɪɟɜ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ- ɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɩɨ ɞɢɫɰɢ- ɩɥɢɧɟ: ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɨɩ- ɬɢɤɢ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] / ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɂɜɟɪɟɜ, ɋ.Ⱥ. ɀɭɪɨɜɚ. // Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
http://de.ifmo.ru/bk_netra/page.php?dir=2&tutind ex=34&index=1&layer=1/
14. Ȼɪɨɧɲɬɟɣɧ ɂ.Ƚ. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɦɚɥɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɦɨ- ɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɨɜ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / ɂ.Ƚ. Ȼɪɨɧ- ɲɬɟɣɧ, ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɂɜɟɪɟɜ, ɂ.Ʌ. Ʌɢɜɲɢɰ, Kim Young-Gi, KimTae-Young, Jung Phil-Ho //
Ɉɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ. 2009. Ɍ. 76. ʋ 5.
ɋ. 25–31.
15. ɋɥɸɫɚɪɟɜ Ƚ.Ƚ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / Ƚ.Ƚ. ɋɥɸɫɚɪɟɜ / Ʌ.: Ɇɚɲɢ- ɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, 1969. 672 ɫ.
16. Ɋɭɫɢɧɨɜ Ɇ.Ɇ. Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫ- ɬɟɦ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / Ɇ.Ɇ. Ɋɭɫɢɧɨɜ / Ʌ.: Ɇɚɲɢɧɨ- ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, 1989. 383 ɫ.
17. Ȼɨɪɧ Ɇ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɨɩɬɢɤɢ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / Ɇ. Ȼɨɪɧ, ɗ. ȼɨɥɶɮ / Ɇ.: ɇɚɭɤɚ, 1973. 720 ɫ.
18. Bass M. Handbook of Optics, Vol. 2 [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / Michael Bass (Editor) // Optical Society of America McGraw-Hill, 2001. 1568 p.
19. Greisukh G.I. Optics of diffractive and gradi- ent-index elements and systems [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / G.I. Greisukh, S. T. Bobrov, S. A. Stepanov //
Bellingham: SPIE Press, 1997. 414 p.
20. ZEMAX: software for optical system design [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
http://www.focus-software.com.
21. Lenses for industrial applications — standard and custom lens design from Universe Kogaku [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
http://www.ukaoptics.com/ccd.html
Ƚɪɟɣɫɭɯ Ƚ.ɂ., ȿɠɨɜ ȿ.Ƚ., ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜ ɋ.Ⱥ., Ʉɚɥɚɲɧɢɤɨɜ Ⱥ.ȼ.
PLASTIC VARIFOCAL MICROOBJECTIVES INCLUDING DIFFRACTIVE-REFRACTIVE CORRECTION UNITS
Greisukh G.I., Ezhov E.G., Kalashnikov A.V., Stepanov S.A.
Recently, there has been a substantial progress both in the field of designing and in the manufacturing methods of zoom objectives which provide means of continuous zooming the image formed.
An attempt to meet the low-cost requirements for such objectives by applying pressed plastic refractive lenses (RL) leads automatically to a loss of quality of the image formed. It is caused by the fact that disper- sion characteristics of the optical plastic currently produced are only similar to those of two or three types of conventional flints and crowns. As a result, the chromatism correction required for creation of high-quality color images appears to be unattainable.
The problem of chromatism correction of plastic-lens objectives can be successfully solved by insertion of a single or several diffractive lenses (DL) into the objective which is very convenient from the standpoint the modern shaping methods based on the precision punching allow replicating plastic lenses with aspheric surfaces and, as required, applying a diffractive microrelief. In fact, the quality of a polychromatic image formed by the optical system is restricted, primarily, by the axial color.
According to the analysis carried out by the authors of the present paper, the inclusion of a hybrid correc- tor (consisting of DL and RL made of flint-like plastic) in a varifocal micro-objective with RL made of crown-like optical plastic, allows reaching accurate apochromatization for any one configuration or accurate achromatization for two configurations. At the same time, neither apochromatization nor achromatization provide the ways to achieve the performance potential of the optical scheme chosen, i.e. they do not allow reaching the maximum image quality for the given scheme across the range of focal lengths specified.
The best result can be reached if the approach to the problem is based on control and limitation of the re- lations of the maximum chromatic focal shift, within a given spectral range, to the Marechal’s diffraction- limited chromatic focal shift in two extreme and central (corresponding to the mean value of a focal range) configurations.
