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UDC 633.86/.87; 633.9; 638.132 DOI 10.56339/2305-9397-2023-1-2-139-146 MRNTI 68.39.43
Moldakhmetova G. A., Master of Agricultural Sciences, themain author,https://orcid.org/0000-0002- 1860-4721
«Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Animal Husbandry and Feed Production» LLP, Almaty, 51 Zhandosova str., 050035, Kazakhstan,[email protected]
Nuralieva U. A., Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, https://orcid.org/0000-0002 - 7008-7303
«Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Animal Husbandry and Feed Production» LLP, Almaty, 51 Zhandosova str., 050035, Kazakhstan, [email protected]
Sheralieva Zh. E., Master of Agricultural Sciences, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4437-1618
«Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Animal Husbandry and Feed Production» LLP, Almaty, 51 Zhandosova str., 050035, Kazakhstan, [email protected]
FLORAL SPECIALIZATION AND FLORAL MIGRATION OF BEES IN DIFFERENT CLIMATIC ZONES
АNNOTATION
The importance of honey bees in increasing the yield of agricultural crops is exceptionally great.
Questions of pollination of plants by bees are closely related to the task of better use of honey flow. It is also known that different breeds of bees under the same conditions have different productivity, which depends on the biological and economic characteristics of the bees.
The purpose of the article is to study and determine the quality of bees in terms of floral migration and floral specialization, by studying the ability to collect pollen in different natural and climatic zones of the country.
As a result of the data obtained, the following conclusion can be drawn: the bees from the apiary
"Коrоlеvа Sot" of the Turkestan region are distinguished by a wide floral specialization, and they prefer collecting pollen from plants (psoralea drupe, cotton plant, sophora, tamarix, common viburnum, common toadflax), which are both a source nectar and pollen.
Bee families of the Enbekshikazakh region mainly deliver pollen from sainfoin, common bruise, colza, mustard, sweet clover, Canadian goldenrod, etc. The priority of bees in collecting pollen from one plant species can be assessed as a weak enterprise in finding new sources of pollen and nectar. Since, the more diverse the species composition of the pollen brought to the hive, the more enterprising the bees are in finding new sources. Such bees are able to quickly migrate to collect nectar and pollen from one plant species to another, which is an indicator of good floral migration.
Experimental groups of beekeeping "Rodina" of Akmola region, in the course of the study, it was found that сarnica and сarpathian bees bring pollen from five-lobed motherwort, sweet clover, gravilat colza, common oregano despite the fact that bees of local selection revealed a narrow floral specialization mainly for the massive collection of flax pollen.
Key words: pollen, honey bees, floral migration, palynology
Introduction. The ability of bees to switch when collecting food from one plant species to another, and to use several plant species at once is called floral migration.
With a decrease in the nectar productivity of plants, their attendance by bees sharply decreases.
They begin to look for those that produce it more, although many still continue to forage from previously visited plants.
In Kazakhstan, there are about 1 thousand species of entomophilous plants located in different geographical and soil-climatic zones. The predominant part of these plants produces very little nectar and is quite rare. A little more than 500 species of nectariferous plants are of practical importance for beekeeping. These are honey plants of forest and grassland, fruit and berry, fodder, cereals, oilseeds, essential oil and industrial crops. In the vast expanses of Kazakhstan, natural, or landscape, zones are successively replaced from north to south-forest, steppe, semi-desert and desert, and powerful mountain systems in the east and south-east of the republic represent an altitudinal zone, where, as the terrain rises above sea level, vegetation belts alternate. The natural zones of Kazakhstan determine the existence of a variety of honey lands, on the basis of which stationary or nomadic apiaries are located [1,2]. The formation of the ability in bees of floral specialization or floral migration depends on the level of
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provision of bees with food for the desired smell of flowers, the nectar of the adaptation of melliferous crops and the influence of natural and climatic conditions. By the behavior of bees, it is possible to determine the availability of families with highly nutritious feed. floral specialization and floral migration complement each other, reflecting as a single process of the relationship between bees and plants. Bees look for plants that allow them to collect enough nectar and pollen, and then a stable relationship is formed between them [3].
Flower pollen (bee pollen) is a valuable beekeeping product that is used to feed bees and is also used as an additive to food products in order to enrich them with vitamins, protein minerals and other substances. This is a high-quality, biologically active bee product, which includes about 50 different components, that is, almost all the substances necessary for the human body: complete proteins containing more than 20 amino acids, phospholipids that contribute to the permeability of the cell membrane and play an important role in metabolic processes [4]. Bees collect pollen in the very early hours of the morning. Under identical conditions, they are not equally related to individual flowering plants and prefer one, almost never visit others.
Floral specialization - visit by bees during one flight of flowers of one plant species, thereby providing plants with cross-pollination. Then pollen is monotonous, and honey is monofloral. Floral specialization, the relationship between a plant species and a breed of bees, which has been developed over a long period of development of the evolution of bees and plants. floral specialization or floral migration of honey bees determines their pollination activity and efficiency of visiting plants [5, 6 ,7].
Carniolan honey bees, which were united under one common name karnika, work well on different honey plants, visiting up to 5 plants per flight [11].
Honey bees perform a special function by pollinating several types of plants. But the productivity of honey bees depends on the general health of the family, which directly depends on the presence of bee flora in the region [12, 13].
The selection of bee colonies according to floral specialization makes it possible to effectively use honey bees for pollination of certain types of entomophilous crops, increasing the productivity of the beekeeper. The breed of bees of the Prioksky type, bred at the Research Institute of Beekeeping on the basis of crossing the gray mountain Caucasian and Central Russian breeds, was characterized by wide floral specialization during the day, they visit from 5 to 7 plant species in terms of enterprise in finding food sources and the speed of switching from one to another, they surpass the Central Russian bees [14].
Pollen is the main source of protein, lipids and trace elements such as minerals and trace elements essential for the health of bees [15, 16]. Thus, the quality and quantity of nutrients can of course be considered one of the key parameters, followed by other influencing factors such as flower appearance, including color, shape, morphology, display area and smell [17, 18, 19], to understand the feeding decisions of forager insects. This, in turn, is also important for determining the feed formulation and preparing additives for growing this species [20].
Material and research methods. The object of research was freshly collected pollen from the base farms of the Turkestan, Almaty and Akmola regions. Studies of the qualitative composition were carried out in the laboratory of the testing center of КAZNIIZHIK LLP. 1/10 part was separated from the skirts of each collection and the skirts were sorted by color. In all selected color groups, the pollen composition was studied, while analyzing at least two pollen specimens similar in color. The pollen was placed in a Petri dish, poured with distilled water and after complete softening (20-30 minutes), the liquid is drained, a smear is made from the sediment on a clean glass slide. After some drying, the pollen was fixed with a drop of 76% alcohol, weakly stained with fuchsin. The oily ring that appeared was removed with a cotton swab, which was previously moistened with alcohol. Pollen analysis was carried out according to the method of Von der Ohe W., Oddo L.P., Piana M.L., Morlot M., Martin P. Harmonized methods of melissopalynology [8]. The determination of the chemical composition of pollen was carried out on an IR analyzer "FossAnalytical" at the testing center of LLP "KAZNIIZHIK".
Results and discussion. To implement the task, pollen collectors (mounted) were installed in the conditions of basic farms for bee colonies and every three days they collected the accumulated pollen, which were determined for each stage separately and the total volume of collected pollen.
Flower pollen (pollen) brought by bees was collected using a pollen trap. The method of collecting pollen is based on the fact that bees collecting pollen are forced to pass into the hive through a pollen-collecting grid with small holes (diameter 4.9 ± 0.1 mm), as a result of which part of the pollen is torn off and falls into a tray (box) closed from above with a mesh with holes with a diameter of 3.0-3.8
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mm. Mounted (preflying), pollen traps were used, attached to the front wall of the hive and covering the lower and upper notches from the outside.
The selection of pollen was carried out throughout the season: from the early spring period (from the moment the hives were exhibited from the winter hut) to autumn (until the bees were harvested back to the winter hut). The dust collectors are removed from the pollen collector every three days. Then they were cleaned of debris, dried at room temperature and weighed.
According to the calendar plan, trips to several farms were organized to study and determine the floral migration, floral specialization of bees. Table 1 shows data on the number of flower pollen collected from April to June (kg).
Table 1 – The amount of collected pollen
Аpiary Zone Number of
bee colonies
The amount of collected pollen, kg
April May June Total
"КоrоlеvаSot" foothill 15 45 38 31 114
"Zholshiev" mountainous 15 37 30 26 93
"Rodina" steppe 15 39 31 28 98
In the period from April to June, this farm is a nomadic apiary (Tulkibas) from 15 hives from which the count was carried out, 114 kg of pollen, 7.6 kg per bee colony, was collected at the apiary of the Коrоlеvа Sot (foothill zone). An average of 83.5 grams of pollen per day per hive. In the apiary of IP
"Zholshiev", (mountainous zone) it was collected from 93 kg of pollen to 6.2 kg on average 68.1 gr. The experimental groups of Rodina(steppe zone) located in the Akmola region collected 98 kg of pollen pollen within three months.
At 6.5 kg per colony, an average of 71.8 g of pollen per day from one hive. When previewing under a microscope, the density and diversity of pollen grains in the preparation were assessed, and the morphological 10 types of pollen grains present were identified. A pollen analysis of honey was carried out - in order to determine its botanical origin by counting the amount of pollen contained in it. This allows you to determine from which specific plants the bees brought nectar or pollen.
Identification of pollen grains was carried out using the "Atlas of pollen grains" [9, 10]. The results obtained are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 – Results of palynological analysis of pollen
Apiary Composition of pollen
"Коrоlеvа Sot"
(foothill zone)
Psoralea drupes (Psoralea Drupacea) Sophora (Sophorasp.) Tamarix (Tamarix sp.)
Common cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum) Viburnum ordinary (Viburnum Opulus) family Cucurbitaceae (Cucurbitaceae)
Common flaxseed (Linaria Vulgaris) Eremurus (Eremurus sp.)
Willow (Salix sp.) Elecampane (Inulasp.)
Peas (Vicia sp.)
"Zholshiev"
(mountain zone)
Common bruise (Echium Vulgare) Sainfoin (Onobrychis.) The bittercress (Barbarea sp.)
Mustard (Sinapis sp.) Sweet clover (Melilotus sp.) Canadian goldenrod (Solidago Virgaurea)
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Clover hybrid (Amoriahybrida) Common raspberry (Rubusidaeus)
Euphorbia sp.
Sage (Salvia sp.)
Rodina LLP (steppe zone)
Common bruise (Echium Vulgare)
Five-lobed Motherwort (Leonurus Quinquelobatus) Sweet clover (Melilotus sp.)
The bittercress (Barbarea sp.) Gravity (Geumsp.)
Common chicory (Cichorium intybus) Oregano (Origanum vulgare)
Nonea dark (Noneapulla) Euphorbia sp.
The table shows the plant species used by the bees when collecting pollen in the places of deployment of bee colonies of basic farms. Although these farms were located in different zones, the number of honey plants used by bees fluctuated between 9-11.
As a result of the data obtained, the following conclusion can be drawn: the bees of the Turkestan region of the Коrоlеvа Sot apiary are distinguished by a wide floral specialization, and they prefer collecting pollen from plants (psoralea drupe, cotton plant, sophora, tamarix, common viburnum, common toadflax), which are also a source of nectar and pollen.
The bee families of the apiary "Zholshiev" of the Enbekshikazakh district mainly deliver pollen from sainfoin, common bruise, colza, mustard, sweet clover, Canadian goldenrod, etc.The priority of bees in collecting pollen from one plant species can be assessed as a weak enterprise in finding new sources of pollen and nectar. Since, the more diverse the species composition of the pollen brought to the hive, the more enterprising the bees are in finding new sources.
Such bees are able to quickly migrate to collect nectar and pollen from one plant species to another, which is an indicator of good floral migration. Experimental groups of beekeeping "Rodina" of Akmola region, in the course of the study, it was found that сarnica and сarpathian bees bring pollen from five-lobed motherwort, sweet clover, gravilat colza, common oregano despite the fact that bees of local selection revealed a narrow floral specialization mainly for the massive collection of flax pollen.
Different plants have individual valuable biological and nutrient substances. To get a complete picture in the study of pollen from base farms,Коrоlеvа Sot, Zholshiev, Rodina was delivered freshly collected pollen to determine the chemical composition. The results obtained are shown in Table 3.
Table 3 – Chemical composition of pollen
Farms Коrоlеvа Sоt Zhоlshiev Rodina
indicators by month April May June April May June April May June Initial moisture 6,6 10,8 8,2 13,1 9,7 5,92 8,5 6,6 6,4 Hygroscopic moisture 0,53 0,54 0,56 0,58 0,55 0,59 0,56 0,53 0,52
Total moisture 7,1 11,2 8,71 13,6 10,2 6,48 9,01 7,1 6,89 Dry matter 92,9 88,72 91,29 86,4 89,8 93,52 90,99 92,9 93,11
Protein 24,28 20,16 20,56 16,86 20,5 22,77 22,6 22,98 24,15
Fat 8,5 7,85 7,16 6,26 7,4 5,36 7,78 8,22 8,99
Fiber 2,59 1,48 0,72 2,16 1,14 - 1,13 1,89 2,45
Nitrogen-
free extractives 51,71 54,9 58,01 56,61 56,37 51,59 53,84 53,08 51,18 Sugar 14,86 11,87 11,74 10,95 11,87 11,2 12,76 13,56 14,65 Starch 8,77 5,84 6,82 6,53 6,96 17,62 6,71 8,33 8,48
Ash 5,83 4,33 4,84 4,52 4,39 4,86 5,65 6,74 6,35
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Са 0,11 0,09 0,09 0,1 0,09 0,13 0,09 0,12 0,1
Р 0,047 0,027 0,028 0,026 0,027 0,028 0,037 0,037 0,047 К 0,065 0,045 0,046 0,043 0,045 0,038 0,055 0,056 0,066 Мg 0,047 0,036 0,028 0,035 0,036 0,028 0,037 0,047 0,047
Na 0,07 0,05 0,05 0,04 0,05 0,04 0,05 0,07 0,07
Methionine 1,21 0,91 0,94 0,79 0,89 0,95 0,96 1,12 1,24
Lysine 2,43 1,82 1,87 1,57 1,79 1,91 1,93 2,24 2,5
Threonine 48,57 0,37 0,38 0,31 0,36 0,39 0,38 0,45 0,5 Tryptophan 0,24 0,21 0,2 0,17 0,21 0,23 0,23 0,23 0,24
The table shows that according to the results of chemical analysis of the composition of flower pollen obtained from the base farms, it was found that the content of dry matter in them in samples collected during the experimental period in the farms "Коrоlеvа Sоt", "Zholshiev", "Rodina" ranges from 86.4% to 93.2% depending on the season and the location of the studied bee apiaries. At the same time, the sugar content in the pollen from Rodina was mainly in the range from 10.95 to 14.86%. At the same time, the content of protein, fat, macro and microelements and especially important amino acids was within the permissible norm, which shows their suitability for the production of honey and valuable biological active and feed additives for feeding bees newborn calves, lambs, as well as sheep and bulls- producers. In the samples obtained in April, the dry matter content averaged 89.58 ± 1.3, in the May samples it increased by 3.5% and amounted to 92.7%. At that time, in the June pollen collection, the dry matter content from Rodina farms was -94.01%, and from Zholshiev farms was -91.44%.
Thus, in the pollen of the June harvest, the dry matter content was 1.4% higher than in May, and 4.9% higher than in April. This shows that in summer the dry matter content in pollen increases compared to the spring flowering period. During these periods, the protein and sugar content also changed in favor of the summer flowering period, since in April the protein was 20.88%, in May-22.61% and in June it increased to 23.7%, and the sugar content increased from spring to summer and ranged from 12.46% in April, 12.78% in May and 14.11% in June.
Thus, in comparison with April in June, the sugar content increased by 15.57%, compared with May by 12.67%. It can be concluded that the yield of honey increases by summer and the qualitative composition of honey and pollen also improves. To use pollen as a biological feed additive, it is better to collect them during the summer flowering periods of plants.
The study of the ability of floral migration and floral specialization of bees will allow radical use of the fodder stock of honey crops and plan the volume of production produced by the seasons of the year when using natural grassland, pastures, hayfields in the context of natural climatic zones.
When using the territory of the arable field forage production in general agriculture for beekeeping, the method of floral specialization can be used.
At the same time, it is necessary to take into account seven main directions of the connection of bees with plants: and such areas of agriculture; crop production, fruit growing and others: seed, fodder, pollination, medicinal horticultural melons, etc. These directions determine the timing of the deployment of apiaries, bee colonies for pollination, pollen collection, honey and other products.
The quantity and quality of media production depends on the nectar-containing plants used from the beginning and duration of flowering, taking into account natural and climatic zonal features. For the production of environmentally friendly honey, it is necessary to know the botanical composition of the location of apiaries of technogenic regions. Knowledge of the ability of floral migration will allow to develop an effective plan of breed zoning and intensively use the acclimatization ability of indigenous and local Kazakh populations of honey bees.
With the rational use of bee life products, valuable biologically active food and feed additives can be produced. The composition of such an additive is saturated with high-value amino acids, vitamins, carbohydrates, macro and microelements necessary for the human body and animals.
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ТҮЙІН
Бал араларының дақылдардың өнімділігін арттырудағы маңызы өте зор. Ара өсімдіктерін тозаңдандыру мәселелері бал жинауды жақсырақ пайдалану міндетімен тығыз байланысты.
Сондай-ақ, бір жағдайда аралардың әртүрлі тұқымдары әртүрлі өнімділікке ие екендігі белгілі, бұл аралардың биологиялық және экономикалық ерекшеліктеріне байланысты.
Мақаланың мақсаты еліміздің әртүрлі табиғи-климаттық аймақтарында гүл тозаңын жинау қабілетін зерттеу арқылы аралардың флоромиграция және флораспециализация бойынша сапасын зерттеу және анықтау.
Алынған мәліметтердің нәтижесінде келесі қорытынды жасауға болады: Түркістан облысының омарта аралары "Королева Сот" жеке кәсіпкерлігі кең флоралық специализацияланумен ерекшеленеді және олар олар бір мезгілде нектар мен тозаң көзі(дрюпа псоралеясы, мақта, софора, тамарикс, кәдімгі вибурнум, кәдімгі зығыр) болып табылатын өсімдіктерден тозаң жинайды.
Еңбекшіқазақ ауданының омартасынан шыққан ара колониялары негізінен тозаң қабығын эспарцет, кәдімгі көгеру, сурет, қыша, тәтті жоңышқа, канадалық алтын таяқша және т.б.
өсімдіктердің бір түрінен тозаң жинаудағы аралардың басымдығын тозаң мен нектардың жаңа көздерін іздеудегі әлсіз кәсіпкерлік деп бағалауға болады. Өйткені ұяға әкелінген табанның түрлік құрамы неғұрлым әртүрлі болса, аралар жаңа көздерді іздеуде соғұрлым іскер болады. Мұндай аралар өсімдіктің бір түрінен екіншісіне нектар мен тозаң жинау үшін тез қоныс аудара алады, бұл жақсы флоромиграцияның көрсеткіші.
Ақмола облысының "Родина" ара шаруашылығының тәжірибелі топтары зерттеу барысында карника және карпат тұқымды аралар тозаңды бес жүзді аналық құрттан, тәтті жоңышқадан, гравилат суреттен, қарапайым душицадан әкелетіні анықталды, жергілікті селекциялық аралар негізінен зығыр тозаңын жаппай жинауға арналған флоралық специализацияландандыру анықталды.
Сондай – ақ, тозаң мөлшерін есептеу арқылы оның ботаникалық шығу тегін анықтау мақсатындабалдың тозаң құрамы анықталды. Бұл аралардың қандай өсімдіктерден нектар немесе тозаң әкелгенін анықтауға мүмкіндік береді.
РЕЗЮМЕ
Значение медоносных пчел в повышении урожайности сельскохозяйственных культур исключительно велико. Вопросы опыления растений пчелами тесно связаны с задачей лучшего использования медосбора. Известно также, что разные породы пчел в одних и тех же условиях имеют различную продуктивность, что зависит от биологических и хозяйственных особенностей пчел.
Цель статьи изучение и определение качества пчел по флоромиграции и флороспециализации, путем исследования способности сбора цветочной пыльцы в разных природно-климатических зонах страны.
В результате полученных данных можно сделать следующий вывод: пчелы с пасеки Туркестанской области ИП «Королева Сот» отличаются широкой флороспециализацией, причем они предпочитают сбор пыльцы с растений, (псоралея костянковая, хлопчатника, софора, тамарикс, калина обыкновенная, льнянка обыкновенная) которые являются одновременно источником нектара и пыльцы.
Пчелосемьи с пасеки Енбекшиказахского района в основном доставляют пыльцевую обножку с эспарцета, синяка обыкновенного, сурепка, горчица, донник, золотарник канадский и.т.д. Приоритет пчел в сборе пыльцы с одного вида растений можно оценить как слабую предприимчивость в отыскивании новых источников пыльцы и нектара. Так как, чем разнообразнее видовой состав обножки, принесенной в улей, тем предприимчивее пчелы, в отыскивании новых источников. Такие пчелы способны быстро мигрировать для сбора нектара и пыльцы с одного вида растения на другой, что является показателем хорошей флоромиграции.
Опытные группы пчелохозяйства «Родина» Акмолинской области, в ходе проведения исследования было установлено что пчелы породы карника и карпатки приносят пыльцу с пустырника пятилопастного, донника, сурепки гравилат, дущица обыкновенная при том что,
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пчелы местной селекции была выявлена узкая флороспециализация в основном на массовый сбор пыльцы льна.
