UDC 638.1:636.082.13. DOI 10.56339/2305-9397-2023-2-3-10 IRSTI 68.39.43; 68.39.13; 68.39.19; 68.39.17
Toktarov N. Z., the main author, candidate in Technical Sciences, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Engineering of Kazakhstan, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7589-5580.
«East-Kazakhstan Agricultural Research Station» LLP, Opytnoe Pole Village, Ust-Kamenogorsk, 070512, Kazakhstan, [email protected], [email protected].
Cherepanova I. G., bachelor, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4672-3330.
«East-Kazakhstan Agricultural Research Station» LLP, Opytnoe Pole Village, Ust-Kamenogorsk, 070512, Kazakhstan, [email protected].
Kairgalieva G. Z., master of Biological Sciences, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6941-4805.
NJSC «West Kazakhstan Agrarian and Technical University named after Zhangir Khan», 51 St. Zhangir Khan, Uralsk, 090009, Kazakhstan, [email protected].
Kaisenova B. T., bachelor, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8874-1887.
«East-Kazakhstan Agricultural Research Station» LLP, Opytnoe Pole Village, Ust-Kamenogorsk, 070512, Kazakhstan, [email protected].
Ostroverkhova N. V., doctor of Biological Sciences, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9837-4905
«National Research Tomsk State University», Tomsk, Lenin Ave., 36, 634050 Russia, [email protected] STUDY OF BEE BREED ZONING IN THE MOUNTAIN AND FOOTHILL ZONE OF
EASTERN KAZAKHSTAN
ANNOTATION
Beekeeping is an important branch of agriculture, which consists of breeding bee families to produce honey, wax, and other bee products, as well as the use of bees for pollination of crops. It receives well- deserved attention from the population in Kazakhstan.
East Kazakhstan is engaged in beekeeping in a vast area stretching over two thousand kilometers in the Altai Region of Kazakhstan. The efficiency of beehives depends on many factors - natural and climatic conditions, condition of honey grounds and location of apiaries, strength and health of beehives, their breed, and, certainly, on the qualification and diligence of the beekeeper. According to the results of the spring and autumn inspections of the bee colonies we studied the basic characteristics such as winter- hardiness, productivity, and resistance to diseases. By measuring morphometric and exterior features the natural affiliation of the beehives were determined. The main indicator of breed affiliation is the color of bee body, proboscis length, wing structure and behavior of the family. According to the laboratory analyses, the data on the breed affiliation of bees were clarified. Separate bee distribution outposts of the Apis mellifera mellifera with clear signs of compliance have been identified in several households in the Katon-Karagai National Nature Park.
Key words: beekeeping, breed, bees, research, indicators, results.
Introduction. The diversity of honeybees is of broad scientific interest. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis based on classical morphometry. Numerous studies by both domestic [1-3] and foreign scientists [4-14] have been devoted to the development and problems of beekeeping on a scientific basis, e.g., genotyping by sequencing (GBS) was used to determine the morphometric identity of the Apis mellifera scutellata and Apis mellifera capensis native to the Republic of South Africa (RSA) [15]. Scientists at Aksum University (Ethiopia) and Hohenheim University (Germany) studied populations of Ethiopian honey bees (Apis mellifera) by conducting a comprehensive analysis based on classical morphometry and the nuclear marker r7- frag, revealing a relatively low tendency for genetic differentiation [16]. As a result of morphological studies of honey bees in Kazakhstan (Aktobe and West Kazakhstan Regions) using the methods of F. Ruttner and generally accepted evaluation of morphometric features, bees of three classes of morphotypes were identified: 1R, 2R, O (O dark, O gray), two groups: corresponding to the standard of the Apis mellifera mellifera subspecies and partially corresponding [2].
Beekeeping in East Kazakhstan is practiced in a vast area stretching over two thousand kilometers of the Altai Region of Kazakhstan. The landscape is diverse, from semi-deserts to steppe, foothills, mountains, and high-mountain glaciers. The local flora is varied, with many of them being good melliferous plants.
In addition, large areas are annually sown with entomophilic crops - sunflower, buckwheat, rape, melilot, sainfoin, etc. Therefore, beekeeping has developed in this region, and about three-quarters of all honey in the country, up to 4 thousand tons annually, is produced here. The main volume of honey is obtained in small and medium-sized commercial apiaries with a number of bees up to 300 - 500 families [1].
The productivity of beehives depends on many factors - natural and climatic conditions, the state of honey grounds and location of apiaries, the strength and health of beehives, their breed, and, of course, primarily on the skills and diligence of the beekeeper. The Beekeeping Department of the "East Kazakhstan Agricultural Research Station" LLP conducts comprehensive research on ways and opportunities to increase honey production in the country. Annual training courses seminars and webinars for beekeepers are held in winter. Recommendations on various topics of beekeeping, treatment and prevention of diseases are published.
Materials and Methods. During 2021 - 2022, in order to study the general state and breed of bees, employees of the "East-Kazakhstan Agricultural Research Station" LLP and the Republican Chamber of Beekeeping conducted expeditionary surveys of apiaries of East Kazakhstan and Abay Regions. By results of spring and autumn inspections of beehives, we studied the main characteristics - winter hardiness, productivity, and resistance to diseases. Samples of bees from each apiary are sent to the laboratories of the "East-Kazakhstan Agricultural Research Station" LLP.
By measuring morphometric and exterior traits, the natural affiliation of beehives is determined [18, 17].
Purebred bees are determined by their body coloring, honey printing, and their behavior when opening the nest and examining the honeycomb [19, 20]. To clarify the purity of individual bee families, bee samples are taken and the proboscis length and wing cubital index are measured in the laboratory, determining their compliance with the zoned breed according to the "Instruction for the Boning of Bee Families".
Preparations for Measuring Exterior Traits.
A strip of glycerol is placed on the slide. Tweezers separate the front right wing and place it on the slide;
15-20 wings are placed next to each other and covered with a coverslip. For isolation of mouth parts (proboscis), tweezers separate the head from the thorax and placed on the slide with the occipital part to the top. Use a preparatory needle to press on the occipital opening and locate where the base of the mouth apparatus is attached to the head. Forceps are used to grasp the chin and mandibular pendants and separate them from the head. The proboscis is placed on a slide with tweezers on a drop of glycerol, spread all parts with a needle, and covered with a coverslip. Proboscis measurement, Cubital Index and Discoidal Displacement Determination. Measurements are made with a binocular microscope MBS-1, 2, 10 and an eyepiece-micrometer, which is an eyepiece in which a round glass plate is inserted, on which a scale of 100 divisions is marked. Proboscis length is an exact quantitative characteristic of the trait which is obtained by adding the three mentioned measurements (mm) according to the following formula:
Proboscis length = a+b+c, where measurements a, b, and c, give the proboscis length in total.
The specimen is placed on the microscope slide under the eyepiece-micrometer. Then, determine how many divisions of the eyepiece-micrometer cover distances a, b, and c.
Cubital Index. The specimen with wings is placed on the microscope slide under the ocular micrometer.
Measurement of cubital cell on sides "A" and "B" of the third cubital cell of the fore wing is made. Then determine the ratio of the length of vein "A" to the length of vein "B" in a % ratio using the formula:
Cubital index = a/bx100%.
Discoidal Displacement.
Discoidal displacement is determined by Götze. The winged specimen is placed on the microscope slide under the eyepiece-micrometer. The scale with the eyepiece-micrometer divisions is stopped from one corner to the other corner of the radial cell. The perpendicular line of the counting scale must pass through the intersection of the longest vein of the cubital cell. If the perpendicular line passes through point E, it indicates a neutral (zero) discoidal displacement, if point E appears to the right side of the perpendicular line, it indicates a positive (+) discoidal displacement, and if point E appears to the left side of the line, it indicates a negative (-) discoidal displacement.
Preparation of Samples for Morphometric Analysis of Bee Wings (MORPHO-XL).
Tweezers separate the front right wing and put 50-60 wings on tape placed next to each other and covered with a second layer of tape, the sample is signed. Then the sample is scanned, dotted, and loaded into the MORPHO-XL program, after which the result of the morphometric analysis of the family is output.
All results obtained during the tests are entered into the laboratory log table and filed.
Program for Morphometric Analysis of Bee Wings (MORPHOXL).
Tweezers separate the anterior right wing and place 40-60 wings on the scotch tape next to each other and cover it with a second layer of scotch tape. Then the specimen is scanned, arranging the cardinal points.
Digitization of the wing images is performed using the summary software tpsDig2 and uploaded to the MORPHO-XL program, after which the result of morphometric analysis of the family is output.
25-30 bees were sampled from each beehive. The morphometric parameters were studied in the
laboratory using the Alpatov Method and the modern digitization method (Table 1). These methods allow us to reduce the analysis time by 5-6 times and increase the accuracy of measurements.
Table 1 - Scale of the Standard Class of Breeding Bee Families.
Breed Coloring Proboscis Length (mm)
Discoidal Displacement
Cubital Index Weight (mg) Width of the third tergite
Bee behavior
+ - 0
When opening the nest When examining
Apis mellif era mellif era
Dark gray
6.0-6.4 4 and less 74 and more 25 and less
60-65 110
4.8-5.2
Moderately aggressive
Hanging in clusters (leaving the honeycomb) Apis
mellif era carpat hica
Grey
6.4-6.8 90 and less - 10 and less
45-60 105
4.4-5.1 Peaceful
Staying on the
honeycomb
Research Results.
According to the data of spring and fall apiary inspections, the main indicators of efficiency, winter hardiness, resistance to diseases, and other economic attributes were determined.
According to the data of laboratory tests, we obtained more accurate data on the breed of bees.
2481 samples were taken and analyzed from 12 farms; thereby 2481 bees were collected from 85 beehive families from the forest, forest-steppe and steppe zone, East Kazakhstan and Abay Regions of East Kazakhstan. The results of the measurements of the samples of multifactorial morphometric analysis are shown in Table 2 [20].
Table 2 - Morphometric Evaluation of the Breed Composition of Bees in Commercial Farms.
Proboscis Length (mm)
Cubital Index (%)
Discoidal
Displacement (%) The Third Tergite
Width Body Coloration
+ - 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Glubokovsky District
“Paseka” Farm
6.6 55.1 89 10 4.9 grey
6.7 54.3 90 10 4.8 grey
6.6 55.2 96 4 4.7 grey
7.0 54.3 88 12 4.5 grey
6.9 54.6 91 10 4.6 grey
6.6 56.6 93 7 4.8 grey
6.5 52.8 90 10 4.6 grey
«East Kazakhstan Agricultural Research Station» LLP
6.7 53.3 90 10 4.6 grey
6.6 54.2 92 8 4.6 grey
6.5 53.3 92 8 4.7 grey
6.4 53.6 97 12 4.6 grey
6.6 54.3 91 10 4.6 grey
6.6 54.1 90 10 4.5 grey
6.8 52.3 91 10 4.6 grey
6.6 55.4 90 10 4.6 grey
6.4 53.4 92 7 4.9 grey
6.5 51.5 87 13 4.6 grey
“Dary Vosytoka” Farm
6.5 53.2 90 10 4.7 grey
6.5 51.6 91 10 4.6 grey
6.5 52.2 91 9 4.6 grey
6.5 51.5 88 10 4.6 grey
6.5 49.7 90 11 4.6 grey
6.5 49.0 88 11 4.6 grey
«A.M. Kasenov» Farm
6.5 49.5 91 9 4.6 grey
6.5 49.9 90 10 4.6 grey
6.5 49.9 88 12 4.5 grey
6.5 50.0 90 10 4.6 grey
6.5 49.2 90 10 4.6 grey
6.6 50.3 88 11 4.6 grey
6.5 51.2 90 10 4.6 grey
"Pchelnik” Farm
6.5 55.0 94 6 4.6 grey
6.5 51.7 90 10 4.6 grey
6.5 50.6 88 11 4.6 grey
6.5 52.1 91 9 4.6 grey
6.5 52.5 90 10 4.6 grey
6.5 51.1 92 7 4.6 grey
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
“Bdzhilka” Farm
6.5 51.5 96 4 4.6 grey
6.5 50.9 90 10 4.6 grey
6.5 49.9 88 11 4.6 grey
6.5 51.4 90 10 4.6 grey
6.5 51.8 92 8 4.6 grey
6.5 50.1 92 6 4.6 grey
“Vasilyiev” Farm
6.6 55.1 91 9 4.9 grey
6.7 51.3 90 10 4.8 grey
6.6 54.2 96 4 4.7 grey
7.0 54.3 95 5 4.5 grey
6.9 54.6 92 8 4.6 grey
6.0 56.6 96 7 4.8 grey
7.0 54.3 96 4 4.5 grey
6.9 54.6 90 10 4.6 grey
6.6 56.6 96 4 4.8 grey
6.5 52.8 90 10 4.6 grey
Ulan District
“Paseka»” Farm
6.5 49.5 96 4 4.6 grey
6.5 49.9 90 10 4.6 grey
6.5 49.9 88 9 4.5 grey
6.5 5.0 90 10 4.6 grey
6.5 49.2 94 6 4.6 grey
6.6 50.3 88 11 4.6 grey
6.5 51.2 90 10 4.6 grey
“Myod Altaya” Farm
6.5 51.5 90 10 4.6 grey
6.5 50.9 92 8 4.6 grey
6.5 49.9 88 11 4.6 grey
6.5 52.8 90 10 4.7 grey
6.5 52.9 96 5 4.6 grey
6.5 52.0 92 7 4.6 grey
“Gordienko” Farm
6.7 53.3 90 10 4.6 grey
6.6 54.2 92 8 4.6 grey
6.5 53.3 91 9 4.7 grey
6.4 53.6 90 10 4.6 grey
6.6 54.3 93 7 4.6 grey
6.6 54.1 95 6 4.5 grey
6.5 51.5 92 8 4.6 grey
Katon-Karagai District
“V.A. Kasenova” IE
6.1 62.2 3 83 13 4.9 dark grey
6.1 62.2 6 85 10 4.9 dark grey
6.1 62.0 7 81 11 4.9 dark grey
6.5 51.5 90 10 4.6 grey
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6.5 51.5 90 10 4.6 grey
6.6 52.1 92 7 4.6 grey
6.1 62.0 6 83 10 4.9 dark grey
6.1 62.2 6 83 10 4.9 dark grey
6.1 62.4 7 81 11 4.9 dark grey
6.5 52.3 89 10 4.6 grey
“V.P. Klimova” IE
6.6 51.7 96 5 4.6 grey
6.5 51.2 92 8 4.6 grey
6.6 49.6 91 10 4.6 grey
According to research data, it was found that in most farms bees have signs of Apis mellifera carpatica.
There is also significant traits, where the indicators of purebredness are blurred. This is the result of uncontrolled importation of bees from different places to expand apiaries or to replenish the number of beehives after hibernation. Separate bee distribution outposts of the Apis mellifera mellifera with clear signs of compliance have been identified in several households in the Katon-Karagai National Nature Park. Questionnaire data describing the economic value of local bees show that in 2021-2022 there was no loss of bees during the winter and no nosema disease. The morphometric traits of bees in different natural and climatic zones are quite diverse within the breed. The shortest probosci's bees were found in the dry-steppe and desert-steppe zone. They are characterized by the highest value of the cubital index 51.18 ± 1.8 and the length of the third tergite (2.34 ± 0.02 mm), which corresponds to the Apis mellifera
mellifera. Bees of the shallow-footed zone were the longest compared to others (6.7±0.05). Bees of this group had a smaller cubital index of the right fore wing and length of the third tergite, which corresponds to the Apis mellifera carpatica.
Conclusion. Data on the distribution of bees of the Apis mellifera mellifera and recommendations for their maintenance and further improvement of breeding were used by us in the Project of the Secretariat of the UNDP Convention on Biodiversity of Nature on "Conservation and Restoration of Biodiversity of Pasture Resources of Rural Settlements in Katon-Karagai State National Park".
The results of the study became the basis for developing a map of breed zoning of apiaries in East Kazakhstan and Abay Regions. At the same time, recommendations to beekeepers on breeding bees of different breeds and mastering breeding and selection work were given.
Materials of the research were used in the application to the Ministry of Digital Development and Aerospace Industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan for grant funding of the "East Kazakhstan Agricultural Research Station" LLP under the "Production Sector Consortia 1: Competence Centers" Program on
"Creation of a Scientific and Tribal Center for Beekeeping" and a positive decision was received. This grant will be implemented in 2023-2024 on the territory of East Kazakhstan Region.
The resulting products: brood female beekeepers and bee colonies of the Apis mellifera mellifera and Apis mellifera carpatica will be sold to beekeepers in the region.
The research is funded by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan ("Development of Technologies for Effective Management of the Breeding Process in Beekeeping" PCF BR10764957).
Acknowledgement. We express our gratitude for participation and assistance in the survey of apiaries in the vast territory of two regions, managers and specialists of the Republican Chamber of Beekeeping, Katon-Karagai National Park, "Paseka", "Myod Altaiskiy", "Dary Altaya" Farms and " V.A. Kaseneva"
IE.
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ТҮЙІН
Ара шаруашылығы-бал, балауыз және басқа да ара шаруашылығы өнімдерін алу және араларды дақылдарды тозаңдандыру үшін пайдалану мақсатында ара колонияларын өсіруден тұратын ауыл шаруашылығының маңызды саласы. Ол Қазақстан халқының лайықты назарына ие.
Шығыс Қазақстанда ара шаруашылығымен Қазақстанның Алтай өңірінің екі мың шақырымнан астам аумағы айналысады. Өсірілетін ара колонияларының өнімділігі көптеген факторларға байланысты-табиғи-климаттық жағдайлар, бал өсімдіктерінің жағдайы және Омарталардың орналасуы, ара колонияларының күші мен денсаулығы, олардың тұқымдық құрамы және, әрине, ең алдымен омарташының біліктілігі мен еңбекқорлығына байланысты. Ара колонияларын көктемгі және күзгі тексерудің нәтижелері бойынша негізгі сипаттамалар – қыстың төзімділігі, өнімділігі, ауруларға төзімділігі зерттелді. Морфометриялық және сыртқы белгілерді өлшеу арқылы ара колонияларының табиғи аксессуарлары анықталды. Тұқымның негізгі көрсеткіші- араның денесінің түсі, пробосканың ұзындығы, қанатының құрылымы және отбасының мінез- құлқы. Зертханалық талдаулардың деректері бойынша аралардың тұқымдық тиістілігі бойынша нақтыланған деректер алынды. Катонқарағай ұлттық табиғи паркінің аумағындағы бірнеше шаруашылықтарда сәйкестіктің айқын белгілері бар Орталық орыс тұқымының араларының таралуының жекелеген аралдары анықталды.
РЕЗЮМЕ
Пчеловодство – важная отрасль сельского хозяйства, заключающаяся в разведении пчелиных семей с целью получения меда, воска и других продуктов пчеловодства, а также использования пчел для опыления сельскохозяйственных культур. Оно пользуется заслуженным вниманием населения Казахстана.
Пчеловодством в Восточном Казахстане занимаются на обширной территории протяженностью более двух тысяч километров зоне Алтайского региона Казахстана. Продуктивность разводимых пчелосемей зависит от многих факторов – природно-климатических условий, состояния медоносов и размещения пасек, силы и здоровья пчелосемей, их породной принадлежности и конечно, в первую очередь от квалификации и трудолюбия пчеловода. По результатам весенней и осенней ревизии пчелосемей изучены основные характеристики – зимостойкость, продуктивность, устойчивость к заболеваниям. Путем измерений морфометрический и экстерьерных признаков определены природные принадлежности пчелосемей. Основным показателем породной
принадлежности является окрас тела пчелы, длинна хоботка, строение крыла и поведение семьи.
По данным лабораторных анализов получены уточненные данные по породной принадлежности пчел. Отдельные островки распространения пчел среднерусской породы с явными признаками соответствия выявлены в нескольких хозяйствах на территории Катон-Карагайского национального природного парка.
