Creative writing: from diaries and letter-writing to stories and writing for a newspaper
Болтнева Ольга Юрьевна
Почетный работник общего образования Учитель английского языка школы №1529
Вице-президент Ассоциации MELTA elt-moscow.ru
Москва 05.03.2018
SENTENCES
The structure of sentences may be:
a) Simple – with only one complete thought.
E.g. The Vikings lived in a part of a northern Europe called Scandinavia.
b) Compound – with two or three independent clauses that may exists as independent sentences. The clauses are joined by conjunctions or separated by punctuation.
E.g. Some Vikings sailed west and they settled the islands of Iceland and Greenland.
c) Complex – with one independent clause and two or more dependent/subordinate clauses.
A dependent/subordinate clause has a subject and a predicate, but does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone. The adjective, the adverb and the noun clauses will help you to write more clear, smooth and forceful sentences.
E.g. As Vikings did not settle in Canada, they probably stayed less than 10 years, though they traded with Native Americans for much longer.
d) Compound-complex – with a number of independent and dependent/subordinate clauses.
E.g. The Vikings were gifted craftsmen, they built the best ships in Europe, because they had to travel far in search of goods like silk, glass and silver.
CONJUNCTIONS
• Coordinate: and, but, or, nor, for, yet
• Correlative: either, or; neither, nor; not only, but also; both, and; whether, or; just, as; just, so; as, so
• Subordinate: after, although, as, as if, as long as, as though, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, until, when, where, whereas, while
• Relative pronouns (who, which, that, what) and conjunctive adverbs (accordingly, also, besides, consequently,
furthermore, hence, however, moreover, nevertheless, then,
therefore, thus, still) can also connect clauses.
Rewrite the story connecting simple sentences into compound or complex ones
RIDING TO RESCUE SEA HORSES Question: What fish can you hold in your hand?
Answer: the sea horse.
Tickle its tail tip. It will wrap around your finger.
Today sea horses are in danger. Scientists convene conferences to share ideas. How to save the sea horse?
At least 20 million sea horses are taken from the ocean each year.
Most of them are used to make folk medicines.
Sea horses are also sold as pets. They need live food and special care. Most pet sea horses get sick. Help sea horses. Do not buy them.
Another way to help sea horses is to save their ocean habitat. It is
important. There are still a lot of sea horse secrets for scientists to
learn.
Shorten the text up to 3-4 sentences (30-40 words)
•
Mrs. White has some students at her home for lessons. There are six of them in all, four young men and two girls. Some of
them are hardworking and clever; others are clever but don’t do much work. One is slim and beautiful; and one is quiet and
pretty. One is handsome and well-dressed, and can talk about music and literature; one is not handsome or clever but he can tell funny stories. They are all friends.
•
My friend Jane lives out of town in Abramtsevo. It is one of the most beautiful places near Moscow. It is situated to the north of Moscow on the bank of a narrow river Vorya. The air is fresh and cool there. Abramtsevo is not only famous for its beauty but also for its museums. The place belonged to Savva Mamontov,
Russian merchant, connoisseur of arts. He had a lot of friends
among Russian talented painters, writers and singers. He often
invited them to his place. There they worked and discussed art.
Summarizing the text
They all sat down in a circle about me, the better to observe my motions. I pulled off my hat and made a low bow towards the farmer. I fell on my knees, and lifted up my hands and eyes, and spoke several words as loud as I could. I took a purse of gold out of my pocket and humbly presented it to him. He received it on the palm of his hand, then put it close to his eye, to see what it was, and afterwards turned it several times with the point of a pin (which he took out of his sleeve), but could make nothing of it. Whereupon I made a sign that he should place his hand on the ground. I then took the purse, and opening it, poured all the gold into his palm. He seemed to be wholly ignorant of what it was.
The farmer by this time was convinced that I must be a rational being.
He often spoke to me, but the sound of his voice pierced my ears like that of a water-mill, yet his words were articulate enough. I answered as loud as I could in several languages, and he often laid his ear within two yards of me, but all in vain.
(After J. Swift)
Make use of the following questions while summarizing
1. What did Gulliver do when they all sat down in a circle
about him? Did he make a low bow towards the farmer or all of them? How did he speak several words? (when) (and) (as ...
as ,..)
2. What did Gulliver take out of his pocket? Whom did he give his purse to? (taking)
3. What did the farmer do with the purse? Why did he put it close to his eye? What did he turn it several times with? Did he understand what it was? (at first) (then) (but) (what)
4. What was the farmer convinced of? Did he often or seldom speak to Gulliver? Did Gulliver understand the farmer's
words? (evidently) (that) (therefore) (but)
5. How did Gulliver answer him? What was the result? (but)
The Paragraph
A paragraph is a series of sentences developing one main idea or topic. The first line of each paragraph is indented a few spaces to the right of the margin or separated by a double space. A paragraph may consist of a single
sentence but usually it has more. They give details and reasons in support of the main statement, which is
expressed by the topic sentence.
The topic sentence can appear in any part of the
paragraph and it tells the reader what the paragraph is
about. It is followed by a well-written body and, finally, by the concluding sentence. It once again reminds of the
main topic of the paragraph.
Write a paragraph.
Think of the best place to put the topic sentence .
Edit your work:
• Did you capitalize each sentence?
• Did you indent the first line?
• Did you use the right punctuation and spelling?
• Did you formulate your topic sentence well?
• Are all the sentences in your paragraph about one main idea?
• Is your writing clear and easily read?
Make corrections, write or type neatly and give your
partner for comments. Improve after the comments, if
needed, put a picture, print and display.
DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH
Pumpkin is the biggest cat I know. She is also the gentlest. She loves people and purrs like a motorboat when she meets you. She is mostly orange, with one big white spot over her left eye and another in the middle of her back. Her coat is soft and smooth, and she always shines as if she had just had a bath.
Say how Pumpkin looks/ feels/ sounds/ Find the
exact words, similes and metaphors
Writing a Descriptive Paragraph
Think of three things you would enjoy describing: people, places, or objects. Try to see them in a new way. Notice every detail. What makes them special? Use all five senses: sight, touch, hearing, smell and taste. Use exact, forceful words. Use
metaphors and similes
My Bell
Look, what a pretty little thing I have got! It is my golden bell. When I shake it, it rings as if it sings a merry summer song. I enjoy touching it. It's very cold. It smells like water in a spring. It smells so nice that once I decided to taste it. My mother was very angry with me, when she saw it, because people mustn't eat metal things. I promised not to do it; moreover I didn't like its taste at all. But anyhow, I like my bell.
By Mary.
Ask for your partner's comments, improve, and add a picture. Print and display.
Diaries
A diary is a book containing daily records (entries) of the events in a person's life.
It is considered to be very personal, and reading someone else's diary without permission is strongly disapproved of.
Monday, December 30, 1991
We've decorated the tree. I went shopping with Mommy. We bought presents for the family and friends. We wrapped everything up nicely, wrote everyone a New Year's card and I laid them all out under the tree. Everything looks wonderful.
Mommy is cooking, baking—there'll be all sorts of goodies. But I think everybody will be spending New Year's Eve at home.
Wednesday, January 1, 1992
Yes, I spent New Year's Eve AT HOME WITH MY MOMMY AND DADDY. It wasn't bad, just a bit odd. Happy New Year.
We were alone on New Year's Eve, but today the house is full of people. Lots of visitors, "small" (my friends) and "big" (Mommy and Daddy's), as well as family. In the end it was fun.
From "Zlata's Diary" Viking Penguin,1994
WRITING DIARY ENTRIES
Recollect the events from W. Shakespeare's tragedy
"Romeo and Juliet".
• Write two short diary entries for Romeo: after he has been married, after his interference causes Mercutio's death and he unwillingly kills Tybalt.
• Write two short diary entries for Juliet: after her first meeting Romeo at the festival and in the
garden, after her parents declared her marriage to Prince Paris and she consults Friar Laurence.
• Share diary entries in pairs. Be prepared to share
observations or powerful entries with class.
Social letters. General Format
Let's categorize the kinds of letters into two simple groups: social letters and business letters.
For both types there is a general layout or format that is followed. The following model sets out (1) the writer's address, (2) the salu- tation to the addressee, (3) the body of the
letter, (4) the closing word or phrase, and (5) the
writer's signature.
Write a similar letter to your partner, to an imaginary person or your real pen-friend
APOLOGY (formal)
555 Rosamond Street
Greenville, MA 22222 September 15, 2001
Dear Mr. Smith,
I want to apologize for not having answered your very kind letter sooner, but I have been away on a trip and just returned today.
The photographs you sent are beautiful. My family and I appreciate them very much. They are the best kind of remembrance, and we are very grateful.
Again, please accept my apologies for the delay. And please give my best regards to your family.
Sincerely, Your student, Alfred Chace
APOLOGY (informal)
September 25, 2008 Dear George,
I'm writing to tell you that I've lost your copy of
“Gone with the Wind". I left it in the lounge, and someone must have picked it up. I'm really very sorry, and will try to replace it as soon as I can.
Regards,
Denis
CONGRATULATIONS
September 27, 2010
Dear Kathleen,
Happy Birthday, and many happy returns of the day!
Love, Mary
Route 4, Box 200 Blackthorn, KY 55555 September 10, 2011
Dear Mr. and. Mrs. Brock,
Congratulations on your golden wedding anniversary! Although we can't be with you to help you celebrate this very special occasion, please know that we are with you in spirit on this happy and auspicious day.
With warmest best wishes.
Sincerely,
Mary and John Smith
INVITATIONS
October 4, 2001
Dear Jerry and Carol,
You are cordially invited to come to our annual Tanksgiving costume party on Monday, November 22, 2001 at our home. We promise surprises, fun costumes, and good food.
Bring a friend!
Looking forward to seeing you!
The Thompsons
RSVP regrets only 555-2367
September 07, 2003
Dear Paul,
We're having a Fourth of July get-together at our summer house. Bring your beach clothes and a good appetite and plan to spend the weekend!
P.S. We'll pick you up at the airport, of course!
THANK YOU "bread-and-butter letter"
September 17,2012
Dear Edith,
Thanks again for a wonderful weekend! The children and I really enjoyed our visit. We think you're the perfect hostess!
Please come visit us in Chicago. We'd all love to have you stay for Thanksgiving.
Love,
Laura, Meg and Scott
October 22, 2003
Dear Dr. Malone,
My sister and I want to thank you for the wonderful books which just arrived. They will be extremely useful in our courses this next semester. We deeply appreciate your thoughtfulness.
With very best regards, Sincerely,
Agnes and Irene Howe
E-MAILS
Do not indent paragraphs.
Do not capitalize everything: it looks like shouting.
Start with a short greeting, proceed with a concise message and end up with a no more than four lines signature file (the text at the end of every e-mail).
Be considerate to fill the subject line with a short description of the contents of your message.
Run your e-mail through a spellchecker and read for grammar mistakes, but remember: it is a speed multicultural form of communication – be tolerant of other people's errors.
Use smileys, also called emoticons, to indicate feelings: (I feel bad about it) :-I (It’s OK) (I’m happy) 8^o (surprise or concern) :-D (I’m laughing)
Do not send junk e-mail to many different groups on the
Internet. This is called spamming and is condemned by the
entire Internet community
Read and compose your messages
1. To: boltneva@mail.ru 2. From: Lindycop@aol.com
3. Cc: school1876@g23.relcom.ru 4. Subject: update
5.
6. HI!
We went to the Rotary luncheon and were interviewed by the local paper. They invited us to come to their office sometime. Then I found out that another
local paper ran a story on us. The speech given was good 1. Linda
1 and 3. – you do not type these addresses, but click the mouse to choose them from your address book. Cc: - means "a copy".
2. – this line is filled automatically by your e-mail programme.
4. – Even if you forget to fill this line the computer will remind you.
5.– Greeting
6. – If the message has more than one paragraph, miss a double line between them.
7. – The closing here includes only the name, though "Best wishes" or "Love" or "Best regards" are appropriate
Dear Andrew,
Irina told me of another round of exchanges. Isn't it great.
Do you think we could see Cambridge and something of Wales this time?
Are there interesting productions you would advise in London? What a pleasure
to dream.
Best regards to the Principal Mr Eckham, if he hasn't retired yet,
Olga
Dear Olga,
Good to hear from you.
It would be great to see you all again. Cambridge is about two
hours from Bloxham and Wales about the same - so: perfectly possible, but
both would be long days. Plenty to see in London, too. What about "Art"?
And you could go up on the big wheel, the London Eye, with spectacular views over the city.
Yes, good to dream... Let me know.
Love to Irina and the rest.
Andrew
Creative writing. Essays
For successful writing you should learn how to think, analyse and generalize, solve logical
problems, and make conclusions. Writing is a spiral process of rewriting, revising, improving and polishing. It is important because it
transmits information and your impulse should be well understood for successful
communication.
The Writing Process
Prewriting: Think:
1. Plan What is the topic of my writing?
2. Brainstorm Who is my audience?
3. Generate lists What will be interesting for them?
4. Answer questions What do I want to accomplish through the writing process?
5. Come up with ideas to write about
Rough Draft: organize and record ideas. Think: What ideas or thoughts will I include?
How will the material be organized?
How will I begin, develop, and conclude the piece?
What title will I offer my readers to give a glimpse of what they are going to read?
Self-Editing/Peer Revision: gain insight Think:
and understanding of your rough draft by first What do I mean to convey?
reviewing it yourself and then with a peer. Are my thoughts in order?
Is my use of grammar correct?
What does my peer think I can do to convey my ideas more clearly?
Final Draft: use the peer revision Think:
and new ideas to create a final draft. What should I add or delete from my piece?
Have I corrected all spelling and grammatical errors?
Develop and outline – a logical plan for writing
Follow these steps of working on an outline:
1) Place the title above the outline. It is not one of the topics within the outline itself.
2) Do not use the terms "Introduction," "Body," and "Conclusion" in the outline. These are not topics to be discussed in the composition; they are organizational units in the writer's mind.
3) Number main headings with Roman numerals; letter the subtopics under each main heading with capital letters. Divisions of subtopics, in descending order of importance, are given numbers and letters as follows: Arabic numerals, small letters.
4) Indent subtopics so that all corresponding letters or numbers are in a vertical line.
I.
A.
B.
1.
2.
a.
b.
II. (etc.)
5) Never allow a subtopic to stand alone; use two or more subtopics, or none at all.
6) Begin each topic and subtopic with a capital letter; otherwise, capitalize only proper nouns and adjectives. In a topic outline, do not follow topics with a period.
7) If the first main topic is a noun, the other main topics must also be nouns;
if the first subtopic under this main topic is an adjective, the corresponding subtopics must also be adjectives.
Wherever you start, write as rapidly and freely as you can. The correction of errors is a slow process and will only interrupt your flow of ideas. There will be time in the revision stage for corrections and improvements.
Main parts of an essay or any other type of writing The Introduction
The introduction may consist of a single sentence or a whole paragraph, depending on your subject and the length of the paper. Long or short, the introduction should catch the reader's interest. There are many
different ways of beginning a composition. Among the most effective are: a general statement showing the writer's point of view and purpose, a striking fact or
example, a challenging question. The introduction may, but need not, contain an explicit statement of your
purpose; but stated or not, your purpose should be
clear to all who read your introduction.
The Body
The body or main part of a composition fulfills the purpose expressed in the introduction. It may consist of only a few paragraphs in a short composition or it may consist of many.
(Roughly about three-fourths the length of your whole
composition.)You can devote a paragraph to each main topic in your outline, or you can use a whole paragraph to develop an important subtopic. A good paragraph develops a single idea, and this idea should have a clear and direct bearing on the subject of the whole composition. Remember also that a
paragraph must contain enough details to develop its idea fully.
The Conclusion
The conclusion of a composition has two main functions: it
rounds out your treatment of your subject and tells your reader that you have finished. It may be a single sentence at the end of a longer paragraph or it may be a separate paragraph, but in
either case the conclusion should sound like an ending. It should make the reader think that you have finished, not given up. Since the conclusion is your last word to the reader, it is important that it emphasizes the main point that your paper is supposed to
make. There are several good ways of doing this: by summarizing
the main idea of the paper, by repeating in different words the
main idea stated in the introduction, by making a significant
proposal
Topics For Your Essays
The Arts
1. How to read a poem
2. Modern trends in drama
3. Designing and building a stage set 4.The wisdom of folk music
5.Today's "top ten" discs 6. How to plan a concert 7. A career in music (art)
8. Formula for a TV variety show 9. What to listen for in music
10. The cinema vs. the stage
Science
1. The importance of oceanography 2. The pesticide menace
3. Cloning genes
4. Air (water) pollution 5. Types of rockets
6. Inventions I'd like to see 7. Problems of space travel 8. A science research project
9. Recent trends in automobile design 10. Biological aspects of space travel 11. Scientific farming
12. Conservation: wildlife
13. Weather forecasting
SPORTS
1. Our winter sports boom 2. Soccer or football?
3. Camping out
4. Record-breaking performances 5. The good referee
6. When sportsmanship counts
7. How to watch football оr any other sport 8. The cheerleader's job
9. How dangerous is football 10. Coaches' nightmares
11. Team sports vs. individual sports 12. Teamwork in basketball
13. On not making the team 14. My favorite sports figure 15. Why practice?
Social Life
1. Popular dances 2. Planning a party
3. Handling the "life of the party"
4. Social maturity and immaturity 5. The social life of adults
6. An ideal recreation centre
7. Is "going steady" wise or foolish?
8. Do's and Don'ts in getting acquainted
9. The art of conversation
Personal Affairs
1. What is security?
2. Myself ten years from now 3. Economical shopping
4. The company you keep 5. Living on a budget
6. My debts (not financial) 7. On keeping a diary
8. A young person's hopes and fears 9. How to be popular
10. An adequate wardrobe 11. An ideal day
12. A childhood experience 13. Earning my own money 14. My biggest problem
15. If I could pick my own name 16. The dangers of self-pity
A Short Story
A short story is a form of fiction which can be read in one sitting. A good short story will leave a reader with a particular feeling after the story has been read. Often, a short story is about the real world. It
contains believable characters, realistic problems, and honest feelings.
However, not all short stories are about the real world. Science fiction and fantasy are also subjects of short stories.
A good short story unfolds or develops mainly through action,
description, and dialogues or conversations. One of the characters of the short story often serves as the narrator or teller of the story. Only a few characters are introduced into a short story, and, generally, only one or two of the characters plays an important role. The reader gets to know the characters through their actions, conversations, and
details given by the narrator. The main character will often change in some important way by the end of the story because of the conflict or problem he or she has had to deal with.
Writing a Short Story
Think about what you want the plot of your story to be.
The first paragraph should usually tell who is in the story, when it happens to them, and where the story begins.
You shouldn't have more than about two to three main characters.
Think well of their personalities. Your story should go from
beginning to end through a very rapid development of the plot to the most important part and a well-planned ending. In other words, don't skip around!
Make sure you have LOTS of detail, dialogues and description!
Have a decisive incident, which changes the main character in someway.
Don't stay on one subject too long.
It shouldn't be more than about 1,500 words. That's about 4-5 written pages. Otherwise it would be a novel.
Nothing should happen too slow or too fast.
Write a real or an imaginary story
A. One morning, I stared out the window and
watched the rain. Suddenly, the drops turned into mushrooms falling from the sky. What an amazing sight!...
B. Once there was a little gray kitten that couldn't meow. All the other cats in the litter tried to teach it to meow, but they had no luck. Then one day the
little kitten opened its mouth and out came the
loveliest sound it had ever heard: "Quack, Quack“…
Write "A Tree Tale" in the form of a tree. Swap papers with your partner and draw a picture to go with your friend's story. Begin with the following sentence:
A Tree Tale
It would be great to live in a world where everything you needed grew on trees.
……….
(I would like to live in the world where everything you need grows on trees.)
WRITING FOR THE NEWSPAPER
In our technological and information-driven age every student should gain experience in newspaper production from start to finish. You can create a newspaper individually or in a group. To see your product in print will require the following stages:
• Brainstorming (developing ideas and thinking of ways of solving problems)
• Pre-writing
• Writing
• Peer or self revision
• Editing
• Proofreading
• Typing
• Designing an attractive layout.
Put your foot into the water! Create your own class newspaper. There are no rules – only the limits of your imagination (if any at all) and desire for new experiences.
NEWS FEATURE
You can write news features about real or fictitious events. Collect facts;
summarize information, and organize your ideas. To effectively report the events use the "Who, What, Where, When, Why and How" method.
There are many types of news stories:
• Action story – relies on vivid description, colourful verbs, plentiful details, etc.
• Quote story – relies on a series of quotes from people on one topic
• Surprise ending story happens rarely but is very amusing
• Academic story – relies on what’s going on in classrooms
• Personality story
• Advance story features the future and is the best for high school newspapers
• Follow-up story features the future while reporting the past
• Speech-report story
• Meeting story
• Survey results story
There are lead openings no one wants to read
• Once again…
• Every year…
• Recently… As many of you might know…
• Most students… Some students…
• Well…
• Of my!
• Lately, things…There are…
• Imagine…According to …
• Leads beginning with the time or date unless this is the unique feature of the story.
• Leads beginning with a, an, or the.
Figure out any other way to begin.
Basic techniques for news storytelling
• Use concrete details, not vague adjectives
• Use dialogue
• Set a scene
• Use action verbs
• Describe involving all your 5 senses
• Give a chronology or sequence of events
• Write in short sentences of 16 – 17 words in subject-verb- object order
• Always use numerals for dates, addresses, ages, amounts of money, sports scores and records, clock times
• Omit “th” at the end of a date: Aug.10
• Follow Mark Twain’s advice: “Don’t say the old lady
screamed – bring her on and let her scream.”
Resist the temptation to conclude your news story like this
• So in the end…
• In the end…
• Most importantly, however…
• Everyone seems to have an opinion about…
• We can only hope the administration agrees.
News-In-Brief Column
• Enables to give coverage to all sports or other events at a certain period of time at school.
• Sports take turns getting full coverage
• Pictures add interest to the column and draw the eye down the page
• Brief stories are highly enticing for readers because they are so quick and easy to read.
INTERVIEWS
"Sometimes, when one person is missing the whole world seems depopulated "
Alphonse de Lamartine
All interviews require advance preparation. Often you’ll conduct an interview with a single person, but sometimes you’ll need to do an interview with several people. An interview can focus on information, opinions, personality.
You can interview a person and write a profile. It can be an article about a VITP – a Very Important and Talented Person. Any friend,
relative, acquaintance of yours, who makes a difference and is special in some way or really important for you, can become the hero of your profile. The profile can come out in a questions-and-answers or essay form.
Tips for Productive Interviews
• Be prepared.
• Write everything down. Even if you tape, take notes. Tape recorders go out of order and they may leave you without the material.
• Start slow. If a person doesn’t want to talk, apologise and leave.
• Shut up and let people talk.
• Be flexible, change the direction of your questions.
• Be curious. Wonder about everything. Anticipate. Listen.
• Be a good match. Be sensitive to the mood of the subject and adjust your approach accordingly.
• Observe the basic rules of polite behaviour. Be early. Confirm the spelling of names and clarify all essential information. Conclude with thanks.
• Be the grown-up. Never matter what people say to you, don’t lose your control.
• Get over it. Move on. You represent ‘the media’
Recognising diversity and pluralism
Airman aviator, pilot
Businessman entrepreneur, business executive
Cameraman camera operator, photographer
Fireman firefighter
Housewife homemaker
Maid house (office) cleaner, custodian
Mankind humans, humanity, people, human
beings
Man-made artificial, manufactured
Policeman/woman police officer
Postman, mailman mail carrier, postal worker
Salesman/woman sales clerk, sales representative,
seller
Seaman sailor
Spokesman representative
Steward, stewardess flight attendant
Weatherman weathercaster, weather reporter,
meteorologist
FILM, BOOK AND CD REVIEWS
You can write a subjective critique of a film (Film – Br.E. Movie – Am.E.) you have seen or a book you have read recently or a new CD you have just bought and listened to. You will have to express your opinion
bearing in mind your audience and the purpose: to get your friends acquainted with what you have experienced and persuade them that it's worthwhile.
A review is a special type of persuasive writing. In it you state an opinion about a part (or parts) of a book/film/CD. You then support that opinion with specific facts and details. The subject for a review usually comes from one or more of the four main parts of a book or a film—the plot, the characters, the setting, or the theme. In case of CDs it’s music, lyrics and singers.
Note: A review is different than a traditional report in which you usually summarize the plot or state whether or not you liked it.
ADVERTISEMENTS
Classified ad BrE/ want ad AmE.
You can create your own newspaper ads. Some of them advertise things to sell or buy, interesting community activities or clubs, others offer or ask for employment.
GREEN TREE FROGS MAKE CHARMING PETS
Their antics delight and amuse. Easy care, feeding. Kit of 2 ADULT Frogs, Terrarium, 100 Mealworms (food) plus instructions. Live delivery assured.
Send $15.95. Act Now! Order today.
LEAPIN’ FROGS
Box 181227, Dept. BL, Dallas, Tx 75218
REAR VIEW GLASSES
Real sunglasses with special built-un mirrors let you secretly watch behind you! See in all directions!
$5.95
BLURBS.
КРАТКАЯ РЕКЛАМНАЯ АННОТАЦИЯ, НА КНИГУ ИЛИ НА ФИЛЬМ
A blurb is a short description of the contents of a book/film, information about a new product, printed on the cover or in advertisements
• Steps:
– Read a long story or a short novel
– Write out the main events chronologically
– List the main characters accompanied by their short description – Choose the brightest quotations from the text
– Start composing the blurb. Think about the reader and the genre of your story/novel
Remember: - make the blurb attractive, catching, captivating, intriguing
– don’t exceed 10 sentences
– avoid expressing your own opinion – quote appropriately
– Create a colourful book cover.
HEADLINES
• The headline should grab the reader's attention and tell the reader the article's subject, all in a few words. In fact, some of the most effective headlines are the shortest: "War Over!" or
"Stock Market Crash!" Headlines also restate names and places, highlight certain words like
"new," "fresh," and "hot," and ask a question
for emphasis. The headlines of news stories are
quite different from those of sports stories and
feature stories.
The final headlines for articles need not be written until the newspaper is ready to be published. You should look at all headlines before going "to press" to make sure that they are attention grabbing and accurate. Headlines are never written before the article has been written!
To write a headline successfully you should practice in summarizing and locating the main idea of a story or article. It's better for you to exchange articles and write
headlines for articles you did not write.
Today, designers have abandoned all-capitals headlines as readers have found them hard to understand quickly. First, designers favoured upstyle headlines and more recently downstyle.
In upstyle headlines, all words may be capitalised or all important words may be capitalised, leaving prepositions and other less important words in lower case.
In downstyle headlines, only the first word and proper nouns are capitalised.
Examples of upstyle headlines can still be found in some of the most respected newspapers today, including the Wall Street Journal, New York Times, Washington Post, the International Herald Tribune.
However, most professional and student newspapers use downstyle headlines because of their more modern look and readability.
