This article was submitted to Plant Breeding, a division of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science. Hybrid breeding involving different parental lines is considered as one of the most possible options to break the yield barrier (Singh N. et al., 2015).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Information on gene action, their relative contribution to genetic variance and evaluation of general and specific effects of combining ability (GCA and SCA) under water stress conditions are prerequisites for identifying the best parental combinations enabling development of drought with high yield. tolerant mustard hybrids (Panhwar et al., 2008; Khan et al., 2009). Several selection indices have also been suggested for identifying efficient water use genotypes and cross combinations in crops, including mustard (Fischer and Maurer, 1978; Rosielle and Hamblin, 1981; Clarke et al., 1984; Fernandez, 1992; Huang, 2000).
RESULTS
GCA for seed yield (kg/ha) along with some of its contributing traits under water sufficient conditions (Table 4). While traits such as pointing to first branch (cm), number of siliquae on the main shoot, siliqua length (cm), seeds per siliqua, 1000-seed weight (g), seed yield per plant (g), biological yield per plant (g), harvest index, seed yield (kg/ha), and oil content (%) observed higher mean values.
DISCUSSION
Parental CDL and their hybrids showed higher mean values for seed yield (kg/ha) and other yield traits under rainfed condition than under irrigated condition (Table 7). In this study, higher mean seed yield was recorded under rainfed than irrigated conditions.
CONCLUSION
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
FUNDING
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Combining ability analysis for seed yield and component traits in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.]. Combination of ability analysis for yield and contributing characters in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea(L.) Czern & and Coss.).J.
INTRODUCTION
Pan C, Li Q, Han H, Zhang J, Zhou S, Yang X, Li X, Li L, and Liu W (2022) Identification of 5P chromosomes in wheat Agropyron cristatum addition line and analysis of its effect on homologous linkage of wheat chromosomes. Therefore, the new 5P addition line could be used as an important genetic material to broaden the genetic resources of wheat.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials
Meanwhile, a large number of disomic addition lines and substitution lines were identified, which were used to create translocation lines and introgression lines containing the desired genes. For example, the cultivated variety Xiaoyan 6 was bred from the hybridization of wheat and Thinopyrum (Ma et al., 2018), and the main translocation lines T1RS·1BL and T6VS·6AL were from the hybridization of wheat and rye (Su et al., 2018)., 2006) and H.
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Statistical analysis of the meiosis metaphase I showed that the 5P addition line II-11-1b had significantly higher frequencies of monovalents and multivalents compared to the. However, introgression lines often suffer from the instability of the introgression segment(s) in the successive generations (Kopecký et al., 2019; Pernickova et al., 2019).
MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant Material
Interestingly, the distal part of the chromosome represented by three markers (from 0 to 20 cM) was one of the two regions of the genome showing a greater number of ccgenotypes than rr genotypes (but the deviation is not significant). Thus, it is clear that the sequences of the centromere and the pericentromeric region are likely to be the main component of the machine (Chmatal et al., 2014).
Plant Hybridization and Selection Procedures
Selected plants will then be further crossed back to white clover and the process completed until new forms of white clover carrying introgressive T. One hundred seeds from the crosses to white clover were germinated and the seedlings grown in pots in the greenhouse.
DNA Analysis, Cytology and Molecular Cytogenetics
Most of the white clover plants used as male parents bore co-dominant purple anthocyanin leaf color markings, while those used as females were mostly unmarked (i.e., green).
Hybrid Plant Phenotypes
In (C), the arrow indicates the unpaired T. ambiguum chromosome as univalent, and the arrowhead marks a trivalent comprising two recombinant chromosomes and a 5S chromosome carrying DNA from T. E), detachment from other MI cells of a trivalent ( above) and a bivalent (below) involving T.
Molecular Cytogenetic Analysis of Somatic Chromosomes of the Hybrids
The hatched lines in the left column show the decondensed NOR regions of each pair of NOR chromosomes from T. In (F), the arrows mark recombinant chromosomes, one of which has a very weak TrR350 centromere signal.
Aneuploidy and Chromosome Imbalances
Consistent with the apparent rapid loss of A chromosomes, the analyzed BC2 plants had one or no A chromosomes instead of the expected two (Table 5). Meiotic analysis of BC2-126 showed that, nearly 50% of the time, the A chromosome was unpaired during meiosis and thus likely to be lost by unequal disjunction of half of the gametes.
Meiotic Analyses and Recombinant Chromosomes
This difference in the frequencies of recombinant chromosome classes may reflect the numerical presence of two T. Plant BC2, Kopu II × BC1-132, although possibly still unbalanced, came closest to achieving the goals of the backcross program among the plants analyzed.
Epigenetic Interactions
Otherwise, it had no additional A chromosomes and showed the desired numbers of NOR chromosomes and 5S-bearing chromosomes of T. Further backcrossing would be expected to produce families with large numbers of plants of this type, with nearly balanced karyotypes and potential for achieving the introgression-breeding goals.
The Significance for Clover Breeding
Bulk segregant AFLP analysis to identify markers for the introduction of the rhizomatous habit from Trifolium ambiguum in T. Thus, the exploitation and utilization of the useful alleles of AA genome species can overcome yield plateaus of O.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant Materials
Thus, the agronomic introgression library derived from the multiple donors of AA genome species in the different backgrounds showed the abundant genetic variations in the agronomic traits. It indicated that an abundant grain size gene pool existed in the AA genome species (Figures 3–5).
MATERIALS AND METHODS Genetic Linkage Maps
Comparative Analysis of Genetic Maps for Chromosome 5B
Comparative DNA Analysis for Target Regions of Chromosome 5B
DNA Shape Analysis
Evaluation of LTR-Retrotransposon Divergence
Furthermore, to evaluate the fractions of LTR-LTR deviations (ages) and improve the fit to the LTR-LTR mismatch distribution, the mixture of Poisson distributions was solved using the expectation-. The over- and under-representation of young LTR elements was evaluated in a sliding window of 10 elements with a 1-element step, using hypergeometric test.
Comparative Analysis of Chromosome 5B Genetic Maps
Comparative Analysis of Triticum aestivum and Triticum dicoccoides Chromosome 5B
5BS_RS Regions
This is an important feature that distinguishes group 2 pSc119.2 clusters in CS and Zv. However, analysis of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) phase spectra of A- and T-tract alternations revealed a phase shift of up to 150° ( Fig. 3B ).
5BL_RS Regions
The results obtained for Zv showed that in HDR 5BL_RS, where LTR elements are few and dominated by DNA transposons (HDR1 and HDR2), there is a statistically significant overrepresentation of "old" LTR retrotransposons, while in HDR, where . Similarly, the overrepresentation of "young" LTR elements in HDR3 and HDR4 Zv corresponds to the overrepresentation of A. FIGURE 4 | Coverage maps and distribution of LTR-LTR divergence within 5BS_RS.
Role of Tandem Repeats and TEs in Recombination Suppression
The names of the repository(s) and accession number(s) can be found in the article/supplementary material. Supplementary Figure S3| Distribution of the E12 and E13 chromatin states within 5BS_RS and their signatures (Li et al., 2019).
Crossing Experiments
Histological Observation
Statistical Analysis
Suppression of Ovary Abscission by Auxin Treatment
Seed Development Observed in Crosses Between 8x and 4x of Nicotiana
Hybrid Seed Lethality and Ovary
Abscission in Crosses Between 16x and 4x Nicotiana suaveolens Parents
Auxin Suppresses Ovary Abscission but Not Hybrid Seed Lethality
Therefore, we hypothesized that type II seed mortality could lead to ovary abscission (He et al., 2020). Ovary abscission, but not hybrid seed mortality, was effectively suppressed by auxin treatment, strongly indicating that the latter caused ovary abscission in interspecific crosses.
Hybrid Seed Lethality Leading to Ovary Abscission Is Observed in Interploidy as
Histological differences between type I and type II seed mortality were in the stage of endosperm and embryo development. In addition, whether ovary abandonment occurs may also depend on the stage of seed development, as ovary abandonment does not occur when the endosperm and/or embryo develop to the lethal stage of type I seed, whereas it occurs at the level of type II seed mortality.
The Severity of Hybrid Seed Lethality in Nicotiana Is Explained by the EBN
In this study, eleven of the QTLs were used to develop 2- to 6-QTL pyramid lines in the HJX74 genetic background. In the process of domestication, the additive effects of QTLs on SER were reduced in cultivated rice.
ROLES OF HYBRIDISATION IN ADAPTATION AND SPECIATION
This speciation occurred after the introduction of Senecio plants from Mount Etna into England about 300 years ago (Nevado et al., 2020). This system represents an exciting model for studying speciation, adaptation, invasion, and hybridization (e.g., Nevado et al., 2020; Walter et al., 2020).
Genome Reorganisation
It could manifest in mechanisms involving gene silencing, regulatory networks, chromatin remodeling and DNA methylation (Shaked et al., 2001; Madlung et al., 2005). Although this epigenetic instability can be disadvantageous, it can serve as a target for selection to act on to subsequently facilitate adaptation and speciation in the hybrid lineage (Hegarty et al., 2011).
Increased Heterozygosity, Heterosis and Transgressive Segregation
This is a good example of how the transcriptional shock can facilitate adaptation in hybrid lines to a new environment that is drastically different from the parental one (in this case involving the sulfur level). Transgressive gene regulation was also observed in Senecio (discussed above: Hegarty et al., 2009).
Change in Mating System and Reproductive Traits
Adaptive Introgression
Such islands were reported in several animals (Duranton et al., 2018; Irwin et al., 2018; Hejase et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2021) and plants (Renaut et al., 2013; Tavares et al. ., 2018; Papadopulos et al., 2019) species, including high- and low-altitude Senecio species on Mount Etna, where the genes with high interspecific differentiation clustered around the regions of quantitative trait loci responsible for phenotypic differences between species ( Chapman et al., 2016). However, how much adaptive recrossing occurs in this Senecio hybrid zone remains to be tested.
Evolution of Novel Compounds
Together with the effects of adaptive repartition, diversification and adaptive selection are expected to create a mosaic genome, where some parts of the genome have very little divergence between species, while other parts may show strong interspecific differentiation, so-called genomic.
Gene Redundancy
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Flower buds (13 to 26 mm in length) were collected from sterile and fertile divisions from pollen in the division population, 26-47. The reads were then mapped separately to the two cDNA libraries of pollen-sterile and pollen-fertile plants.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Orphan Gene Identification
WGD is the main mechanism responsible for the diversification and adaptation of species (Soltis et al., 2009; Renny-Byfield and Wendel, 2014). Physcomitrium patens OG (PpARDT) was functionally characterized, and the knockout mutant showed reduced drought tolerance (Dong et al., 2022).
Orphan Gene Characteristic Features and Sequence Homology
RNA-Seq Experimental Data: Retrieval and Pre-processing
Orphan Gene Expression Profile and Differential Expression
Orphan Gene Co-expression Network and Functional Annotation
Identification and Characterization of Sugarcane Orphan Genes
TE Fragments in the OGs
This search was motivated by previous observations suggesting that 51% of the OGs in rice are derived from TEs (Jin et al., 2019). To better understand this result, we estimated the fractions of both OGs and non-OGs in sugarcane with similarities to TEs.
Evidence of Orphan Gene Expression Across Sugarcane Tissues and Genotypes
The expression profile of OGs across tissues and genotypes revealed a clear pattern of sample clustering. Although the expression matrix combined tissues and genotypes, we also saw clustering by genotype to the same extent.
Orphan Genes Are Differentially Expressed Under Stress Conditions
Co-expression Network and Modules With OGs
Interestingly, a total of 24 OGs DE under stress conditions were included in modules enriched in genes functionally associated with response to stimuli, such as response to nutrient levels (GO: 0031667), response to fungi (GO: 0009620), and response to stress (GO :0006950).
Identification and Characterization of Sugarcane OGs
TEs Might Be Involved in OGs Origin in Sugarcane
In support of this view, a mechanism of OG delivery via TEs has been reported in rice (Jin et al., 2019). Similarly, most OGs predicted in primates were found to include fragments of TEs in the transcript (Toll-Riera et al., 2008).
OGs Expression Patterns and Responses to Stress Conditions
TE-derived proteins have been recurrently domesticated during evolution, and they have contributed to adaptive evolutionary innovation (Jangam et al., 2017; Schrader and Schmitz, 2018). In the sugarcane genome, we observed that most genes, both orphan and non-orphan, contained TE tracks that produced malalignment in the coding region.
Modules Containing OGs Are Functionally Enriched With Stress-Response Genes
Analysis of resistance mechanisms in sugarcane during Sporisorium scitamineum infection using RNA-seq and microscopy. Diversity and tissue specificity analysis of sucrose synthase genes in the sugarcane long-read transcriptome.
ENVIRONMENTAL ADAPTATION AND NATURAL HYBRIDIZATION LED TO THE
The temperate japonica was the first major population separated from tropical landraces (Gutaker et al., 2020). Indica, japonica, aus and basmatic were parallel in origin, but reintroductions occurred between each other (He et al., 2021).
ARTIFICIAL INTERSPECIFIC
Genes from cultivated rice can be easily incorporated into the gene pool of weedy rice through recurrent crop-to-weed gene flow and introgression. This progress may promote the continued and better adaptation of weed-rich rice to human-impacted habitats (Harlan, 1965).
HYBRIDIZATION AND INTROGRESSION LED TO SEVERAL BREAKTHROUGHS IN
Since the wild species has been a serious weed in India's rice fields, the purple-leaved variety was introduced to allow farmers to remove the spontaneous green-leaved wild form in the field. Interestingly, in the United States, almost all weed species were de-domesticated from aus, indica, and japonica, which came and were grown outside the United States.
INTERSPECIFIC INTROGRESSION LINE IS NOT ONLY A RESOURCE FOR FAVOR
Bacterial rust (BB) is one of the most serious diseases of rice in Asia. Recently, the progress of exploiting favorable genes from wild relatives involves more traits and genes/alleles.
EFFECTIVE WAY TO ANALYZE THE GENETIC BASIS OF HOMOGENEOUS
Resistant cultivars with Gs such as IR28, IR29, IR30, IR32, IR34, IR36, and subsequent cultivars were released in the prevalent regions and grassy stunt infected plants are now rarely observed in farmers' fields (Khush and Brar, 2017). Thus, interspecific hybridization-introgression is not only useful for Asian cultivated rice to be high diversity and resilience to the changing conditions, but also useful for novel rediscovery and genomic development, making rice a model crop for genomic development.
PROSPECT
RNase-based GSI in F. viridis
These findings support that the mechanism of plant-pathogen interactions is remarkably similar to that of pollen tube development and pollen style recognition (Hodgkin et al., 1988; Thomas and Franklin-Tong, 2004). Genes in the same family may perform similar functions (Li et al., 2016; Lin et al., 2018); thus, other genes in the YABBY family may also be associated with SI.
