Mathematical and Computer Modeling of Spillway Medeu
A mathematical and computer-based model of the Medeu dam is considered in this chapter. The features of solidification of the solid phase of mudflow are given and the necessity of automation of spillway management processes is reasoned by different important factors. As the result, the SCADA system is described as a system of controlling valves of the spillway Medeu.
8.1. I
NTRODUCTIONIn the designing, construction and study of hydraulic structures, the main factors are the radius of the shaft, flow coefficient, capacity and volume, the magnitudes of the channel, the structure of the vortex and its intersection with collective mine, the kinematic characteristics of flow. In order to get an adequate computing and drawing scheme for engineers and designers, it is used literatures about calculating high-flow hydraulic structures.
However, in the works of American scientist-hydraulic D. F. Kennedy since the 80-s of the 20th century except simple literature data was also used computer methods of data or information searching. In turn, this method showed that the capabilities of computers are insufficiently used in experiments and research works. In searching for more rational construction of spillway structures it is important to pay attention to the hydrological situation of the river, topographic and engineering-
8
geological structure of the riverbed, the properties of the materials used in the construction of the reservoir. In addition, factors such as the profitability of construction, convenience of operation mode of hydrological object and its strength, the volume of capital consumption for the construction play an important role.
Below are the easy requirements for construction of spillway mines:
The earthly soil of the surrounding area should be high and gorges should not require spending large amounts for the construction of spillway construction of other types.
The area should be convenient for the construction of ring water drop.
The basis of the reservoir should be construction distributor of water.
The reservoir of the dam should be built with local materials.
A simple spillway mines require that the size of water receiving part should be big, but vortex spillway mine requires smaller water receiving part. During construction of spillway structures of Medeu reservoir against mudflow, these requirements played a major role. Here water-receiving part was designed as tunnel that will turn the direction of water, but in the beginning it was projected as spiral vortex. At the end, to this construction was given the name spillway mine vortex with tangential vortex (Fig.
8.1).
Fig. 8.1. Spillways of Medeu reservoir and 3-dimensional structure of a curved tangential vortex Source: own elaboration
Also, when the spillway has a tangential turning capacity will be less than that of the spillway with a spiral chamber. However, during construction of spillway of Medeu
reservoir it was indicated upper limit of the tangential vortex. Below given a table of values with capability of spillway vortex mines with whirls of different types (Tab. 8.1).
Table 8.1. Technical description of spillway vortex mines Name of the
facility
Type of the vortex
d, m
Q, m3/s
H, m
Appointment
Narni, French C 6.0 180.0 30.0 Spillway
Kurban, French C 7.31 140.0 107.0 Spillway
Groto Camporano, Italy
C 4.5 100.0 40.2 Spillway
Milwaukee, USA D 4.54 94.0 7.15 Turning storm
sewer Montemaggiore,
Italy
C 3.5 59.0 27.2 Spillway
Quito, Ecuador C 4.0 49.5 21.3 Turning storm
sewer
Paris, French B 2.83 4.5 30.2 Turning storm
sewer
Pittsburgh, USA A 0.21 1.98 2.74 Turning storm
sewer
Lima, Peru B 3.0 51.0 15.2 Turning storm
sewer Medeu reservoir
against mudflow, Kazakhstan
D 3.5 30.0 120 Spillway of
mudflow The reservoir in
the Issyk lake
C 1.6 30.0 8 Vortex slope
Note: A - round camera, B - spiral vortex, C – spiral camera, D – tangential vortex
Description of expenditure tangential vortices is low, but their superiority is compact.
This fact makes it possible to reduce the build time of Medeu reservoir and leads to cost effectiveness.
8.2. T
HE MAIN DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OFM
EDEU RESERVOIR AGAINST MUDFLOW PHASEAs a universal model in the hydraulic model is сconsidered model "contiuum". The results of numerical simulations shown in the paper, here was used the general equations of conservation of mass and momentum:
i ij j
i
i F
X X j P
t
t
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1
, (8.1)2
0 2 0 1 1 2
2 2 2 2
2 i i Fi 1 i
X j P
t
t
, (8.2)
0
i
k j k
k X
t
, (8.3)2 , 1 ,
; 2 , 1 (
; 1
; 1 2
0
k k k const k i j
k
, (8.4)The forces acting on the solid from the liquid are shown below:
divП8 ) n 1 1 ( F
, (8.5)
) W V t ( k n
) n 1 ) ( W V ф ( k
) n 1 (
F 2
, (8.6)
The results of the evaluation of the mode of operation of hydraulic structures of practical importance was shown in this work. In this case, full movement system changes to two differential equation system in closed form.
) W V ( F g dt m
W md
0 V
2V effect 1 P
V V
, (8.7)
here
| W V 1 | 4 '
F 3
. (8.8)
The result of analyzing the equation (8.7) shows that the equation of the lifting phase can be solved independently from the equations of motion of rigid bodies.
Three-dimensional computer model of the experimental vortex spillway - the emergence of flow symmetrical relative to the axis in the initial caliber spillway mine.
As an analogue, it is possible to consider the water in the bathroom leaking through the hole. In the Fig. 8.2-8.4 this phenomenon is visualized in a circular vortex.
Fig. 8.2. Three-dimensional computer model of the experimental vortex spillway of S. Drioly and his students
Fig. 8.3. Three-dimensional computer model of the circular vortex Source: own elaboration
Fig. 8.4. The flow of tangential vortex in Medeu reservoir against mudflow Source: own elaboration
Further, in the cylindrical coordinate system, presented the equations of continuity and tangential, axial components of the velocity vector:
1 0
) (
) 1 (
1 1
2 2
1
2 3 2 3 2
3 2 3
1 3 2 3 1
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
3 2 2 2 1
2 1 2 1 2
1 2 2
2 1 1
rV r V z V
r V r
V r Z
V r
V V r V V z V V
r V r
V Z r
V z
P r
V r V V z V V
r V r
V Z r
V z
P r
V V z V V
effect effect effec
, (8.9)
here, V1,V2,V3|wO1 and V1,V2|EXITconst.
8.3. C
OMPUTER MODELING OF THE VORTEX WORKDuring the analysis of the vortex flow uses the following computer methodology [1, 2].
These methods calculate the hydraulic regime of the flow inside the vortex. This theoretical proposal restricts the operation of the spiral vortices. The kinematic forces acting on the fluid particles and the scheme shown in Fig. 8.5.
Fig. 8.5. The kinematic forces acting on the particles and the scheme Source: own elaboration
Substituting equation Navier-Stokes:
2 2
2
2 1
r u r u r r
u r
g h r r
u u
, (8.10)
We get this equation. If you consider that the radial and the axis component of velocity at uniform rotation is equal to zero, u
0, then:r h r
g
*
2, (8.11)
It was experimentally shown that part of the circle of distribution law depends on:
C rk
* . (8.12)By integrating, and height h = H, radius r = R
k k k k
r r R gkR H C
h 2
2 2 2 2
2 , (8.13)
here,
R – vortex radius,
H - the depth of the channel, C - the intensity of the rotation, V - the flow rate in the channel.
If k = 1 then this formula corresponds to the formula of the surface of an ideal liquid in a stream. In practice, the surface tension of the vortex k = 0.8, but it depends on the stickiness of the liquid. In some papers the range of changes in the values of k are from
rk
R V gH lg
lg 2
lg
to 1.
By substituting values to formula (8.13):
k k k
r r R k g H v
h 2
2 2 2
*
2 , (8.14)
If n0 ,rrB then:
) 1 )
* ((
2
2
2
kr
BR k g
H v
, (8.15)Then the transcendental equation for k can be obtained using the logarithm of the equation (8.11):
rB
R k gH
k
ln 1 2
ln 2
, (8.16)
To determine the radial, axis and circular components of velocity, when rR0 :
dr tg dh
, (8.17)
here, tg
w/u,r tg g
*
Then,
r ug
w *
2 , (8.18)
substituting the value of the circular component of velocity, radius and flow
) 1 (
* 2
*
*
2
k
r g u Q
we get following:) 1 ( 2 2
*
*
*
*
2
k
r h g
Q w c
, (8.19)Here, c - the intensity of the rotation.
So, to determine the u, v and w components of velocity we need to use (8.18) and (8.19) formulas. The initial value of axis component of the velocity can be calculated using following formula:
) 1 ( 2 0 0 2
0
2 * * * *
kr h g
Q w c
, (8.20)From here, the axis component of the sliding velocity:
) ( 2 0
0 m g h h
w
w , (8.21)
Here, m – proportional coefficient.
0 2
2 0
2 2 0 0
2 ) (
(
gh r
R
r R w m Q
b b
, (8.22)Table 8.2. Calculations of the vortex, the different components of velocity
Radius Height Axis velocity Radial velocity Tangential velocity
0.110 0.032 0.029 0.081 0.620
0.106 0.031 0.036 0.084 0.647
0.101 0.029 0.046 0.088 0.675
0.097 0.026 0.059 0.092 0.706
0.092 0.024 0.079 0.097 0.741
0.088 0.021 0.110 0.101 0.779
0.083 0.018 0.160 0.107 0.820
0.079 0.014 0.260 0.113 0.867
0.074 0.009 0.470 0 0.919
These calculations play important role in the work of “Spillway”.
8.4. T
HE DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF GRAPHICAL ADDITIONS“S
PILWAY”
WORKPLACE AUTOMATION
In order to do engineering using computer simulation, we will analyze the different types of 3D editors.
Fig. 8.6. Algorithm of 3D editors Source: own elaboration
The algorithm of this process closely associated with the process of converting the coordinates in writing form to graphical coordinates.
In our case, it is advantageous to use parametric method of spiral direct
2 '
sin cos
RZ Z
R Y
R X
, (8.23)
)
~ ( 2
~
0 0
X Y Z Y Y
X X Y
X
, (8.24)
here, X and Y are current coordinates of the graphical screen, there were shown the initial coordinates respectively.
Fig. 8.7. Network where the calculated currents tangential vortex reservoir Source: own elaboration
The last version of this vortex is shown in Fig. 8.8. Here you can see the advantageous of the circle flow.
Fig. 8.8. The cut in the space of flow spillway Source: own elaboration
In countries such as USA, Germany and Peru circularly-vortex spillways are widely distributed. Its upper part looks like a round bath. The main technical feature of this technique is the axial symmetry.
8.5. T
HREE-
DIMENSIONAL COMPUTER SIMULATION OF A SWAMP-
ROCK FLOW AT THEM
EDEU MUDFLOWEnvironment equipment 3D Studio Max gives you the opportunity to design in three- dimensional space of the problem concerning hydraulics and experiments – Fig. 8.9.
After opening the program 3D Studio Max in the side panels inside the tab
"Standard Primitives" using various objects we will build the model of the reservoir – Fig. 8.10-8.12.
Fig. 8.9. Graphical components of the circular vortex Source: own elaboration
Fig. 8.10. The initial model of the local landscape Source: own elaboration
Fig. 8.11. Rendering of the mountain massif of Medeu landscape Source: own elaboration
By simulating solid and liquid particles, we modeling the mudflow and see how the spillway and the pond can be beneficial – Fig. 8.13. We only can make a three- dimensional model of mudflow, because it is not possible to guess where the mudflow will enter.
In the result, you can see two circulating streams, they can lower the energy of the mass of mudflow, and gradually switch to stationary mode.
Fig. 8.12. Rendering of a landscape Source: own elaboration
Fig. 8.13. Location of mass of mudflow Source: own elaboration
8.6. T
HE FRACTAL TECHNOLOGY FOR VISUALIZATION COMPLEX SURFACEIn projects before these the technologies of complex plane visualization made up in 3ds Max. This is the vision of an object, for example: to take a picture of rough walls, and a program that imports 3D into an editor. The video reference of modeling the specific plane and it is carried out through the increasing and decreasing of
roughness, and smoothing, sharpening it with help of 3D Max function [3].This brings to the same level a modeling roughness plane with reference. This is an easy and reliable method, which does not require a lot of laser measurements of volumes; also it gives opportunity to take 3D plane of complex configuration in laboratory.
The technology of three-dimensional scanning of concrete walls in the new method is important project for evaluation of hydraulic resistance of water. The fractal landscape importance is not evaluated in association of hydraulic simulation of channel processes with flood zones in physical three-dimensional editors which conducted in the laboratory. But editors of 3D landscape design widely uses for virtual animation of computer games and films’ landscape which based on 3D fractal methods of landscape design with complex hemophilic landscape.
In briefly, the collection of points in the cloud Leica Cyclone leads to mode of operation of 3D. When it comes to construction a transport connection, the view relative to the horizontal, means creation of cartograms and counting of volume. To take this results in first stage needs creating TIN plane. Features of the Cyclone Leica software: it cannot visualize planes in Cyclone Leica, from that for analyzing plane properties needs to export information to AutoCAD Civil 3D.
Therefore, in order to visualize the algorithm, it is necessary to perform the following:
Step 1: Removing the scan point with help of Smooth Surface function.
Step 2: Create a TIN surface.
Step 3: Civil 3D to accelerate the work will need to be pressured by rarefaction.
Step 4: Export the plane to LandXML.
Step 5: Import LandXML to Civil 3D.
According to Leica Cyclone and AutoCAD Civil 3D, the creation of cross-section of solid points programs has a number of features of the algorithm [7] and it depends on the management of construction of buildings and geometrical structures in the scanning mode of tachometry.
In this case, the algorithm of operation is simple: survey, unification and cloud points measurement. But according to an experienced builder in this case, more
important, the actual volume than the correct geometry. Moreover, the description of the terrain and the accuracy of the geometry are important in determining the zone of flooding of buildings.
Object procedure allows determining the amount of standard software Leica Cyclone, for example, road construction. The algorithm for calculating the objects volume is much more complicated (for example, such as a stand). In Leica Cyclone software (cylinder, parallelepiped triangular), suitable for measuring the volume and creation of solid for simple cross-section, and for the complex surface Leica Cyclone cannot create a complex configuration of solid.
To prevent the above difficulties for creation of cross-section in program software Leica Cyclone, to create solid with complex configuration in AutoCAD Civil 3D it is necessary to perform the following algorithms:
Step 1: Create the Leica Cyclone software along the axis of the project;
Step 2: Direct the Z-axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the coordinate system;
Step 3: Divide the object into two parts, passed through the points of the plane with the longitudinal axis of the cloud;
Step 4: Create and link them to each part of the section;
Step 5: Export the section to AutoCAD ; Step 6: Create a solidity AutoCAD section.
As mentioned above, the main problem to create technology for importing three- dimensional object Bryce 7 to 3D fractal editor [14]. Its configuration in AutoCAD is installed. The Landscape Fractal Editor does not have an option, but installed a list of objects for the editor of a complex configuration, for example, rocks, trees, fog, and so on. But, in AutoCAD there are not standard libraries and extensions. It is originally associated with futuristic landscapes to 3D modeling in computer games of program software Bryce 7.
The technology consists of 7 steps for importing a complex configuration of extraneous objects in the Bryce editor [4].
In the author's works [4, 5], it is shown imaging technology composite plain in 3DS MAX. The feature of rendering is that the object, for example, the uneven edge is
removed on the picture, and then imported into three-dimensional editor. Simulation of the exact plain uses the video standard and a function of 3ds Max in order to increase or decrease the roughness peaks, to smooth the roughness, or vice versa [5].
Equalize the degree of roughness peaks with the etalon, using this. This method is easy and proven, does not require large laser sizes and gives you the opportunity to take a 3D plain complex configuration in a lab.
To determine the modulus of area irrigation in the initial stages of landscape tasks can use 3ds Max, but to build complex computer modeling landscape goals need to use a specialized three-dimensional fractal editors. The results is shown in Fig. 8.14 and 8.15.
Fig. 8.14. Integrated in Bryce-7 before rendering Source: own elaboration
Fig. 8.15. The reference body after rendering in Bruce-7 Source: own elaboration
8.7. A
UTOMATED SYSTEM CONTROL OF THE PROCESS OF BLOWING THE TOP WATER RESERVOIRM
EDEUThe popularity of management development due to the rapid trends in the modern system of the microcontroller the connection of the object with a computer and despierto in the SCADA system. Modern software and hardware devices available and new information and telecommunication technologies also software products of popular firms to control the hydraulic trends give the possibility to build relatively cheap CONTROL information system [6].
Mostly closely combine such processes with automated control, as they enable to reduce costs, such as environmental and socio-cultural in technogenic emergency situations. Emergency case of debris flow in the circumference of the Medeu valley in 1973 led to the loss of flow safes, and to restore the required large amounts of capital, increasing the volume of flow storage, and the new structure of the water faucet. But
for obvious reasons needed a new update the structure of the water tap, also a method of management in cases of flow.
Modern sensors and SCADA system is the basis in the control system of automated processes in flow store and water tap. As practice shows, in this way there is a big future in development of process water use and process watering.
As it was mentioned above, the flow is a very fast process and has the following levels that need automated and accurate order:
loss of flow mass;
concentration of liquid and strong phase in a stream in which stones and marshes are mixed;
the level of distribution of large stones in the field of flow storage;
weight and measurability description of flow for evaluation of deposition time in the flow storage and for statutory of phases;
evaluate the level of upper-water radiation and determine the influence of measured particles to the destruction of concrete walls of water drainage;
in hydraulic engineering a widely used method of manually adjustment;
the design of hydraulic gates that have manual mechanical drives;
level measuring and analog screwdrivers for calculating the flow loss;
visually monitor the radiation of the water of the river, which appeared from large and sucking stones.
Reducing of the technological order by measurement with small accuracy, incorrect measurement of the loss of flow, which leads to the destruction of the streams, errors of measurement of phase mass and others affected to the appearance and increase of debris in the walls of swimming pools. Consequently, this leads to a decrease in the water level, to a decrease in the conductivity in the channels.
In the method that we are considering, in the management of technological processes the use of water will increase the non-product loss of water, pools, a reservoir for water, a water tap.
Therefore, in the calculation, recommended concepts of introducing an automation environment that are able to use the useful properties of hydraulic
engineering and the hierarchical control of the three-dimensional value in the measurement.
The control system of blowing the top water reservoir Medeu can be divided into three levels of management. The first level consists of sensors and devices for monitoring process parameters, also, from the operating mechanisms and tuned devices.
New methods of control the following devices, sensors and tools for first degree were considered and optimized based on the following criteria:
Direct control of the lifting mechanism, hydraulic flat gate with asynchronous motor.
Convenient methods to control losses for varying degrees of opening of the valve.
Vector control of induction motor lifting mechanism.
Ultrasonic measurement of the degree.
The laser sensor light source of the river flow.
Temperature sensors, color loss, pressure.
The second level is a modern microcontroller device that collect analog data from the middle levels of the sensors and mechanisms of the first degree, as well as the ability to analyze and control mechanism on selected criteria.
A hardware / software controller SIMATIC S7-300 manufactured by Siemens company is used in a non-standard cases where the algorithm, a suitable mathematical model that can output the control signals [4, 7, 8].
The third level of management (SCADA) gives the possibility of constructing an intellectually automated desktop for engineers and hydrologists (AWS) and is used a modern microcontroller as the circuitry also uses a separate computer in order to monitor and dispathcing.
The devices give opportunity to the execution of the control of the operation of lifting device with a water flow gate, opportunity to control the main dynamic descriptions of the physico-technical traditions, opportunity to show the basic water flow structure and mode of operation in a graphical form to the screen display, Small Almaty gives opportunity to design a discharge phase, which affects to its tailrace and to warn about unplanned situations.
The third level automation system can make integration into the analysis system in the Medeu pool flow position and allows you to control all the parameters of this method. At work in the level of the initial project for the stratification of the descent of phase particles that affect to the lower reaches of the Little Almaty River and for security a test device is made that easily solves the problems of building control information systems of the first, second and third levels.
Based on the research, recommended the automation of workplaces for the control of hydrotechnical construction in the Medeu pool. The functional scheme of the projected "water drain" control information systems is shown in Fig. 8.16.
As we see, the list of questionnaires of the OPC-server configuration, which connects the controllers in the video control loop, the sensors that estimate the radiation levels of maintaining the influential phases in the storage stream and the entrance gate of the water drain portal, the kinematic flow parameters in the elements of the water drain structure are set up at the locations of the server drives, which are confided by control information systems. This method will change the conceptual method of water drain regime in the Medeu pool and needs:
Install a customizable metal gate.
Update the materials that we use to use the entrance portal of water drain in the Medeu pool.
Use finance to update the construction management system to protect the city from the flow.
Fig. 8.16. The functional scheme of the "water drain" control information systems in Medeu pool Source: own elaboration
The system of automated control of the flow conservation in the Medeu pool using the tuned gates, sensors and dispatching system, will qualitatively change the management and reception of this structure. The system for automating the drainage of water in the surface of a weighted medium in an operational and catastrophic mode in a catastrophic situation makes it possible to make a useful decision in an online mode. This method actively ensures the safety of flows in the city of Almaty and its villages and provides innovative security.
8.8. C
ONCLUSIONSo, the heterogeneous mudflow mass moving in Medeo dam spillway is a complex movement of multiphase environment, which consists from water, stones, clay, rocky soil, etc. Addition of the effective viscosity by Boussinesq coefficient allows getting rid of problem of moving mudflow to simplified Navier-Stokes equations. In this case the concentration of solid phase where viscosity of carried phase is considered on 10-30 percentage upper water viscosity. It allows take into account the influence of solid phase to changing of water flow in spillway shaft. Severe abrasion wear of shaft concrete surface related with presence in carried environment the split granite, stones, gravel and sand can lead to divergence geometrical parameters of HTC and initiation some of risks for spillway.
Operating experience spillways in mode of surface water release of catastrophic mudslide in 1973 showed that there was a "blockage" spillway shafts and "draining" of mudflow storage reservoir carried out through the top of the dam only after 3-4 days, after delivery of powerful pumps and spillway setting up. During this time, the firm phase had time to settle to the bottom of mudflow storage reservoir, and a pump is pump out the water with low concentration of sand.
The proposed method of surface water release via Medeo dam spillway allows continuous increasing the escape water quantity mass up 3-5m3/s. This will provide secure mode of surface water release of mudflow that stopped in mudflow storage reservoir for 3-4 days after mudflow avalanching. Conducted research changes the
conceptual approach to Medeo dam spillway exploitation. This requires regulated metal settle seals and updating existing directory materials by exploitation intake portals of Medeo dam spillways.
The use of automated control system with regulated seals and appropriate sensor during surface water seals of carried environment of Medeo mudflow storage reservoir, allows increasing security of Medeo dam and keeping unique nature boundary.
R
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