R E P O R T S O F T H E N A T IO N A L A C A D E M Y O F S C IE N C E S O F T H E R E P U B L IC O F K A Z A K H S T A N
ISSN 2224-5227 h ttp s://d oi.org/10 .32 01 4/20 20 .2 51 8-14 83 .33
V olum e 2, N um ber 330 (2020), 64 - 72 UDC: 338.242.4:63(574)
A .K . O ra lb a y e v a
Kyzylorda State University named after Korkyt Ata, Kazakhstan E-mail: [email protected]
PROBLEMS AND IMPROVEMENT OF STATE REGULATION IN AGRICULTURE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
A bstract. The article deals with modern problems of state regulation and development of agriculture in Kazakhstan, provides analytical information on the condition of state regulation, proposes measures to improve the state of agricultural production
K eywords: state regulation, state program, agriculture, crop production, animal husbandry, export, internal, external market, mechanisms, tools, cattle breeding, meat, meat products, grains, crop rotations, mineral fertilizers, agricultural formations, production costs, rural residents, rural areas, agroleasing, agricultural policy.
In tro d u c tio n
G lobalization o f the w orld econom y and the developm ent o f integration processes and cooperation in the dom estic econom y, the strengthening o f international integration processes have led to m acroeconom ic changes in K azakhstan, w hich is m anifested especially in post-econom ic conditions. Therefore, the developm ent o f a strategy for sustainable developm ent o f the agricultural econom y in accordance w ith the latest M essage o f the President o f the R epublic o f K azakhstan, w here priority is given to the developm ent o f the agro-industrial com plex, in particular agriculture, is p u t forw ard to the fore.
A griculture due to its specific organization and functioning, low investm ent attractiveness and lim ited financial opportunities, high exposure to unstable clim atic and other conditions, the great risk o f doing business m ost o f all requests state regulation and state support. All this causes the request for a com prehensive study o f the system o f agricultural production as a system -form ing factor o f the agro
industrial com plex o f the national econom y.
C urrently, the relevant directions in the field o f agriculture o f the republic are to increase the efficiency o f the agricultural production system and state regulation, optim ization o f the use o f land, m aterial, labor, w ater and other natural resources, im proving the quality o f agricultural products and increasing the profitability o f agricultural form ations o f the country.
A ll this determ ines the need for theoretical and m ethodological developm ents and practical understanding o f the ongoing processes, assessing the effectiveness o f the im plem entation o f the state agrarian policy on the basis o f various state program s and innovative projects, analyzing the developm ent o f the agricultural sector, identifying key problem s and developing proposals and recom m endations to im prove the organization and efficiency o f m anagem ent in general in agriculture in ord er to increase the com petitiveness o f agricultural products and sustainable grow th o f agricultural form ations.
Favorable and successful geopolitical location o f K azakhstan and great opportunities in the field o f agricultural production, today allow to increase the production o f various types o f crop and livestock products, increase the export opportunities o f the country, expand production capacity and ensure diversification o f agricultural production, apply new m odern resource-saving technologies, to cultivate high-yielding varieties o f plants and highly productive cattle o f different directions to increase the supply o f various products to the dom estic and foreign m arkets. H ow ever, the country's agriculture today does not fully m eet the requests o f the dom estic m arket for som e types o f agricultural products, w hich is covered m ainly by im ports o f these products. Therefore, state regulation and state support o f rural producers should have a clearly oriented system atic and integrated approach w ith the application o f the strategy o f agricultural developm ent in the n ear and long term , w hich will increase the effectiveness o f state regulation and state support.
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In the process o f research, the dialectical m ethod, statistical and econom ic m ethods, com parative, problem -oriented, com putational-constructive, abstract-logical, m onographic and other m ethods o f econom ic research w ere used.
T h e m a in p a r t o f th e stu d y :
D uring the years o f independence, K azakhstan has created the necessary conditions fo r the developm ent o f agriculture, adopted the relevant legal acts and docum ents, w hich w ere the fundam ental basis for ensuring the state agrarian policy in the field o f agriculture o f the country. In the republic, the m ost developed food subcom plexes are grain, m eat and dairy subcom plexes. The m ost successfully developed is the grain subcom plex, w hich from the agricultural sector provides grain production. A t the same tim e, the agro-industrial com plex o f the country is represented by a variety o f processing enterprises in the m illing, cereal, food and fodder industries, as w ell as subjects o f elevator-w arehouse, container econom y and a netw ork o f trade and sales com panies bringing the products o f this subcom plex to the final consum er.
The second m ost im portant food subcom plex o f the agro-industrial com plex o f the country is m eat products, the basis o f w hich is anim al husbandry, in particular cattle, sheep, horse, pig and poultry.
M oreover, m eat production has been developed in all regions o f the R epublic. H ow ever, the conditions for the developm ent o f this sphere are no t alw ays the sam e and require consideration o f zonal features o f cattle breeding.
The th ird subcom plex o f the agro-industrial com plex is dairy, w hich includes dairy cattle breeding, fodder production, prim ary m ilk processing, processing, transportation and sale o f dairy products.
U nfortunately, this sphere o f activity in various regions o f the R epublic does no t receive proper developm ent, as livestock is privately ow ned by the local population. M oreover, in som e regions there are even no areas o f industrial processing o f m ilk, w hich leads to the dependence o f these regions on other regions o f the R epublic [1].
A t the present stage o f developm ent o f the agrarian sector o f econom y state regulation and state support in this sphere takes place on the basis o f the State program o f developm ent o f the agro-industrial com plex o f K azakhstan for the 2017-2021, developed in accordance w ith the instructions o f the L eader o f the nation, given at the enlarged session o f the G overnm ent dated Septem ber 9, 2016, in accordance w ith the strategic goals o f developm ent outlined in the Plan o f the nation “ 100 steps” and the Strategy
“K azakhstan - 2050” .
The form o f m anaging and creation o f the effective econom ic m echanism o f m anaging according to features o f this o r th at organizational and legal form should provide concentration o f agricultural production, optim ality o f the sizes o f farm s and th eir efficiency on the basis o f the intensive approach to conducting agricultural production. M any dom estic and foreign econom ists paid due attention to this problem . M oreover, according to m any o f them , sm all form s and sizes o f farm s do no t allow to control and m onitor by the state due to the lack o f elem ents o f the econom ic m echanism o f m anagem ent in these form s o f farm s [2, 3, 4].
B ased on this, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics o f individual branches o f crop production, such as rice farm ing and some others, w here engineering-prepared planned land, drainage system s, specific crop rotations and large volum es o f irrigation w ater should be used. M oreover, the concentration o f resource potential in large farm s allow s the m ost effective im plem entation o f scientific achievem ents and b est practices o f the best farm s, introduce new varieties o f crops, tim ely use o f m ineral fertilizers and plant protection products, expand th eir capabilities through the developm ent o f additional branches o f anim al husbandry, reduce production costs and tim ely rem ove grow n products in adverse w eather conditions.
To date, the state executive authorities, unfortunately, do n o t take into account these features, w hich leads to a lack o f efficiency o f all state support and does no t provide a forecast o f sow ing o f certain types o f crops. G iven th at m any regions o f K azakhstan are located in arid areas, w here the sum m er is very hot and there is an acute shortage o f irrigation w ater and m oisture in the soil, state regulation should predict the annual area o f crops under irrigated and rain-fed agriculture on the basis o f strict criteria o f financial support for the form s and sizes o f farm s, w hich w ill ensure the concentration o f land, m aterial, labor, w ater, financial and other resources, and also to ensure tim ely and lossless harvesting o f the grow n crop in adverse w eather conditions o f individual years.
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The w orld experience o f m anagem ent in the field o f agriculture shows, th at the consolidation o f small and m edium -sized farm s is an inevitable process. Thus, the U SA experience show s th at in the period from 2010 to 2015 the num ber o f farm s decreased from 2201 to 2067, in C anada in 2001 there w ere 247 farms, and in 2012 it decreased to 229 farm s. The result is an average farm size, estim ated area o f land used has grow n over these tim e periods from 418 to 441 acres in the U SA and from 676 to 728 acres in C anada [5].
A t the same tim e, the increase in the area o f land used does no t alw ays indicate the effectiveness o f m anagem ent, because the developm ent o f civilization leads to a large outflow o f rural population to the urban area. A s a result, a large part o f the rural population m oves to the urban area. In the structure o f rural and urban population o f K azakhstan over the p ast decades, there have been no sharp changes in urbanization. Therefore, this problem o f efficiency o f agricultural production concentration requests to be considered from a position o f return o f the enclosed financial and other m aterial m eans on m onetary unit.
The analysis o f the problem o f agricultural production concentration fo r greater objectivity should reflect the assessm ent no t only o f yield, bu t also o f the total n et p rofit received on the farm , and in the context o f divisions and crop rotations, because the essence o f the state support is covering part o f production costs.
In this aspect, large rice farm s o f K yzylorda region have great opportunities to obtain gross agricultural output, total net profit, as w ell as p rofit in the context o f structural units o f the m ain production. Thus, in 2019, the area o f rice in large rice farm s such as LLP “ Shagan”, “T an”, “A kzharm a” and som e others am ounted to 3000-3500 hectares o f rice, w hich allow ed tim ely and lossless harvest. A t the sam e tim e, in farm s w here the area o f rice ranged from 400 to 1050 hectares, there w as an acute shortage o f harvesting agricultural m achinery. A nd in some farm s until the end o f Septem ber the rice did no t ripen, despite the very ho t sum m er, only good w eather conditions allow ed them to rem ove the grow n crop. A positive exam ple o f the concentration o f agricultural production can be called the rice com pany “A bzal and K ”, w hich in 2019 planted rice on an area o f 5500 hectares, and all field agrotechnical activities o f this com pany w ere carried out in a tim ely and qualitative m anner, w hich had an im pact on the yield o f unpolished rice. It should be noted th at this com pany has a very good m aterial and technical base w ith m odern agricultural m achinery, as a result, in the C entral estate o f the aul district nam ed after N ag a Ilyasov, the entire infrastructure is created, w hich is no t inferior to urban areas. A sim ilar situation is observed in LLP “M agzhan and K ” Syrdarya district, w hich this y ear sow ed 5000 hectares o f rice, w hich is a partner o f the rice com pany “A bzal and K ” . D irect links betw een the tw o rice com panies allow direct supply to the rice processing plant o f the G eneral partnership “A bzal and K ” . A s a result o f this, LLP “M agzhan and K ” today em ploys 415 w orkers in the econom y, has 1 rice-grow ing team s, the econom y from year to year develops new lands fo r rice culture. The farm is sow ing seeds o f rice varieties
“L im an” and “Y antar”, w hich are in high dem and am ong custom ers. A t the sam e tim e, in m any small farm s, seed production is no t at the p roper level, w hich affects the rice yield. In this regard, requires financial support o f the state, derived K azakh R esearch Institute o f Rice new varieties o f rice.
The division o f the form er large rice farm s into peasant and farm in m any aul districts o f the K azakhstan A ral Sea region has w orsened the opportunities o f these rural areas, in w hich the bu dg et o f the aul districts cannot solve m any pressing social problem s, no t to m ention the low level o f equipm ent o f these sm all farm s. M echanism s o f cooperation in essence do n o t stim ulate rural producers to consolidation in view o f the lack o f m otivation to shareholders. Today, the population o f aul districts, w here there are sm all form s o f farm s, largely do no t receive dividends on th eir land shares, w hich cannot be said about large rice farm s, w here the net profit is distributed to encourage advanced w orkers, strengthen the m aterial base o f farms. In order to obtain financial support, farm ers and rice farm ers are forced to increase the acreage for rice, w hich does no t com ply w ith the structure o f scientifically based rice-alfalfa crop rotations, in po o r condition is the planning o f rice checks, w hich leads to inefficient use o f land and w ater resources. Therefore, the agrarian policy o f the state should create an effective m echanism o f cooperation and integration, in w hich large farm s w ill be able to realize th eir resource potential and solve the social problem s o f rural areas, unfortunately, w hich is n o t fulfilled in m any regions o f the country.
State regulation by m eans o f institutional tools characterizes m ethods o f im pact using organizational institutional forms. U nfortunately today the role o f institutional tools in im plem entation o f the state agrarian policy o f the agricultural m anufacturers has n o t been considered y et at the national and regional levels causing reduction o f efficiency o f the state regulation and support o f rural m anufactures in regions.
This is reasoned by absence o f com plexity and consistency in im plem entation o f the agrarian policy w hich does n o t fully cover occurring changes in the m arket o f the county. A t the sam e tim e there is low return o f
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the hum an resources capacity in the agrarian sphere o f econom y w hich causes incom plete usage o f the existing possibilities in regions and in country in whole.
One o f the considerable functions o f the state regulation and supporting rural m anufacturers is control over efficiency o f the state support in the rice planting. There is no doubt th at the state spends a lot o f funds to support various organizational legal form s o f business, b u t at the sam e tim e the level o f return o f invested funds is low. Secondly, it is im possible to reach rationality o f previous functions w ithout proper control o f financial support, otherw ise as the practice shows, billions o f the budget funds have been used im properly [6].
Speaking about state regulation and state support, it is necessary to note certain state program s, w hich som etim es do no t have a relationship betw een budgets. Im proving the budget process involves integrating the strategic and m edium -term socio-econom ic developm ent o f the country w ith the annual budget. The policy o f relations betw een the R epublican and local budgets is one o f the im portant strategic issues facing the R epublic o f K azakhstan. The changes th at have occurred in the technology o f b udget relations have been m ost reflected in the recent years o f reform ing the b udget relations o f the center and regions, im proving the financial technology o f the organization o f inter-budget flow s [7].
Therefore, in order to strengthen the role o f state regulation and state support, all state program s and subprogram s should be defined in the strategic plan for the developm ent o f agriculture, in w hich there should be no duplication in the im plem entation o f financial support fo r certain crops, livestock breeds or agricultural products. In this aspect, a conceptual approach is required to solve the urgent problem s o f the developm ent o f certain branches o f agricultural production, anim al breeds and livestock products.
U nfortunately, the issues o f zonal specialization o f regions are still n o t resolved, there is no system o f agricultural production, so the adopted state program s do no t give an econom ic effect. Today, the agricultural policy o f K azakhstan should provide priority directions for the developm ent o f the single agricultural m arket o f agricultural products and food in the Eurasian space on the basis o f taking into account the capabilities o f the regions and the im plem entation o f the cluster approach in agriculture.
The m ain problem s o f the agricultural m echanism o f K azakhstan are: the low role o f the state in the m anagem ent o f production processes (the share o f the state in the volum e o f gross production is 24 %, B elarus - 74 %, in the R ussian Federation - 48 %). A long w ith this, the high debt burden o f rural producers, the lack o f com petitiveness o f agricultural products in term s o f price characteristics, the low volum e o f export-oriented products, except for grain and low quality [8].
The reason for all this is the lack o f com pliance w ith the necessary technological techniques, w eak m aterial and technical base o f agricultural form ations, lack o f financial resources, the use o f extensive approaches and the lack o f m odern highly productive technologies, the lack o f rotation o f crop rotations and turnover o f breeding cattle in various farm s. A long w ith this, the disparity in prices for agricultural and industrial products, the lack o f use o f agricultural land for its intended purpose, the lack o f certification o f products, public-private partnerships and others are o f great im portance.
F inancial support o f agriculture today is carried out by the state body o f JSC “N ational H olding K azA gro”, financing o f its activities is carried out at the expense o f the R epublican budget, bond loans, credit resources o f second-tier banks and other financial institutions. This holding m ediates the developm ent o f financial resources allocated by the state budget for the developm ent o f agriculture. Part o f the allocated budget funds is directed to increase the authorized capital o f the holding. The m ain directions o f financing budget funds through this holding are: the program “ Sybaga”, the program “A ltyn asyk”, financing o f sm all and m edium -sized agricultural producers through credit partnerships, the developm ent o f non-com m odity exports through JSC “A grarian C redit C orporation”, ensuring effective em ploym ent o f the rural population and the use o f the potential o f private farm s through JSC “Fund for support o f agriculture” and others. Since 2017, JSC “K azA gro” revised interest rates, and financing is carried out in three directions through the A gricultural C redit C orporation. The first - funding o f second- tie r banks at 1 % p er annum , w ith the final annual rate fo r agricultural producers n o t exceeding 5 % per annum . The second - direct financing o f A gricultural C redit C orporation at 2 % p e r annum w ith the provision o f guarantees to banks. The third - financing through credit partnerships and m icrofinance organizations at 2 % p er annum , w ith the final rate fo r rural producers no t exceeding 6 % p er annum . A t the same tim e, the m ain borrow ers o f this C orporation are m ainly large agricultural form ations, the share
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o f sm all farm s in the R epublic accounts fo r only a sm all part o f the allocated funds. Financing o f agriculture through JSC “K azA gro” is visible from table 1.
Table 1 - Financing of agriculture through JSC “KazAgro”, billion tenge
Type of financing 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
On carrying out spring and field works 80 60 40 60 60 60
On carrying out cleaning works 8 14 20 - 77 15
Information: data of JSC “KazAgro”.
A s can be seen from the table for spring field w ork over the past three years, the state consistently provides financial support in the am ount o f 60 billion tenge, w hich are returned by rural producers at the end o f the year. H ow ever, in 2015 the state did n o t allocate funds for harvesting, and in 2016 it allocated 77 billion tenge and in 2017 15 billion tenge. These funds w ere allocated for oilseed crops o f sunflow er, rapeseed, soybean, flax, sugar beet, rice, cotton, oats, potatoes.
One o f the elem ents o f state support o f rural producers for m odernization and technical re-equipm ent o f existing and creation o f new productions is agroleasing. The use o f leasing by agricultural form ations today allow ed to purchase various m odern agricultural m achines and com bines. H ow ever, the possibility o f leasing varies in farm s. P hysically and m orally obsolete agricultural m achinery and equipm ent and high costs for th eir m aintenance do no t allow sm all and m edium -sized form s o f agricultural form ations to fully solve technological operations, no t to m ention the use o f agroleasing. Therefore, the priorities o f industrial and innovative developm ent o f the sphere o f agriculture should be state assistance in the m odernization o f the m aterial and technical base o f export-oriented agricultural form ations by concentrating production capital on the basis o f integration o f the sphere o f processing o f agricultural products w ith the producers them selves. In this regard, the positive experience in the field o f rice farm ing o f large rice-sow ing agricultural form ations, w here the m anagem ent pays great attention to the m odernization o f production and the renew al o f the m achine and tractor fleet o f farm s on the basis o f the application o f agroleasing, deserves attention.
Im portant for state regulation and financial support fo r agriculture is the creation o f an effective m echanism o f regional innovative policy in w hich the system o f com plex support o f innovative activity o f agricultural enterprises for agricultural production developm ent should occur in com plex part no t only o f public authorities bu t also private businesses, financial institutions, public organizations and associations.
On the other hand, the state should increase funding for scientific institutions on the basis o f prioritization o f crops and a system atic approach to agriculture in the regional aspect. In K azakhstan, despite the presence o f a certain netw ork o f scientific and technical institutions dealing w ith agricultural production, th eir num b er is very small, in addition, there is no integrated and system atic approach to the disclosure o f the structure o f scientific institutions, the state does no t determ ine the strategy o f developm ent o f the industry and does no t form a system o f territorial m anagem ent o f agricultural production [9, 10].
K azakhstan as an agricultural and industrial country has huge possibilities fo r integration into the w orld m arket, how ever this requires to conduct a task-oriented and efficient agricultural policy aim ed at developm ent o f regions by m eans o f applying the system o f m anagem ent o f agricultural industry. In this aspect it is required to attract new G erm an projects oriented on intensification o f agricultural industry.
T hrough a broader lens to use a positive experience o f Israel, EU counties as H olland, Sw eden and others.
The positive thing is the developm ent o f big production in Sw eden w hich allow s to use large crop areas o f the north regions o f K azakhstan m ore efficiently on the basis o f cooperation o f the agricultural form ations.
A s w ell it is required to fulfill diversification o f agricultural industry taking into account requirem ents o f the w orld m arket. Today, notw ithstanding the high financial support from the governm ent, K azakhstan is dependant in sugar needs from the w orld m arket, covering ow n needs only by 11 %. The sam e situation is observed in relation to m ilk and dairy products. T hat is w hy it is required to develop a cattle breeding taking into account pedigree peculiarities by m eans o f attracting investm ents and projects from H olland, G erm any, R ussia and other countries. Positive exam ples o f the agricultural developm ent, in particular in rural areas, include the experience o f rural developm ent in G erm any and other countries o f the E uropean U nion. In order to develop the agricultural m achine building sector it is required to integrate this sector w ith the G erm an agricultural m achine building experience in som e regions o f our country. F or instance,
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the K azakhstani professionals speak positively about the G erm an h arvester “C ase”, w hich is successfully used in some rice-sow ing farm s o f K yzylorda oblast. The establishm ent o f subsidiaries in this region will enable expanding the sale m arket o f G erm an com panies in the C entral A sia th at accom m odates vast agricultural areas [11].
Proceeding from these positions, the relationship betw een science and production should be ensured, the concept o f rural developm ent and rural areas should be developed, the m echanism o f relations betw een rural producers and various scientific institutions and groups o f scientists conducting research in this area should be formed.
Subsidies are the m ain form o f covering part o f the produced m aterial costs in agriculture. H ow ever, in this regard, rural cotton producers last y ear did no t receive the allocated am ounts o f subsidies due to the lack o f elaboration o f the m echanism o f relations betw een them and the state authorities. The transition to the digitalization o f relations betw een governm ent agencies and representatives o f agrobusiness, the use o f electronic invoices in essence does n o t allow to prove to the state authorities the delivery o f agricultural products. Therefore, only 10-15 % o f the cotton crop goes to direct processing. It requires determ ining the real value o f the purchase price for cotton grow n by farm ers, as the price at the level o f 110 tenge per kilogram does no t allow sm all farm s to m ake a profit. The tran sfer o f cotton plants to the status o f w arehouses sharply reduced the infusion into the sphere o f cotton production. A t the same tim e, the lack o f direct links betw een cotton m ills and farm ers, a lo t o f interm ediaries purchased by foreign traders does no t allow cotton m ills to buy cotton them selves, bu t only to process products as raw m aterials. A t the same tim e, the M inistry o f A griculture cannot directly subsidize farms.
Therefore, today in the field o f cotton production, there m ay be a reduction in this sphere, as production costs increase sharply from year to year. So, i f in 2009 the cost p er hectare w as 65 thousand tenge, in 2019, they am ounted to 129 thousand tenge. This situation leads to the transition o f som e farm s to the sow ing o f rice culture. All this points to the lack o f a targeted agricultural policy and strategy for the developm ent o f relevant sectors o f agriculture on a regional scale. A t the sam e tim e, the state through financial support m echanism s can successfully regulate the developm ent o f a particu lar sphere o f agriculture.
Long-term practice o f m anagem ent show s th at in the grain com plex o f the R epublic there are also shortcom ings o f econom ic relations betw een processing and storage enterprises and various farm s. A t the sam e tim e, the state bodies represented by JSC “G osprodkorporatsiya” do no t control the process o f storing grain in elevators, and grain that is in safe storage w ith the ow ners o f elevators is subject to sale, although they are state stock. The situation w ith the use o f agricultural land is no better. In this regard, the state has in recent years seized unused land and sold it in the future through auctions. A t the same tim e, it is necessary to ensure annual m onitoring and control over the rational and targeted use o f agricultural land, to strengthen the responsibility o f regional governors for this w ork. A long w ith this, there is a need on the part o f state agricultural authorities and specialized land organizations to exercise annual control over the preservation o f soil condition and fertility, because excessive and harm ful use o f arable land w ithout taking into account the characteristics o f the soil and introduced fertilizers leads to soil structure disturbance.
G iven the state support for agriculture, agricultural yield and its structure are im portant, as can be seen from table 2.
Table 2 - Composition and structure of agricultural products of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Indicators
Years
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Gross domestic product, million tenge 35 999025,1 39 675832,9 40 884133,6 46 971150,0 51566764,1 including
Agricultural product 2 940 723,1 3 133 198,4 3 295 159,7 3 669 122,2 4 085 483,4 Share of agricultural production to
GDP, %
8,2 % 7,9 % 8,1 % 7,9 % 8 %
Crop production 1 683 851,4 1 739 436,4 1 825 236,7 2 047 580,8 2 278 340,9 Livestock product 1 256 871,7 1 393 762 1 469 923 1 621 541,4 1 807 142,5 Note: compiled on the basis of information of the Committee on statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
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A s can be seen from the table, the gross dom estic prod uct is grow ing from y ear to year, w hich in 2017 is 51566764,1 m illion tenge, including agricultural products am ounted to 4085483,4 m illion tenge, w hich is 8 % o f the total gross dom estic product. The share o f crop production in 2017 is 55,8 %, and livestock products - 44,2 %. A t the same tim e, K azakhstan has great opportunities to increase the share o f livestock products, w hich requires solving problem s in this industry in accordance w ith the M essage o f the President o f the R epublic o f K azakhstan to the people o f K azakhstan, w hich defines priorities fo r the developm ent o f AIC.
In the context o f the current year, in the second quarter o f 2019, the consum ption o f m eat and m eat products decreased against the first quarter by 1,8 %, w ith an average o f 19,1 kg p er inhabitant o f the country, w hich increases b y 2,5 % against the sam e period o f 2018, a sharp reduction in m eat consum ption is observed in rural areas, w hich is an average o f 17,7 kg p e r rural resident. A t the sam e tim e, m any villagers do no t have personal livestock in th eir farm steads, w hich is due to the lack o f pastures and hay around the centers o f the aul districts, as w ell as fodder for livestock. Therefore, local executive bodies should take m easures to create places around the centers o f aul districts for grazing cattle and harvesting hay fo r rural residents. The increase in dem and for m eat and m eat products and the shortage o f these products cause an increase in prices on the consum er m arket for all types o f m eat products and poultry, w hich requires strengthening o f state regulation in term s o f breeding cattle.
D espite the existence o f an appropriate legislative and regulatory fram ew ork fo r the developm ent o f agriculture, state regulation requires the grouping o f problem s in the organizational, institutional, legal, econom ic, scientific and technological aspects w ith the definition o f appropriate tools and m echanism s for the im plem entation o f these pressing problem s in this area. A long w ith this, there is a need to protect state program s and projects from corrupt actions o f representatives o f state structures, because the allocated budget funds often do n o t reach the agricultural producer, and social program s o f rural areas are not im plem ented. All this reduces the role o f state regulation and state support, increases the costs o f this sphere o f the national econom y.
Today, m any countries o f the M iddle E ast and South-East A sia, in particular C hina and Iran, have a great interest in agricultural products. D uring the visit o f the President o f K azakhstan K. Tokayev to China, contracts for the supply o f livestock dairy products and w oolen raw m aterials w ere signed. In this regard, the establishm ent o f enterprises fo r the prim ary processing o f w ool, the definition o f zones for the placem ent o f certain breeds and directions o f cattle, w hich increase the export opportunities o f the country, requires a solution.
А.К. О ралбаева
Коркыт Ата атындагы Кызылорда мемлекетпк университет^ Казакстан ЦАЗАЦСТАН РЕСП У БЛ И К А С Ы Н Д А А У Ы Л Ш А РУ А Ш Ы ЛЫ ГЫ Н М ЕМ ЛЕКЕТТ1К РЕТТЕУ Д Щ М ЭСЕЛЕЛЕР1 М ЕН ЖЕТ1ЛД1Р1ЛУ1
А ннотация. Макалада автор элемдш экономиканыц жаЬандану жагдайындагы ауыл шаруашылыгын мемлекетпк реттеудщ мацызды рeлiне назар аударады, Казакстандагы агроeнеркэсiптiк кешендi мемлекетпк реттеу мен дамытудыц казiргi проблемаларын карастырады. М емлекетпк реттеу туралы аналитикалык акпарат бередг Аймактардагы ауылшаруашылык eндiрiсiнiц жагдайын жаксарту шараларын ^сынады.
Республиканыц ауыл шаруашылыгы саласындагы тш сп багыттары мемлекетпк реттеудщ барлык факторлары мен к¥ралдарыныц eзара байланысына катысты деп есептейдi автор. Сонымен катар ауылшаруашылык eндiрiс жYЙесi мен мемлекеттiк реттеудщ тш м дш п н арттыру, жер, материалдык, ецбек, су жэне баска да табиги ресурстарды пайдалануды оцтайландыру, ауылшаруашылык eнiмiнiц сапасын жаксартумен байланысты деп санайды. Елiмiздiц ауылшаруашылыгы саласындагы мемлекеттiк аграрлык саясатты камтамасыз етудiц iргелi непзш аныктай отырып, макалада астык, ет жэне CYт косалкы кешендерi сиякты ец дамыган азык-тYлiк косалкы кешендерi аныкталган. Сонымен катар агроeнеркэсiптiк кешеннен астык eндiрудi камтамасыз ететiн астык eнiмдерiнiц субкомплексi eте сэттi дамыган деп саналады. Сонымен катар макалада е т ^ т кешенiнiц мацыздылыгы айтылган. Халыкаралык тэж1рибеге сэйкес, мал шаруашылыгындагы ^сак шаруашылык тYрлерiн ныгайтудыц мацыздылыгына назар аудара отырып, б^л
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надты мал шаруашылыгы салалары мен аймадтарынын ерекшелжтерш ескеру дажетпгш кeрсетедi. Автор KYpm ecipy аймагында дадылдардын ауыспалы епстш мен сэйкестiктi жадсарту даж еттш пн дарастырады, бул дажетп технологиялыд эдiстерге, ауылшаруашылыд кэсшорындарынын материалдыд-техникалыд базасынын элсiздiгiне, даржылыд ресурстардын жетiспеyшiлiгiне, кен тэсiлдердiн болуына жэне дазiргi замангы жогары eнiмдi технологиялардын болмауына, шагын жэне орта фермаларда ауыспалы егiске сэйкес келмеyiне байланысты, осы ерекшелiктер мемлекеттiк долдауды дажет етед^ сондай-ад жYЙелi, жан-жадты, утымды жэне тиiмдi дагидатты дамтамасыз етyi керек. Автордын пiкiрiнше, мемлекеттiк реттеу уйымдас- тырушылыд, институционалдыд, дудыдтыд, экономикалыд, гылыми жэне технологиялыд аспектiлерде ауылшаруашылыд eндiрiсi саласындагы осы eзектi проблемаларды iске асырудын тиiстi дуралдары мен тетштерш аныдтай отырып, бiрiктiрyдi дамтамасыз етyi керек.
ТYЙiн сездер: Мемлекетпк реттеу, мемлекеттiк багдарлама, ауыл шаруашылыгы, eсiмдiк жэне мал шаруашылыгы, экспорт, ш ш , сыртды нарыд, тетiктер, дуралдар, ет жэне ет eнiмдерi, дэндi дадылдар, ауыспалы егiс, минералды тынайтдыш, ауыл шаруашылыгын далыптастыру, eндiрiстiк шыгын, ауыл тургындары, елдiмекендер, агролизинг, аграрлыд саясат.
А.К. О ралбаева
Кызылординский государственный университет имени Коркыт Ата, Казахстан
П РО БЛ ЕМ Ы И СОВЕРШ ЕНСТВОВАНИЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ В С ЕЛ ЬС К О М ХОЗЯЙСТВЕ РЕС П У БЛ И К И КАЗАХСТАН
А ннотация. В статье автор выделяет важную роль государственного регулирования в сельском хозяйстве в условиях глобализации мировой экономики, рассматривает современные проблемы государственного регулирования и развития сферы сельского хозяйства Казахстана, приводит аналитическую информацию по состоянию государственного регулирования, предлагается меры для улучшения состояния сельскохозяйственного производства в регионах с учетом зонального размещения системы ведения сельскохозяйственного производства. Автор считает, что актуальными направлениями в области сельского хозяйства республики являются взаимосвязь всех факторов и инструментов государственного регулирования, а также повышение эффективности ведения системы сельскохозяйственного производства и государственного регулирования, оптимизация использования земельных, материальных, трудовых, водных и других природных ресурсов, повышение качества производимой сельскохозяйственной продукции и увеличение рентабельности сельскохозяйственных формирований страны. Определяя фундаментальной основой обеспечения государственной аграрной политики в сфере сельского хозяйства страны, в статье выделяются наиболее развитые продуктовые подкомплексы, как зернопродуктовый, мясной и молочный подкомплексы. При этом считается, что наиболее успешно развитым является зернопродуктовый подкомплекс, который со стороны сферы сельского хозяйства обеспечивает производство зерна. Наряду с этим в статье выделяется важность мясопродуктового и молочного комплекса. Выделяя согласно международного опыта важность укрепления малых форм хозяйствования в животноводстве, в то же время указывается на необходимость учета специфических особенностей тех или иных отраслей животноводства и регионов. В регионе рисоводства автор считает необходимым улучшение соблюдения севооборотов, показывает о несоблюдении необходимых технологических приемов, слабой материально-технической базе сельхозформирований, нехватки финансовых ресурсов, о наличии экстенсивных подходов и отсутствие современных высокопродуктивных технологий, несоблюдении ротации севооборотов в малых и средних хозяйствах, при котором государственная поддержка должна учитывать эти особенности и обеспечивать принцип системности, комплексности, рациональности и эффективности поддержки с экономической отдачей вкладываемых государственных средств. По мнению автора, государственное регулирование должно обеспечить группировку проблем в организационном, институциональном, правовом, экономическом, научном и технологическом аспекте с определением соответствующих инструментов и механизмов реализации этих насущных проблем в сфере аграрного производства.
К лю чевы е слова: государственное регулирование, государственная программа, сельское хозяйство, растениеводство, животноводство, экспорт, внутренний, внешний рынок, механизмы, инструменты, скотоводство, мясо, мясные продукты, зерновые, севообороты, минудобрения, сельхозформирования, производственные затраты, сельские жители, сельские территории, агролизинг, аграрная политика.
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Information about authors:
Oralbayeva Aizhan Kuantkanovna - Candidate of Economic Sciences, "Accounting and Audit" Department, Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda State University, Kazakhstan, Kyzylorda, [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9233-8599
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