N E W S
OF TH E N A T IO N A L A C A D E M Y OF SCIEN CES OF TH E R EPU B LIC OF K A Z A K H ST A N S E R IE S O F S O C IA L A N D H U M A N S C IE N C E S
ISSN 2224-5294 h ttp s://d oi.o rg/10 .32 01 4/20 20.2 22 4-52 94 .32
V olum e 2, N um ber 330 (2020), 19 - 24
A. S ay k en , Z h . A k im o v
L.N. G um ilyov Eurasian N ational U niversity, A stana, R epublic o f K azakhstan.
E-m ail: adai_seken@ m ail.ru, akim ov_zhm @ enu.kz
MAIN DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF KAZAKH NATIONAL CULTURAL TOURISM
A bstract. The modern Kazakh nation has been formed with the participation of many tribes and peoples for centuries. It is one of the oldest ethnic groups that plays an important role in the history of Eurasia. The Kazakh people inherited the culture of all ethnic groups who had contributed to the formation of the Kazakh nation, and therefore, Kazakhstan is valued as a nation with a rich cultural heritage. This article examines the theories and practices of national ethnographic tourism development on the example of Kazakh culture. The principal directions of the development of Kazakh national ethnographic cultural tourism and ways of their implementation are presented by taking into account the world experience of national ethnic cultural tourism. At the same time, based on the experience of foreign countries and considering the potential of Kazakhstan, the main directions of the development of national ethnographic cultural tourism were presented. In this article, the authors identified the Kazakh ethnographic historical and cultural resources and presented the ways to implement them.
Key words: Kazakh national culture, resource, ethno tourism, development, direction, cultural tourism, ethnographic culture, model.
IN T R O D U C T IO N
A national ethnographic tourism is a cultural tourism o f high level. It is also one o f the m ain contents o f tourism discoveries and tou rist activities th at satisfy the spiritual needs o f tourists along w ith gaining new know ledge about nations and nationalities and discovering new countries and lands. A ccording to the study o f International Tourism O rganizations, only 26 % o f tourists traveling abroad w ere interested in indigenous landm arks and ancient cities, w hile 56.7 % w ere interested in acquaintance w ith the national ethnographic culture and traditions o f the local people. Therefore, now adays developed and developing countries consider the developm ent o f national ethnographic tourism as the m ain direction o f tourism .
F or instance, in N orth A m erica, the Living H istory M useum designed an "im m igrants’ village" w hich reflects conventional houses o f A m erican im m igrants w ho m oved to the N orth A m erica centuries ago and stone and w ooden houses o f native A m ericans from the ancient tim es. These installations recall th eir lifestyle, traditions and custom s o f A m erican people. T unisia enhanced tourism industry through developing national ethnographic tourism . B ased on the interests and requirem ents o f w estern travelers it prom oted the indigenous lifestyle o f B erbers and th eir living places, national garm ents and production tools w hich assisted it to becom e one o f the country w ith developed tourism industry am ong A frican and A rab countries.
A national ethnographic village o f 25 nations constructed in Y unnan Province o f C hina and a national ethnographic village o f 56 nationalities constructed in Shenzhen, China, the w orld-fam ous electronics industry centre, turned popular tou rist destinations th at attract tourists from around the w orld and hugely contributing to the budget o f country. Therefore, now adays the discovery and study o f national ethnographic culture tourism becam e a vital subject.
T H E O R E T IC A L R E SE A R C H
The m ain directions o f national ethnographic culture tourism developm ent based on international experience are divided into several groups as seen below:
Graph 1 - The main models of national ethnographic and cultural tourism
1. T h e re v iv a l o f h isto ry . The aim o f this m odel is to collect, edit, group and extract forgotten or destroyed national ethnographic cultural resources based on historical data and to explain the ancient ethnographic culture o f the indigenous peoples and nationalities lived in this region to tourists.
F or exam ple, the Living H istory M useum in the U SA attracts the tourists w ith scenic em ployees- actors or actors dressed up in national garm ents o f A m erican im m igrants o f the X V I-X V II centuries, w ho plow the farm land, carry the things w ith one-w heel cart, carry the w ater and perform national dances and sing songs. The advantage o f this m odel is to plunge the to u rist’s im agination into the past by ‘m oving the tim e backw ards’.
2. M in ia tu re m o d ellin g . N ow adays, the resources o f the national ethnographic culture are neglected due to external civilizations im pact, changing lifestyle o f people and fast-paced tim e.
F or exam ple, architectural art, garm ent m odels, tradition o f the people are losing the form er characteristic due to globalization process. A s som e activities in the national ethnographic culture are only reflected in a specific tim efram e (for exam ple, during holidays and celebrations), m any foreign tourists w ill no t be able to fully understand the national ethnographic culture and traditions o f the local people due to seasonal barriers. In order to overcom e them , local governm ents and investors should choose an appropriate geographical area, analyse the national ethnographic tradition, and build a them atic garden (m iniature m odel) based on the traditions and custom s o f the local population and national ethnographic resources. This m odel can provide a decent am ount inform ation to tourists relatively in a short tim efram e.
These tw o different m odels can be converted into one type, nam ely, the m useum form.
3. T h e re a l size. This form is designed to show tourists notable national ethnographic cultural resources through a typical analysis o f prom inent, accessible regions. The content is m ainly based on the representation o f the natural production o f ethnographic tradition in rural settlem ents. This is m ainly aim ed to attract tourists w ho are interested in virgin nature and w ho d o n ’t seek fo r any m odern life conveniences. F or exam ple, M aoli w intering in the H aw aiian Islands. The peculiarity o f this m odel is th at w ith a sm all investm ents tourists can closely interact w ith the local people and enjoy the nature, take part in th eir every-day lives and production activities, w hich give them a deep satisfaction and feeling o f appreciation.
4. S h o rt te rm d isp lay fo rm . This m odel is available in tw o different w ays. The first type is practiced during the national holidays. F or exam ple, N auryz, K urban Eid, R am adan and others. The second type (form ) is m obile visualization o f portable national ethnographic cultural arts. F or exam ple, perform ance o f national ethnographic orchestras abroad. This form enables the foreign nationalities to enjoy, feel, and com prehend w ith the help o f national ethnographic culture and arts.
5. T h e m a tic illu s tra tio n fo rm . A ttraction o f tourists through integration o f tourism and a specific branch o f national ethnographic culture content o f one nation. F o r exam ple, them e park, them atic hotel etc. [1]. O pening national ethnographic tourism resources in one region should reflect national ethnographic culture in line w ith the true local situation o f the region. In term s o f regional developm ent, national ethnographic tourism resources are the m ost com petitive areas in the developm ent o f regional tourism .
20
A substantial requirem ent fo r the discovery o f national ethnographic tourism resources is a set o f traditions o f m aterial, spiritual and public governance o f nations and nationalities, w hich are the m ain national ethnographic culture, national traditions and custom s.
This includes the follow ing contents: industrial household traditions, national arts, sports traditions, folklore art, beliefs and superstitions and public social traditions [2, p. 18]. The national ethnographic content m ust be carefully selected. The principle o f this selection is an attractiveness o f national ethnographic content. T ourist attractiveness is the national ethnographic difference betw een the local region and the region w here the tou rist m arket is planned. A s the national ethnographic culture o f the local region is particularly striking, the difference gets m ore great and m ore attractive. Therefore, the focus on the content is m ore in priority.
The K azakh national ethnographic culture is rich and has infinite renew al nature. F or exam ple, architectural buildings, national cuisine, K azakh m ilitary civilization, m ausoleum s reflecting the b e lie f system and religion, the cluster o f historical tribes illustrating the national heritage o f K azakhs, resettlem ent culture o f K azakhs (river civilization), cluster o f K hans, national arts, national holidays and celebrations [3, p. 46].
Graph 2 - National ethnographic and cultural resources of Kazakhs
B ased on the resources o f the K azakh national ethnographic culture and w orld experience, the m ain directions o f the developm ent o f national ethnographic tourism in K azakhstan can be classified as follows:
1. The art o f architecture, especially a fam ous K azakh yurt, w hich represents nom adic culture in K azakh architecture. K azakh yurt w ith tw enty-five thousand years old history has no equivalent in the w orld and is very com fortable for household and production utilization and clim ate challenges. The K azakh type yurt is one o f the best yurt form s. Its structure and every piece o f it is a testim ony o f philosophy, science, m athem atics, art, and religious beliefs. The foreign tourists find it astounding and unique.
2. A ncient cities representing resettlem ent civilization (river civilization) o f Kazakhs: Otyrar, Sauran, Syganakh, Taraz, Saraishykh etc.
3. M ausoleum s representing the b e lie f system and religion: K hoja A khm et Y assaw i, A rystan Bab, A isha Bibi, B albals, C arved boulders etc.
4. K azakh m ilitary civilization. W eapons, w arriors, m ausoleum s o f w arriors
5. R estored clusters o f historical tribes, reflecting the K azakh national ancestry. F or exam ple, Sakas, H un, U isyn, K angly, Sarm at, B otay cultures etc.
6. C luster o f K azakh khans. Z huz (tribal division), rhu (clans) etc.
5) Kazakh yurt [8].
Graph 3 - Houses of various nationalities and Kazakh yurt
7. N ational art. N ational m usical instrum ents and arts (aitys, kui, term e, arnau, syngsu, horm onica playing, singing, khobyz etc.) and national dances (karazhorga, kam ajai etc.)[10].
8. N ational cuisine. B eshbarm ak, kuyrdak, bauyrsak, kazy-karta, kurt, butter, yoghurt, kym yz, shubat etc.
9. N ational holidays and celebrations. N auryz, Eid celebrations, K orisu eid and others.
T h e w ays o f im p le m e n ta tio n :
1. F or the im plem entation o f national ethnographic tourism objects, integration w ith the m ajor tourist routes should be undertaken, i.e. to com plem ent tourism types such as ecotourism , sports tourism , urban tourism , etc. w ith one another by form ulating one tourism route.
2. A daptation o f national ethnographic tourism to the tourism m arket. This m arket is represented in three different w ays. The first type is foreign tourists, w ho are interested in K azakh national ethnographic culture. The second group is ethnic K azakhs in foreign countries. T heir goal is to explore th eir cultural heritage and business opportunities. The third group is local K azakh citizens. T heir aim s are continuum o f tradition, patriotism , to inform the younger generation o f th eir history and national culture.
3. In the course o f the discovery, it is im portant to prom ote advertising and form ation o f tourism brand, nam ely, to com bine ethnic ethnographic culture, rural life and landscape. In creation o f tourism brand a prom otion o f tourism through show business, cinem a, soap operas can be practiced. F or exam ple, shooting film s such as "The W ay to the M other" and "The H om e ".
C O N C LU SIO N
N ow adays, each country considers tourism as a successful m eans o f econom ic developm ent.
Therefore, because o f the change in the leisure style and the choice o f tourists, m any countries are focusing on creating new routes along w ith the traditional m arketplace o f tourism . T hrough a num ber o f practices, the developm ent o f national ethnographic tourism is a proven new source o f incom e. Tourism developm ent is based on resource opportunities.
22
The potential o f D evelopm ent o f national ethnographic and cultural tourism in K azakhstan is also very high. The history, national culture, custom s and traditions o f our culture are very rich and have special features and com petitive advantages. B y developing this direction o f tourism , w e develop not only tourism in the country bu t also contribute to the developm ent o f the overall regional econom y. A t the same tim e, the w orld should recognize our country not only by ou r energy resources but k now b etter our history, national identity, traditions, custom s and culture. From this p oin t o f view , one o f the m ost im portant directions o f the tourism industry in K azakhstan is considered a developm ent o f national ethnographic cultural tourism .
А. Секен, Ж.М. Акимов
Л.Н. Гумилев атындагы Еуразия ^лттык университет^
Астана, Казахстан
ЦАЗАЦТЫЦ ¥ Л Т Т Ь Щ М ЭД ЕН И ЕТ ТУРИЗМ1Н Д АМ Ы ТУДЬЩ БА С ТЫ БА ГЫ ТТА РЫ
А ннотация. Макалада Казакстаннын ^лгтьщ этнографияльщ мэдени туризмi саласын зерттеу нэтижелерi талкыланады. K33ipri танда эр ел туризм саласын экономиканы дамытудын табысты Ke3i ретiнде карастырып келедi. вйткеш демалыс стил1 мен туристердiн саяхаттау талгамында eзгерiстер пайда болуына байланысты, кептеген елдер туризмнiн дэстYрлi нарык жYЙесiн сактаумен катар, жана багыттарды ашуга да кeнiл бeлiп отыр. Зерттеулерге CYЙене отырып жэне бiркатар тэж1рибелер аркылы ^лттык этнографиялык туризмдi дамыту - туризмнiн жана б1р табыс кeзi екенi дэлелдендi. Туризмдi дамыту ресурстык мYмкiндiктердi кажет етедг Казакстаннын да ^лттык этнографиялык мэдени туризмш дамыту потенциалы eте жогары. Халкымыздын тарихы, ^лттык мэдениетi, салт-дэстур^ эдет-г^рпы eте бай жэне ерекше тартымдылыкка ие. Казактын ^лттык этнографиялык мэдениет ресурстары - eте бай, Yздiксiз туындап отыратын шексiз мэнге ие к¥рылым. Казак халкы кeптеген тайпалар мен халыктардын катысуымен гасырлар бойы калыптаскан. Еуразия тарихында манызды орын алатын ен кeне этностардын бiрi болып саналады.
Казак халкы - казак ^лтынын калыптасуына ыкпал еткен барлык халыктардын мэдениетiнiн м^рагер^
сондыктан казак халкынын ^лттык мэдениет аса бай мэдениеттердiн бiрi болып саналады. Б^л макалада казактын ^лтгык этнографиялык мэдениетiн мысалга ала отырып, ^лтгык этнографиялык туризмдi дамытудын теориялары мен тэжiрибелерi жeнiнде зерттеулер жYргiзiледi.
Макалада ^лттык этникалык мэдени туризмнщ элемдiк тэжiрибелерiн мысалга ала отырып, казактын
^лттык этнографиялык мэдени туризмш дамытудын басты багыттары жэне оларды iске асыру жолдары
^сынылады. Сонымен катар шетелдердегi тэжiрибелердi негiзге ала отырып жэне Казакстаннын элеуетiн ескере отырып, ^лттык этнографиялык мэдени туризмдi дамытудын негiзгi багыттары ^сынылган. Казактык
^лттык этнографиялык тарихи жэне мэдени ресурстары айкындалып, оларды iске асыру жолдары
^сынылган.
ТYЙiн сездер: казак ^лттык мэдениетi, ресурс, этно туризм, даму, багыт, мэдени туризм, этнографиялык мэдениет, модель.
А. Секен, Ж.М. Акимов
Евразийский национальный университет имени Л.Н. Гумилева, Астана, Казахстан
О СНОВНЫ Е НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ КАЗАХСКОГО Н А Ц ИОНАЛЬН ОГО К У Л ЬТУ РН О ГО ТУРИЗМ А
А ннотация. В статье обсуждаются результаты исследований в области национального этнографического культурного туризма в Казахстане. В настоящее время каждая страна рассматривает индустрию туризма как успешный источник экономического развития. Из-за изменения стиля отдыха и туристических предпочтений туристов многие страны концентрируются на открытии новых направлений, сохраняя при этом традиционную систему туристического рынка. На основании исследований и благодаря
ряду практик, развитие национального этнографического туризма стало новым источником туризма.
Развитие туризма требует ресурсных возможностей. Казахстан также имеет большой потенциал для развития национального этнографического культурного туризма. История, национальная культура, обычаи и традиции нашего народа очень богаты и имеют особую привлекательность. Структура казахской национальной этнографической культуры очень богата и имеет бесконечную структуру. Казахская нация, прошедшая долгий период формирования, в процессе которого принимало участие множество племен и народов, занимает важное место в истории Евразии и является одним из древнейших этносов. Она является преемницей культурного наследия всех народов, принявших участие в ее становлении, поэтому казахский народ - один из богатейших народов в культурном плане.
В этой статье также рассматриваются теории и практика развития национального этногра-фического туризма с учетом национальной этнографической культуры этнических Казахов. Принимая во внимание мировой опыт развития национального этнического культурного туризма, будут представлены основные направления развития казахстанского национального этнографического культурного туризма и пути их реализации. А также предложены основные направления развития национального этнографического культурного туризма, основанные на опыте зарубежных стран и с учетом потенциала Казахстана.
Определены исторические и национальные этнографические культурные ресурсы, а также представлены способы их реализации.
К лю чевы е слова: казахская национальная культура, ресурс, этно туризм, развитие, направление, культурный туризм, этнографическая культура, модель.
Information about authors:
Sayken Adai - L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Department of tourism, Astana, the Republic of Kazakhstan, E-mail: [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0790-7222;
Akimov Zhaxylyk Makmutovich - L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, doctoral student 3st year of the department
"Tourism", Astana, the Republic of Kazakhstan, E-mail: [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5476-9742.
REFERENCES
[1] Adai Seken, Yan Chaupin, Shui Shaolyan. «Study of modeling of the development of the Kazakh national cultural tourism». Altai State Agrarian University: 2011. - 09 (p. 83).
[2] Akseleu Seidimbek. «The history of Kazakh culture». Astana, 2008. p.18.
[3] Erengayip Omarov. «Kazakh civilization». Beijing, 2008. p. 46.
[4] Wall newspaper «Briefly and clearly about the most interesting». Issue No. 88, Dwelling of the World [E-Resource].
2016. URL: http://xn— stb8d.xn--p1ai/wp-content/gallery/88/47.jpg (access date: 02.02.2016).
[5] Wall newspaper “Briefly and clearly about the most interesting”. Issue No. 88, Dwelling of the World [E-Resource].
2016. URL: http://xn— stb8d.xn--p1ai/wp-content/gallery/88/58.jpg (access date: 2.02.2016).
[6] Wall newspaper “Briefly and clearly about the most interesting”. Issue No. 88, Dwelling of the World [E-Resource].
2016. URL: http://xn— stb8d.xn--p1ai/wp-content/gallery/88/36.jpg (access date: 02.02.2016).
[7] Mongol yurt 3D modelling - 3D graphics [e-resource]. 2015. URL: https://freelance.ru/HaltarJonon/?work=2214130 (access date: 11.02.2015).
[8] XI competition of Computer aces in 3D modelling, Project of Pavlodar petrochemical plant LLP [e-resource]. 2013.
URL: https://ascon.ru/news_and_events/news/1599/#gallery-40 (access date: 19.09.2013).
[9] XI competition of Computer aces in 3D modelling, Project of Pavlodar petrochemical plant LLP [e-resource]. 2013.
URL: https://ascon.ru/news_and_events/news/1599/#gallery-37 (access date: 19.09.2013).
[10] Adayi Saiken, Yang Zhaoping, Mazbayev O.B., Duisembaev A.A., Izembayev B.ZH., Nasanbayeva S.T. “Ethnic cultural tourism resources evaluation development: Kazak cultural tourism resources analysis” Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 2017i-V.8. Iss.2. P.467-475, Germany.
24
