Email: bambang.wijojanto@unida.ac.id
Introduction
Kelurahan has a very strategic role in administering government and public services. Territorially, the kelurahan (the village in urban areas) is closer and has direct contact with the community. Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs (Permendagri) Number 73 of 2005 stipulates that the sub-district is an apparatus of the district/city regional government within the sub-district working area and responds to the regent/mayor through the sub-district head. The kelurahan is led by a lurah (village head in urban areas) who has the main task of carrying out regional government, development and community affairs in his working area, including carrying out all other government affairs delegated by the regent/mayor.
The duties and functions of sub-districts in DKI Jakarta Province have been regulated in four regulations, namely (i) Governor Regulation (Pergub) Number 286 of 2016 concerning the Organization and Administration of City Administration; (ii) Regional Regulation (Perda) Number 12 of 2013 concerning Implementation of Integrated Services;
and (iii) Governor Regulation (Pergub) Number 47 of 2017 concerning Guidelines for Implementation of One Stop Integrated Services; and (iv) Pergub Number 286 of 2016 concerning the Organization and Work Procedure of the Administrative City, places the sub-district as part of the administrative city regional apparatus. Meanwhile, DKI Jakarta Regional Regulation Number 12 of 2013 and Governor Regulation Number 47 of 2017 place sub-districts as part of the hierarchy of authority for implementing One-Stop Integrated Services (PTSP), which functions as a technical service unit (UPT), subordinate to DPMTSP.
Article 74 in Pergub 286 of 2016 explains that PTSP at the kelurahan level is referred to as the Kelurahan PTSP Implementing Unit and is a work unit of the Kecamatan PTSP Implementing Unit in the kelurahan which is led by the Head of the Implementing Unit who is responsible to the Kecamatan PTSP Implementing Unit. The Head of the Kelurahan PTSP Implementation Unit is proposed to appoint, transfer and dismiss him by the Head of Service through or without written consideration from the lurah.
Based on the explanation above, kelurahan in DKI Jakarta Province has two main tasks and functions, namely (i) governance run by the lurah in order to assist the mayor in carrying out the delegation of authority
from the governor; and (ii) licensing and non-licensing services as a technical implementation unit, subordinate to DPMPTSP DKI Jakarta Province. Based on Permendagri Number 73 of 2005, this function can be categorized as carrying out other government affairs delegated by the Regional Head. Kelurahan in DKI Jakarta Province, as an instrument of the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government, is the front and bottom line in serving the public. That is why it can be a reflection to find out the government’s performance and how the principles of integrity are implemented in the governance of the Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta.
The government, in the 2015–2019 National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN), has understood and realized that governance and eradication of corruption are 2 of 4 development challenges that must be anticipated within the framework of accelerating national development. This understanding and awareness will continue in the 2020–2024 RPJMN. For this reason, the government continues to strive to implement transparency and good government governance where all people can access services. One of the programs must be carried out is bureaucratic institutional reform for quality public services.
The government’s efforts to improve the integrity of government administration, development and public services can be seen in the issuance of Law Number 28 of 1999 concerning State Administration that is Clean and Free from Corruption, Collusion and Nepotism;
Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning Eradication of Criminal Acts of Corruption as amended by Law Number 20 of 2001; and Regulation of the Minister of Administrative Reform and Bureaucratic Reform (Permenpan RB) Number 52 of 2014 concerning Guidelines for the Development of Integrity Zones Towards Areas Free from Corruption and Clean Bureaucratic Areas and Serving Within Government Agencies.
This regulation was revised through Permenpan RB Number 10 of 2019. Within the framework of increasing the integrity of governance, development and public services in DKI Jakarta Province, the provincial government has set an activist agenda aimed at realizing government agency performance accountability (AKIP) with AA predicate as one of the Regional Strategic Activities stipulated in the Governor’s Decree (Governor Decree) Number 1042 of 2018.
Gjalt de Graaf, Leo Hubbert, and Tebbine Struwe, in an article entitled “Integrity Violation and Corruption in Western Public Governance:
Empirical Evidence and Reflection from The Netherlands”, define the notion of integrity in governance as the quality of governance by moral values and norms which includes: (i) consistency, (ii) coherence, and (iii) legal compliance (Graaf, Hubbert, and Struwer, 2018). In addition, Gjalt de Graaf, Leo Hubbert, and Tebbine Struwer stated that there were nine typologies of integrity violations, which included: (a) corruption and bribery, (b) fraud, (c) theft and embezzlement, (d) conflict of interest in the form of giving, (e) conflict of interest in the form of side activities, (f) abuse of authority (including abuse of violence), (g) misuse of information, acts that are not commendable to other parties in the form of discrimination, intimidation and others, (h) misuse of resources, and (i) improper placement of personal time (use of working hours for personal gain) (Graaf, Hubbert, and Struwer, 2018).
The study of the integrity of governance at the kelurahan level in this article is based on the definition developed by Gjalt de Graaf, Leo Hubbert, and Tebbine Struwer to map and assess whether there have been acts of violation of integrity in the implementation of the duties and functions of the kelurahan. Which will be identified in several principles, namely (i) transparency of information and procedures, (ii) ease and speed of service, (iii) service behaviour, (iv) accountability, (v) maintenance of public order and the environment, (vi) empowerment community, (vii) community participation, (viii) handling public complaints, and (ix) conflict of interest.
Several articles discuss good governance at the kelurahan and village levels, among others, as written by: (i) Apphia Rantapesang, Johannis E. Kaawoan, and Franky R. D. Rengkung which discusses the role of the lurah in realizing good governance with a locus study of the Sagerat Village, Matuari District, Bitung City (Rantapesang, Kaawoan, and Rengkung, 2017); and (ii) Weny A. Dungga, Abdul Hamid Tome, and Apriyanto Moha regarding the application of sound governance principles in village governance in Telaga Jaya District, Gorontalo Regency (Dungga, Tome, and Moha, 2017).
The difference between this paper and the two articles lies in the aspects that are the focus of the discussion. Apphia Rantapesang, Johannis E. Kaawoan, and Franky R. D. Rengkung see and pay attention
to leadership in realizing good governance. Meanwhile, Weny A.
Dungga, Adbul Hamid Tome, and Apriyanto Moha discussed and focused on how to apply the principles of good governance and described the factors that support and hinder the application of the principles of good governance. The research conducted and the results written in this journal are intended to complement other previous research, in particular, to complete the study of governance, specifically at the local level, especially in sub-districts, so that the study of governance at the local level will have various views and perspectives.
This research is expected to provide academic and practical benefits because the indicators in the research can be further developed and at the same time, criticized to develop concepts and indicators of the integrity of governance by various other parties, including universities.
The results of the study referred to, then, can be used by the central and regional governments to strengthen the integrity of governance.