CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND
REFERENCES
1. Zuhua Zhang, Xiao Yao, Huajun Zhu, 2010, Potential Application of Geopolymers as Protection Coatings for Marine Concrete I. Basic
Properties, Applied Clay Science, 1-6.
2. hjj|)://ei>.wlj<loedig.oru/wiki/Erosion.www.wJk6oedia.coo"i.
3. Kiatsuda Somna, Chai Jaturapitakkul, Puangrat Kajitvitchayanukul, Prinya Chindaprasirt, 2011, NaOH-Activated Ground Fly Ash Geopolymer Cured at Ambient Tempereature, Fuel, 2118-2124.
4. Jadambaa Temuujin, Amgalan Minjigmaa, William Rickard, Melissa Lee, Iestyn Williams, Arie van Riessen, 2009, Preparation ofMetakaolin Based Geopolymer Coatings on Metal Substrates as Thermal Barriers, AppliedClay Science, 265-270.
5. Ali Nazari, Shadi Riahi, 2012, Experimental Investigations and ANFIS Prediction of Water Absorption of Geopolymers Produced by Waste Ashes, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 40-46.
6. Jadambaa Temuujin, Amgalan Minjigmaa, William Rickard, Melissa Lee, Iestyn Williams, Arie van Riessen, 2010, Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Thin Coatings on Metal Substrates and. its Thermal Evaluation, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 748-752.
7. Catherine A. Rees, John L. Provis, Grant C. Lukey, Jannie S.J. van Deventer, 2008, The Mechanism of Geopolymer Gel Formation Investigated Through Seeded Nucleation, Colloids and Surface, 97-105.
8. K. Pimraksa, P. Chindaprasirt, A. Rungchet, K. Sagoe- Crentsil, T. Sato, 2011, Lightweight Geopolymer Made of Highly Porous Siliceous Materials with Various Na20/Al203 and Si02/Al203 Ratios, Materials Science and Engineering A, 6616-6623.
9. Sanjay Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, 2011, Mechanical Activation of Fly Ash:
Effect on Reaction, Structure and Properties of Resulting Geopolymer, Ceramics International, 533-541.
10. Yi Huang, Minfang Han, 2011, The Influence of a-AhOi Addition on Microstructure, Mechanical and Formaldehyde Adsorption Properties ofFly Ash-Based Geopolymer Products, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 90-94.
50
11. wikipedia.com. htto://cn. wikipedia.org/wiki/Aciu_rain.
12. M.T. Bassuoni, M.L. Nehdi, 2007, Resistance ofSelf-consolidating Concrete to Sulfuric Acid Attack With Consecutive pH Reduction, Cement and
Concrete Research, 1070-1084.
13. N. Fattuhi, B. Hughes, 1988, SRPC and Modified Concretes Subjected to Severe Sulfuric AcidAttack, Mag. Concr. Res, 40 (144), 159-166.
14. T. Durning, M. Hicks, 1991, Using Microsilica to Increase Concrete's Resistance toAggressive Chemicals, Concr. Int, 13 (3), 42-48.
15.P.K. Mehta, 1985, Studies on Chemical Resistance of Low Water/Cement Ratio Cements, Cem. Concr. Res. 15 (6), 969-978.
16. J. Monteny, N. De Belie, L. Taerwe, 2003, Resistance of Different Types of Concretes Mixtures to Sulfuric Acid, Material Structure, 36 (258), 242-249.
17. D. Roy, P. Arjunan, M.Silsbee, 2001, Effect of Silica Fume, Metakaolin and Low-Calcium Fly Ash on Chemical Resistance of Concrete, Cement Concrete Research, 31(12), 1809-1813.
18. T. Yamoto, M. Soeda, Y. Emoto, 1989, Chemical Resistance of Concrete Containing Condensed Silica Fume, SP-114, ACI, Detroit, 897-917.
19. Z. Chang, X. Song, R. Munn, M. Marosszecky, 2005, Using Limestone Aggregates and Different Cements for Enhancing Resistance of Concrete to Sulfuric AcidAttack, Cement ConcreteResearch, 35 (8), 1486-1494.
20. C. Vipulanandan, Jie Liu, 2002, Glass-Fiber Mat Reinforced Epoxy Coating For Concrete in Sulfuric AcidEnvironment, Cement and Concrete Research,
205-210.
21. www, cedent.org.
22. www. concrete.net. au.
51
APPENDIX I: Effect of Acid Environment to the Concretes
i) Erosion test to the normal concrete
^>
c=>
Concretes condition before and after test at acidic environment
ii) Erosion test to the concretes that coating withfly ash based geopolymer
O
Concretes the coating with geopolymer condition before and after test in acidic
environment
52
Table of mass loss of concretes that cure for 24 hrs and immersed in H2SO4 at
35°C
Type of concrete / Week 1 2 3 4
normal concrete
0 7.23 12.553 18.23
FA+12M of NaOH coating cure at 60C for 24 hrs
0 -1.46
0.13 2.65
FA+12M of NaOH coating cure at room T for 24
hrs
0 2.79
8.89 13.9
2.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at 60C for 24 hrs
0 -1.67
0.83 4.12
2.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at room T for 24
hrs
0 2.05
4.96 9.3
3.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at 60C for 24 dys
0 -1.22
0.92 6.18
3.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at room T for 24 dys
0 -1.06
0.03 4.7
20
15
3? 10
-5
Erosion profile for cure the concretes for 24 hrs
and immersed in H2S04 at 35C
duration (week)
normal concrete
-•-FA+12M of NaOH coating cure at 60C for 24 hrs
-r TA+12M of NaOH coating cure at room T for 24 hrs
)( 2.5 solid/liquid ratio coating
cure at SOCfor 24 hrs
-y^ 2.5 solid/liquid ratio coating
cure at room T for 24 hrs
*»#-»3.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at 60C for 24 dys 3.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at room T for 24 dys
Graph of erosion profile for cure the concretes for 24 hrs and immersed in
H2S04 at 35°C
53
Table of mass loss of concretes that cure for 24 hrs and immersed in H2S04 at 26°C
Type of concrete 1 2 3 4
normal concrete
0 6.24 9.42 14
FA+12M of NaOH coating cure at 60C for 24 hrs
0 -1.84 0.25 2.74
FA+12M of NaOH coating cure at room T for 24
hrs
0 4.3 10.81 15.44
2.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at 60C for 24 hrs
0 0.51 2.56 6.09
2.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at room T for 24
hrs
0 3.98 7.06 14.96
3.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at 60C for 24 hrs
0 -0.38 2.69 9.78
3.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at room T for 24
hrs
0 0.43 2.38 5.97
Erosion profile for cure the concretes for 24 hrs
and immersed in H2S04 at 26°C
duration (week)
normal concrete
•— FA+12M of NaOH coating cure at 60C for 24 hrs
m - FA+12M of NaOH coating cure at room T for 24 hrs
W— 2.5 solid/liquid ratio coating
cure at 60C for 24 hrs
•i¥r'--'2.5 solid/liquid ratio coating
cure at room T for 24 hrs
"3.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at 60C for 24 dys 3.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at room T for 24 dys
Graph of erosion profile for cure the concretes for 24 hrs and immersed in
H2S04 at 26°C
54
Table of mass loss of concretes that cure for 7 days and immersed in H2SO4 at
35°C
Type of concrete 1 2 3 4
normal concrete
0 7.23 12.55 18.23
FA+12M of NaOH coating cure at 60C for 7 days
0 -1.89 -0.06
0.3
FA+12M of NaOH coating cure at room T for 7 days
0 3.7 6.96
12.33
2.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at 60C for7 days
0 -0.57 1.46
2.03
2.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at room T for 7 days
0 1.06 2.99
5.93
3.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at 60C for 7 days
0 -2 -0.58
1.9
3.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at room t for 7 days
0 0.68 2.8
5.28
Erosion profile for cure the concretes for 7 days and immersed in H2S04 at room 35C
20
15
£ 10
-5
duration (week)
normal concrete
•FA+12M of NaOH coating cure at 60C for 7 dys FA+12M of NaOH coating cure at room T for 7 dys 2.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at 60C for7 dys
2.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at room T for 7 dys
.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at 60C for 7 dys 3.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at room t for 7 dys
Graph of erosion profile for cure the concretes for 7 days and immersed in
H2SO4 at 35°C
55
Table of mass loss of concretes that cure for 7 days and immersed in H2SO4 at
26°C
Type of concrete 1 2 3 4
normal concrete
0 6.236 9.42 14
FA+12M of NaOH coating cure at 60C for 7 days
0 -2.86 -0.38
-0.31
FA+12M of NaOH coating cure at room T for 7 days
0 4 7.8
13.17
2.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at 60C for7 days
0 -1.51 -0.35
-0.71
2.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at room T for 7 days
0 4.3 6.06
7.87
3.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at 60C for 7 days
0 0.69 1.82
2.37
3.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at room t for 7 days
0 3.09 5.26
4.69
s o
Erosion profile for cure the concretes for 7 days and immersed in H2S04 at 26°C
duration (week)
«-#•- normal concrete
-•- FA+12M of NaOH coating cure at 60C for 7 dys - FA+12M of NaOH coating
cure at room T for 7 dys -^«—2.5 solid/liquid ratio coating
cure at 60Cfor7dys
^ 2.5 solid/liquid ratio coating:
cure at room T for 7 dys
™#=»3.5 solid/liquid ratio coating cure at 60C for 7 dys : 3.5 solid/liquid ratio coating
cure at room t for 7 dys
Graph of erosion profile for cure the concretes for 7 days and immersed in
H2SO4 at 26°C
56