CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS
5.4 Recommendation for Future Research
Overall, we are pleased that the research has come to the end. Although there are many challenges and constraints in between, we still managed to come out with a complete result analysis to benefit the public. There are some recommendations to suggest some directions that can be done for further research.
In terms of the questionnaire data collection process, there are two (2) ways of data collection process enhancement that are recommended to the future researchers which are to retain existing potential respondents and expand the potential respondents. Future research is encouraged to have constant reminders to the existing potential respondents in order to fill up the survey. It is because sometimes people tend to forget to fill forms if it is implemented through an online method since most of the respondents will choose to fill forms later only when they are free. Constant reminders will bring an effect to increase the responses collected. On the other hand, the future researchers are also suggested to expand their potential respondents through providing incentives to the existing respondents if they are able to attract new respondents for our survey. It can be done by inviting the existing respondent to find a certain number of new respondents. Once they complete the challenges, there will be an number of incentives provided to thanks for their help. It is hopefully to attract the attention of respondents and increase the process of questionnaire collection efficiently.
Besides, it is recommended that future researchers can further analyse the topic of graduate unemployment in the way of narrowing the area of research into different states in Malaysia.
Besides, they can also try to narrow down their research in terms of the difference between public institutions and private institutions. The reason for narrowing down the area is to perform more detailed research and receive more accurate data and information from different states. Hence, the government or related parties can look into this issue comprehensively and set up customised regulations or actions in tackling the graduate unemployment problem in Malaysia.
Furthermore, we also encourage future researchers to put more variables into consideration while they are interested in exploring topics related to graduate unemployment. According to our
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research outcome, we found out the r-square of the research is relatively low at an average of 0.4.
It might be the reason that the 4 independent variables (Employability skills, Quality of education, Job expectations & Market demand) are the four of the determinants of graduate unemployment but it is not fully covered that leads to the problems happening. There might be some influences out of our coverage for example the changes in the direction of governments development focus, graduates’ working experience, family background, etc. These are some potential determinants that are worth exploring and do in-depth analysis in order to understand more on graduate unemployment issues specifically under the Malaysia case.
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Appendices
Pilot Test Study
Appendix 3.1: Reliability Test of Graduate Unemployment
Appendix 3.2: Reliability Test of Employability Skills
Appendix 3.3: Reliability Test of Quality of Education
Appendix 3.4: Reliability Test of Job Expectations
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Appendix 3.5: Reliability Test of Market Demand
Appendix 3.6: Coefficients of Variables / Multicollinearity
Appendix 3.7: R Square of model / Autocorrelation Test
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Appendix 3.8: Breusch-Pagan Test/ Heteroscedasticity Test
Appendix 3.9: Histogram of Pilot Test/ Normality Test
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Appendix 3.10: Pearson Coefficient Correlations
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Descriptive Analysis
Appendix 4.1: Statistic of Demographic Profile
Demographic Factors Categories Frequency Percentage (%)
Gender Male 136 35.10
Female 251 64.90
Total 387
Age 18-24 years old 215 55.56
25-29 years old 167 43.15
30 years old and above 5 1.29
Total 387
Race Malay 19 4.90
Chinese 361 93.30
Indian
Bumiputera (Sabah &
Sarawak)
6 0
1.60 0
Siam 1 0.3
Total 387
State Selangor 22 5.70
Johor 62 16.00
Melaka 96 24.80
Kedah
Kelantan Pahang Pulau Pinang Perak
Perlis
16 24 22 27 68 10
4.10 6.20 5.70 7.00 17.60 2.60
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Sabah Sarawak Terengganu Negeri Sembilan Wilayah Persekutuan (Putrajaya)
Wilayah Persekutuan (Kuala Lumpur)
Wilayah Persekutuan (Labuan)
5 3 7 10 0 14 1
1.30 0.80 1.80 2.60 3.60 0.3
Total 387
Marital status Married Single Divorced Widowed Total
18 368 1 0 387
4.70 95.10 0.30 0 What institution have
you been studied in
Public Institution Private Institution Total
156 231 387
40.30 59.70
Name of University UTAR 65 16.80
TARUC 60 15.50
UM 42 10.85
INTI 28 7.24
Sunway 25 6.46
MMU 24 6.20
USM 21 5.43
UUM 20 5.17
UKM 11 2.84
UiTM 8 2.07
UniMAP 8 2.07
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UMK 6 1.55
UMS 6 1.55
Others 63 16.28
Total 387
Tertiary Education Level
Certificates Diploma
Advanced Diploma Bachelor’s Degree Master’s Degree Doctoral Degree Total
1 35 0 351 0 0 387
0.30 9.00 0 90.70 0 0 Field of study Accounting, Business
& Economics
161 41.60
Actual Science,
Mathematics & Process Management
17 4.39
Computing & IT 22 5.68
Agriculture & Food
Science
13 3.36
Art, Social Sciences &
Education
19 4.91
Chinese Studies 4 1.03
Creative Industries &
Design
4 1.03
Engineering,
Technology & Build Environment
36 9.30
Information &
Communication Technology
18 4.65
Life & Physical 10 2.58
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Science
Medical & Health
Science
22 5.68
Law 7 1.81
Education 7 1.81
Hospitality 31 8.01
Tourism 5 1.29
Others 11 2.84
Total 387
Expected salary RM 2000 and below RM 2001 to RM 3000 RM 3001 to RM 4000 RM 4001 and above Total
75 272 26 14 387
19.38 70.28 6.72 3.62
Duration of
unemployment
6 months and below 192
49.61
7 - 12 months 149
38.50 13 - 18 months 42
10.85
19 - 24 months 2
0.52 More than 25 months 2
0.52
Total 387
Current Employment Status
I am unemployed but not searching for jobs currently
I am unemployed but 24 55
6.20 14.20
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actively searching for a job
I am employed but facing job loss
pressure
I am employed with a stable job
63 208
16.30 53.70
I am self-employed 37 9.60
Total 387
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Appendix 4.2: Statistic of Respondent - “Others” Category Name of University
Others Frequency Percentage (%)
Others Frequency Percentage (%)
CURTIN 1 0.26 Taylor 4 1.03
HELP 1 0.26 UCSI 4 1.03
IPG IPOH 1 0.26 UMT 2 0.52
KDU 2 0.52 Undo academy 1 0.26
Mahsa 1 0.26 UNIMAS 3 0.78
Manipal 1 0.26 University of
East London
1 0.26
Monash 4 1.03 University Tun
Hussein Onn
2 0.52
Newbridge College
1 0.26 UoC 1 0.26
Newcastle 1 0.26 UPM 5 1.29
Nilai University 1 0.26 UTeM 2 0.52
Northern
University of Malaya (UM)
1 0.26 UTM 3 0.78
Nottingham 2 0.52 Quest 3 0.78
Oriental Nilam College
1 0.26 SEGI 5 1.29
Perdana University
1 0.26 Southern
University College
3 0.78
UMP 5 1.29 Total 63 16.28
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Statistic of Respondent - “Others” Category from Field of Study
Others Frequency Percentage (%)
Building and Property Management
1 0.25
Chemistry 1 0.25
Communication 1 0.25
Finance 1 0.25
Language 1 0.25
Medicine 1 0.25
Psychology 1 0.25
Public Relations 1 0.25
Professional Year (PY) 1 0.25
Statistics 1 0.25
Supply Chain and Logistics 1 0.25
Total 11 2.84
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Appendix 4.3: Respondents’ Agreeability Level on Independent Variables’ Statements
Employability Skill (ES)
ES1) Employability skill (in soft skills) is important skill for me to get employed.
Disagree Category Strongly Disagree 6 20 5.17%
Disagree 14
Neutral Neutral 8 8 2.07%
Agree Category Agree 136 359 92.76%
Strongly Agree 223
ES2) I show strong competency in employability skills throughout the interview.
Disagree Category Strongly Disagree 6 66 17.05%
Disagree 60
Neutral Neutral 78 78 20.16%
Agree Category Agree 166 243 62.79%
Strongly Agree 77
ES3) I am lacking of communication skill.
Disagree Category Strongly Disagree 29 132
34.11%
Disagree 103
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Neutral Neutral 104 104 26.87%
Agree Category Strongly Agree 102 151 39.02%
Agree 49
ES4) I am lacking of adaptability skill (skills to adapt new environment and new knowledge in a short period)
Disagree Category Strongly Disagree 44 167
43.15%
Disagree 123
Neutral Neutral 72 72 18.61%
Agree Category Agree 73 148 38.24%
Strongly Agree 75
ES5) I am lacking of problem-solving skill.
Disagree Category Strongly Disagree 72
162
41.86%
Disagree 90
Neutral Neutral 70 70 18.09%
Agree Category Agree 94
155
40.05%
Strongly Agree 61
ES6) I am lacking of English language communication skill.
Disagree Category Strongly Disagree 72 197 50.90%
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Disagree 125
Neutral Neutral 57 57 14.73%
Agree Category Agree 73 133 34.37%
Strongly Agree 60
ES7) I am lacking leadership qualities.
Disagree Category Strongly Disagree 93 181 46.77%
Disagree 88
Neutral Neutral 82 82 21.19%
Agree Category Agree 82 124 32.04%
Strongly Agree 42
ES8) I do not have relevant working skills.
Disagree Category Strongly Disagree 37 135 34.88%
Disagree 98
Neutral Neutral 85 85 21.96%
Agree Category Agree 127 167 43.15%
Strongly Agree 40
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Quality of Education (QE)
QE1) The administrative support system decides the quality of students. (universities’ library, health care centre, sports, faculty office)
Disagree Category Strongly Disagree 12 63 16.28%
Disagree 51
Neutral Neutral 34 34 8.78%
Agree Category Agree 169 290 74.94%
Strongly Agree 121
QE2) The syllabus I studied is unrelated to job industry.
Disagree Category Strongly Disagree 84 173 44.70%
Disagree 89
Neutral Neutral 82 82 21.20%
Agree Category Agree 76 132 34.10%
Strongly Agree 56
QE3) I can receive knowledge delivered by lecturers.
Disagree Category Strongly Disagree 11 43
11.11%
Disagree 32
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Neutral Neutral 46 46 11.89%
Agree Category Agree 163 298 77.00%
Strongly Agree 135
QE4) Lecturers show strong personalities, personal attributes, professionally and socially competent as a model for students.
Disagree Category Strongly Disagree 18 55 14.21%
Disagree 37
Neutral Neutral 44 44 11.37%
Agree Category Agree 136 288 74.42%
Strongly Agree 152
QE5) Lecturers have applied their professional teaching, communication and presentation skills and knowledge in universities.
Disagree Category Strongly Disagree 18
54
14.00%
Disagree 36
Neutral Neutral 35 35 9.00%
Agree Category Agree 145
298
77.00%
Strongly Agree 153
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Job Expectation (JE)
JE1) I am expecting high salary amount to accept an offer.
Disagree Category Strongly Disagree 9 62 16.00%
Disagree 53
Neutral Neutral 72 72 18.60%
Agree Category Agree 144 253 65.40%
Strongly Agree 109
JE2) I look for location within my preference to find a job.
Disagree Category Strongly Disagree 19 54 13.95%
Disagree 35
Neutral Neutral 53 53 13.70%
Agree Category Agree 149 280 72.35%
Strongly Agree 131
JE3) I am expecting good company environment offered by an organization.
Disagree Category Strongly Disagree 14 54
13.95%
Disagree 40
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Neutral Neutral 32 32 8.27%
Agree Category Agree 154 301 77.78%
Strongly Agree 147
JE4) I am expecting a better medical benefits offered by an organization.
Disagree Category Strongly Disagree 29 100 25.84%
Disagree 71
Neutral Neutral 66 66 17.05%
Agree Category Agree 137 221 57.11%
Strongly Agree 84
JE5) I am expecting a better job position offered by an organization.
Disagree Category Strongly Disagree 11
48
12.40%
Disagree 37
Neutral Neutral 25 25 6.50%
Agree Category Agree 191
314
81.10%
Strongly Agree 123
JE6) I am expecting high bonus provided by an organization.
Disagree Category Strongly Disagree 42 87 22.48%