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Recommendations and Future Work

During the course of executing this study only one temperature degree level was used for the various experimental adsorption tests. However, in order to have better understand on the adsorption behaviour, it is recommended that future study carried out at various temperatures.

Adsorption of chromium ion onto carbon aerogel is viable and technically feasible. Due to the rapid uptake between the metal solution and the adsorbent in this process, adsorption of chromium on a column filled with this carbon aerogel should be considered.

Therefore a dynamic adsorption study should be conducted to optimise chromium ion removal from wastewater.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

Carbon aerogel preparations ratios:

No.

R/F [mole ratio]

R/C [mole ratio]

R/W [mole ratio]

Type of catalyst

Curing T [oC]

Pyrolysis T [oC]

1 0.5 0.3 0.027 Acetic acid 85±3 800

2 0.5 400 0.125 Sodium

carbonate 85±3 800

3 0.5 400 0.125 Sodium

hydroxide 85±3 800

Carbon aerogel amounts

No. R/F

[mole ratio] Resorcinol [g] Formaldehyde [ml] Catalyst Water [ml]

1 0.5 20 10.91 34.67 ml 121.5

2 0.5 20 10.91 0.0182 g 26.16

3 0.5 20 10.91 0.0481 g 26.16

Carbon aerogel prepared using acetic acid

APPENDIX B

(1) Carbon aerogel prepared using acetic acid as a catalyst

Effect of solution pH

Rpm : 120

Volume : 25ml

Adsorbent Amount : 0.05 g

pH2

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.0 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.95 0.47 0

2 28.72 28.00 28.36 1.63 5.46 0.81 2.13 0.32 2.4412

6 27.90 27.13 27.52 2.47 8.26 1.23 1.71 0.23 4.8422

16 25.78 26.26 26.02 3.97 13.25 1.98 0.96 -0.01 8.0484

60 23.85 25.39 24.62 5.37 17.90 2.68 0.27 -0.56 22.33

120 23.19 24.98 24.08 5.91 19.70 2.95 0.00 #NUM! 40.60

pH5

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.21 0.7172 0

2 27.64 27.64 27.64 2.35 7.84 1.17 4.03 0.6061 1.70

6 23.38 23.38 23.38 6.61 22.05 3.30 1.90 0.2800 1.81

16 20.44 19.85 20.14 9.85 32.84 4.92 0.28 -0.5411 3.24

36 19.55 20.14 19.85 10.14 33.82 5.07 0.14 -0.8519 7.09

60 19.05 20.14 19.60 10.39 34.66 5.19 0.01 -1.8514 11.53

120 19.29 19.85 19.57 10.42 34.76 5.21 0.00 #NUM! 23.01

pH6

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.27 0.51 0.00

2 27.11 29.11 28.11 1.89 6.30 0.95 2.33 0.37 2.12

6 24.27 28.27 26.27 3.73 12.43 1.86 1.41 0.15 3.22

16 24.63 26.63 25.63 4.37 14.55 2.18 1.09 0.04 7.33

36 22.18 28.18 25.18 4.82 16.06 2.41 0.86 -0.07 14.94

60 22.45 24.45 23.45 6.55 21.83 3.27 0.00 #NUM! 18.32

120 22.99 24.38 23.69 6.31 21.05 3.16 0.11 -0.95 38.01

pH8

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)*m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.57 0.20 0.00

2 27.68 27.97 27.82 2.18 7.26 1.09 0.48 -0.32 1.84

6 28.06 27.96 28.01 1.99 6.63 0.99 0.58 -0.24 6.03

16 26.90 27.32 27.11 2.89 9.63 1.44 0.13 -0.90 11.07

36 26.55 27.17 26.86 3.14 10.47 1.57 0.00 #NUM! 22.93

60 25.35 28.35 26.85 3.15 10.49 1.57 0.00 #NUM! 38.13

120 25.77 27.99 26.88 3.12 10.39 1.56 0.01 -1.93 77.01

Effect of initial adsorbent amount

Rpm : 120

Volume : 25ml

pH : 5

0.015g

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.44 0.81 0.00

2 29.03 29.14 29.09 0.91 3.04 1.52 4.92 0.69 1.32

6 27.83 27.92 27.87 2.13 7.09 3.55 2.89 0.46 1.69

16 27.14 27.39 27.26 2.74 9.12 4.56 1.88 0.27 3.51

36 26.98 26.94 26.96 3.04 10.13 5.07 1.37 0.14 7.11

60 26.25 26.50 26.38 3.62 12.08 6.04 0.40 -0.40 9.94

120 25.77 26.50 26.14 3.86 12.87 6.44 0.00 #NUM! 18.64

0.025g

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)*v]/g (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.92 0.77 #DIV/0!

2 25.29 26.43 25.86 4.14 13.80 4.14 1.78 0.25 0.48

6 24.36 25.39 24.87 5.13 17.08 5.13 0.80 -0.10 1.17

16 24.10 25.09 24.59 5.41 18.02 5.41 0.52 -0.29 2.96

36 23.96 24.94 24.45 5.55 18.49 5.55 0.38 -0.42 6.49

60 23.70 24.64 24.17 5.83 19.43 5.83 0.10 -1.02 10.29

120 23.51 24.64 24.08 5.92 19.74 5.92 0.00 #NUM! 20.26

0.05g

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.20 0.72 #DIV/0!

2 27.65 27.65 27.65 2.35 0.06 1.18 4.02 0.67 1.70

6 23.38 23.38 23.38 6.62 0.17 3.31 1.89 0.40 1.81

16 20.44 19.85 20.15 9.85 0.25 4.93 0.27 -0.04 3.25

36 19.56 20.15 19.85 10.15 0.25 5.07 0.13 -0.11 7.10

60 19.05 20.15 19.60 10.40 0.26 5.20 0.00 #NUM! 11.54

120 19.29 19.85 19.57 10.43 0.26 5.21 -0.01 -0.20 23.01

Effect of initial chromium concentration

Rpm : 120

Volume : 25ml

Adsorbent Amount : 0.05g

5ppm

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 5.00 5.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.08 0.03 #DIV/0!

2 4.71 4.06 4.38 0.62 12.34 0.31 0.77 -0.11 6.48

6 3.41 3.50 3.46 1.54 30.86 0.77 0.31 -0.51 7.78

16 3.12 3.38 3.25 1.75 34.98 0.87 0.21 -0.69 18.30

36 3.30 3.17 3.24 1.76 35.29 0.88 0.20 -0.70 40.81

60 3.13 2.96 3.05 1.95 39.09 0.98 0.10 -0.99 61.40

120 2.81 2.87 2.84 2.16 43.21 1.08 0.00 #NUM! 111.08

10ppm

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 10.00 10.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.87 0.27 #DIV/0!

2 9.19 9.93 9.56 0.44 4.41 0.22 1.65 0.22 9.07

6 7.49 8.10 7.80 2.20 22.02 1.10 0.77 -0.11 5.45

16 6.86 7.41 7.14 2.86 28.64 1.43 0.44 -0.36 11.17

36 6.35 6.77 6.56 3.44 34.43 1.72 0.15 -0.82 20.91

60 6.20 6.50 6.35 3.65 36.50 1.82 0.05 -1.33 32.88

120 6.01 6.50 6.26 3.74 37.44 1.87 0.00 #NUM! 64.10

3ppm

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.21 0.72 #DIV/0!

2 27.65 27.65 27.65 2.35 7.84 1.18 4.04 0.61 1.70

6 23.38 23.38 23.38 6.62 22.06 3.31 1.91 0.28 1.81

16 20.44 19.85 20.15 9.85 32.84 4.93 0.29 -0.54 3.25

36 19.56 20.15 19.85 10.15 33.82 5.07 0.14 -0.85 7.10

60 19.05 20.15 19.60 10.40 34.67 5.20 0.01 -1.84 11.54

120 19.29 19.85 19.57 10.43 34.76 5.21 0.00 #NUM! 23.01

40ppm

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 40.00 40.00 40.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.44 0.74 #DIV/0!

2 32.35 34.61 33.48 6.52 16.31 3.26 2.18 0.34 0.61

6 28.78 35.07 31.93 8.07 20.19 4.04 1.40 0.15 1.49

16 26.37 34.84 30.60 9.40 23.49 4.70 0.74 -0.13 3.41

36 26.93 34.04 30.48 9.52 23.80 4.76 0.68 -0.17 7.56

60 24.57 33.67 29.12 10.88 27.19 5.44 0.00 #NUM! 11.03

120 24.22 33.67 28.95 11.05 27.63 5.27 0.17 -0.76 21.71

(2) Carbon aerogel prepared using sodium carbonate as a catalyst

Effect of solution pH

Rpm : 120

Volume : 25ml

Adsorbent Amount : 0.05 g

pH2

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.35 0.52 #DIV/0!

2 28.14 26.09 27.12 2.88 9.61 1.44 1.90 0.28 1.39

6 25.14 24.44 24.79 5.21 17.37 2.61 0.74 -0.13 2.30

16 23.99 23.75 23.87 6.13 20.43 3.06 0.28 -0.55 5.22

36 23.71 23.44 23.58 6.42 21.41 3.21 0.13 -0.87 11.21

60 23.71 23.36 23.53 6.47 21.55 3.23 0.11 -0.95 18.56

120 23.39 23.23 23.31 6.69 22.30 3.35 0.00 #NUM! 35.87

pH5

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.01 0.48 0.00

2 25.10 26.60 25.85 4.15 13.84 2.08 0.93 -0.03 0.96

6 23.52 25.97 24.75 5.25 17.52 2.63 0.38 -0.42 2.28

16 23.45 25.25 24.35 5.65 18.83 2.82 0.18 -0.74 5.67

36 23.15 24.81 23.98 6.02 20.07 3.01 0.00 #NUM! 11.96

60 23.89 24.24 24.06 5.94 19.79 2.97 0.04 -1.42 20.22

120 23.86 24.12 23.99 6.01 20.04 3.01 0.00 #NUM! 39.92

pH6

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.30 0.36 0.00

2 28.22 27.60 27.91 2.09 6.97 1.05 1.25 0.10 1.91

6 27.57 26.97 27.27 2.73 9.10 1.36 0.93 -0.03 4.40

16 26.84 26.25 26.54 3.46 11.52 1.73 0.57 -0.24 9.26

36 26.39 25.81 26.10 3.90 13.00 1.95 0.35 -0.46 18.45

60 25.81 25.24 25.53 4.47 14.91 2.24 0.06 -1.20 26.83

120 25.68 25.12 25.40 4.60 15.33 2.30 0.00 #NUM! 52.19

pH8

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.05 0.02 0.00

2 29.33 29.41 29.37 0.63 2.10 0.31 0.74 -0.13 6.35

6 29.33 28.57 28.95 1.05 3.50 0.52 0.53 -0.28 11.44

10 29.83 27.51 28.67 1.33 4.43 0.66 0.39 -0.41 15.05

16 28.60 28.46 28.53 1.47 4.90 0.73 0.32 -0.50 21.78

36 28.75 27.60 28.18 1.82 6.08 0.91 0.14 -0.85 39.48

60 28.03 28.05 28.04 1.96 6.55 0.98 0.07 -1.16 61.10

120 27.96 27.83 27.90 2.10 7.01 1.05 0.00 #NUM! 114.11

Effect of initial adsorbent amount

Rpm : 120

Volume : 25ml

pH : 5

0.015g

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.27 0.63 0.00

2 28.24 29.03 28.63 1.37 4.55 2.28 1.99 0.30 0.88

6 27.77 28.97 28.37 1.63 5.44 2.72 1.55 0.19 2.21

16 27.95 28.59 28.27 1.73 5.78 2.89 1.38 0.14 5.54

36 28.08 28.21 28.15 1.85 6.18 3.09 1.18 0.07 11.65

60 27.86 28.16 28.01 1.99 6.64 3.32 0.95 -0.02 18.06

120 26.78 28.10 27.44 2.56 8.54 4.27 0.00 #NUM! 28.09

0.025g

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.01 0.60 0.00

2 28.12 28.22 28.17 1.83 6.11 1.83 2.18 0.34 1.09

6 27.79 27.52 27.66 2.34 7.81 2.34 1.67 0.22 2.56

16 27.70 27.65 27.68 2.32 7.74 2.32 1.69 0.23 6.89

36 27.57 26.36 26.97 3.03 10.11 3.03 0.98 -0.01 11.87

60 27.21 26.08 26.64 3.36 11.19 3.36 0.66 -0.18 17.87

120 26.41 25.57 25.99 4.01 13.37 4.01 0.00 #NUM! 29.91

0.05g

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.01 0.48 0.00

2 25.10 26.60 25.85 4.15 13.84 2.08 0.93 -0.03 0.96

6 23.52 25.97 24.75 5.25 17.52 2.63 0.38 -0.42 2.28

16 23.45 25.25 24.35 5.65 18.83 2.82 0.18 -0.74 5.67

36 23.15 24.81 23.98 6.02 20.07 3.01 0.00 #NUM! 11.96

60 23.89 24.24 24.06 5.94 19.79 2.97 0.04 -1.42 20.22

120 23.86 24.12 23.99 6.01 20.04 3.01 0.00 #NUM! 39.92

Effect of initial chromium concentration

Rpm : 120

Volume : 25ml

Adsorbent Amount : 0.05 g

5ppm

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 5.00 5.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.60 0.20 0.00

2 3.42 3.77 3.60 1.40 28.05 0.70 0.90 -0.04 2.85

6 3.56 3.23 3.40 1.60 32.08 0.80 0.80 -0.10 7.48

16 3.56 2.39 2.98 2.02 40.48 1.01 0.59 -0.23 15.88

36 2.75 2.04 2.39 2.61 52.11 1.30 0.30 -0.52 27.28

60 2.24 1.36 1.80 3.20 64.00 1.60 0.00 #NUM! 37.50

120 2.33 1.27 1.80 3.20 64.02 1.60 0.00 #NUM! 74.98

10ppm

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 10.00 10.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 0.23 0.00

2 8.18 9.74 8.96 1.04 10.38 0.52 1.19 0.08 3.85

6 7.73 8.47 8.10 1.90 19.03 0.95 0.76 -0.12 6.31

16 7.27 8.10 7.68 2.32 23.15 1.16 0.55 -0.26 13.82

36 6.97 7.15 7.06 2.94 29.42 1.47 0.24 -0.62 24.48

60 6.40 6.76 6.58 3.42 34.22 1.71 0.00 #NUM! 35.07

120 6.21 6.95 6.58 3.42 34.22 1.71 0.00 #NUM! 70.14

30ppm

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.01 0.48 0.00

2 25.10 26.60 25.85 4.15 13.84 2.08 0.93 -0.03 0.96

6 23.52 25.97 24.75 5.25 17.52 2.63 0.38 -0.42 2.28

16 23.45 25.25 24.35 5.65 18.83 2.82 0.18 -0.74 5.67

36 23.15 24.81 23.98 6.02 20.07 3.01 0.00 #NUM! 11.96

60 23.89 24.24 24.06 5.94 19.79 2.97 0.04 -1.42 20.22

120 23.86 24.12 23.99 6.01 20.04 3.01 0.00 #NUM! 39.92

40ppm

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 40.00 40.00 40.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.43 0.54 0.00

2 39.08 31.08 35.08 4.92 12.31 2.46 0.97 -0.01 0.81

6 37.33 30.63 33.98 6.02 15.05 3.01 0.42 -0.37 1.99

16 36.87 30.00 33.43 6.57 16.42 3.28 0.15 -0.82 4.87

36 35.99 30.78 33.39 6.61 16.53 3.31 0.12 -0.89 10.89

60 34.24 32.34 33.29 6.71 16.78 3.36 0.08 -1.10 17.88

120 33.99 32.28 33.13 6.87 17.17 3.43 0.00 #NUM! 34.94

(3) Carbon aerogel prepared using sodium hydroxide a catalyst

Effect of solution pH

Rpm : 120

Volume : 25ml

Adsorbent Amount : 0.05

pH2

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.47 0.65 #DIV/0!

2 29.53 28.14 28.83 1.17 3.89 0.58 3.89 0.59 3.43

6 26.73 25.14 25.93 4.07 13.56 2.03 2.43 0.39 2.95

16 26.34 23.99 25.17 4.83 16.11 2.42 2.05 0.31 6.62

60 20.87 21.71 21.29 8.71 29.05 4.36 0.11 -0.96 13.77

120 20.99 21.13 21.06 8.94 29.79 4.47 0.00 #NUM! 26.86

pH5

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.26 0.72 0.00

2 27.73 24.85 26.29 3.71 12.37 1.86 3.40 0.53 1.08

6 24.74 24.75 24.74 5.26 17.52 2.63 2.63 0.42 2.28

16 24.05 24.50 24.28 5.72 19.07 2.86 2.40 0.38 5.59

36 22.30 23.27 22.79 7.21 24.04 3.61 1.65 0.22 9.98

60 16.59 23.00 19.79 10.21 34.02 5.10 0.15 -0.81 11.76

120 16.10 22.87 19.48 10.52 35.05 5.26 0.00 #NUM! 22.82

pH6

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.57 0.65 0.00

2 29.91 29.15 29.53 0.47 1.58 0.24 4.33 0.63 8.47

6 27.27 26.18 26.73 3.27 10.92 1.64 2.93 0.46 3.66

16 26.54 26.14 26.34 3.66 12.19 1.83 2.74 0.43 8.75

36 25.10 23.59 24.34 5.66 18.86 2.83 1.74 0.22 12.73

60 23.53 18.20 20.87 9.13 30.45 4.57 0.00 #NUM! 13.14

120 23.40 18.58 20.99 9.01 30.02 4.50 0.07 -3.51 26.64

pH8

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.88 -0.06 0.00

2 28.60 30.55 29.58 0.42 1.41 0.21 0.67 -0.17 9.49

6 28.75 29.22 28.99 1.01 3.38 0.51 0.37 -0.43 11.83

16 29.83 27.31 28.57 1.43 4.77 0.71 0.17 -0.78 22.38

36 28.03 28.93 28.48 1.52 5.07 0.76 0.12 -0.92 47.35

60 29.33 27.53 28.43 1.57 5.24 0.79 0.09 -1.03 76.34

120 29.33 27.14 28.23 1.77 5.88 0.88 0.00 #NUM! 135.96

Effect of initial adsorbent amount

Rpm : 120

Volume : 25ml

pH : 5

0.015g

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.87 0.77 #DIV/0!

2 28.45 29.63 29.04 0.96 3.19 1.60 4.27 0.63 1.25

6 26.47 28.27 27.37 2.63 8.77 4.39 1.48 0.17 1.37

16 26.43 27.27 26.85 3.15 10.51 5.26 0.61 -0.21 3.04

36 26.79 27.15 26.97 3.03 10.11 5.06 0.81 -0.09 7.12

60 26.91 26.78 26.85 3.15 10.51 5.26 0.61 -0.21 11.42

120 26.18 26.78 26.48 3.52 11.74 5.87 0.00 #NUM! 20.45

0.025g

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.40 0.73 #DIV/0!

2 26.54 28.17 27.35 2.65 8.82 2.65 2.75 0.44 0.76

6 26.84 27.88 27.36 2.64 8.81 2.64 2.75 0.44 2.27

16 26.21 27.08 26.64 3.36 11.19 3.36 2.04 0.31 4.77

36 25.56 26.08 25.82 4.18 13.94 4.18 1.21 0.08 8.61

60 24.55 25.09 24.82 5.18 17.27 5.18 0.21 -0.67 11.58

120 24.13 25.08 24.60 5.40 17.98 5.40 0.00 #NUM! 22.24

0.05g

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.26 0.72 #DIV/0!

2 27.73 24.85 26.29 3.71 12.37 1.86 3.40 0.53 1.08

6 24.74 24.75 24.74 5.26 17.52 2.63 2.63 0.42 2.28

16 24.05 24.50 24.28 5.72 19.07 2.86 2.40 0.38 5.59

36 22.30 23.27 22.79 7.21 24.04 3.61 1.65 0.22 9.98

60 16.59 23.00 19.79 10.21 34.02 5.10 0.15 -0.81 11.76

120 16.10 22.87 19.48 10.52 35.05 5.26 0.00 #NUM! 22.82

Effect of initial chromium concentration

Adsorbate : Chromium

Temp : 24C

Rpm : 120

Volume : 25ml

Adsorbent Amount : 0.05

5ppm

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 5.00 5.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.34 0.13 0.00

2 3.93 3.60 3.76 1.24 24.71 0.62 0.73 -0.14 3.24

6 3.70 3.40 3.55 1.45 29.07 0.73 0.62 -0.21 8.26

16 3.33 2.39 2.86 2.14 42.78 1.07 0.27 -0.56 14.96

60 3.20 1.79 2.50 2.50 50.09 1.25 0.09 -1.04 47.91

120 2.83 1.79 2.31 2.69 53.78 1.34 0.00 #NUM! 89.26

10ppm

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 10.00 10.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.92 0.28 0.00

2 7.61 7.96 7.79 2.21 22.14 1.11 0.81 -0.09 1.81

6 7.01 7.10 7.05 2.95 29.46 1.47 0.44 -0.35 4.07

16 6.91 6.75 6.83 3.17 31.67 1.58 0.33 -0.48 10.10

60 5.94 6.40 6.17 3.83 38.33 1.92 0.00 #NUM! 31.31

120 6.10 6.24 6.17 3.83 38.33 1.92 0.00 #NUM! 62.62

30ppm

Time (min) Run#1 Run#2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.01 0.78 0.00

2 27.73 24.85 26.29 3.71 12.37 1.86 4.15 0.62 1.08

6 24.74 24.75 24.74 5.26 17.52 2.63 3.38 0.53 2.28

16 24.05 24.50 24.28 5.72 19.07 2.86 3.15 0.50 5.59

60 18.59 20.00 19.29 10.71 35.69 5.35 0.65 -0.18 11.21

120 17.10 18.87 17.98 12.02 40.05 6.01 0.00 #NUM! 19.97

40ppm

Time (min) Run#1 Run #2 Ct. Ci-Ct ((Ci-Ct)/Ci)*100 qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g) qe-qt log(qe-qt) t/qt

0 40.00 40.00 40.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.67 0.82 0.00

2 39.59 39.08 39.33 0.67 1.67 0.67 6.00 0.78 3.00

6 39.00 38.33 38.67 1.33 3.34 1.33 5.33 0.73 4.50

16 37.13 36.87 37.00 3.00 7.50 3.00 3.67 0.56 5.33

60 33.01 34.99 34.00 6.00 15.00 6.00 0.67 -0.18 10.00

120 32.43 34.24 33.33 6.67 16.67 6.67 0.00 #NUM! 18.00

Isotherm study data at pH=5, sorbent dosage=0.05g, rpm=120, Temperature=23oC.

(1) Carbon aerogel prepared using acetic acid as a catalyst

5ppm

Time (hr) Run#1 Run #2 Ct. Ci-Ct (Ci-Ct)/Ci*100 (Ci-Ct)*v (mg) qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g)

0 5.00 5.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1 3.13 2.96 3.05 1.95 39.09 0.05 0.98

2 2.81 2.87 2.84 2.16 43.21 0.05 1.08

24 2.26 2.17 2.21 2.79 55.76 0.07 1.39

48 2.26 1.96 2.11 2.89 57.80 0.07 1.45

72 2.32 1.97 2.14 2.86 57.14 0.07 1.43

10ppm

Time (hr) Run#1 Run #2 Ct. Ci-Ct (Ci-Ct)/Ci*100 (Ci-Ct)*v (mg) qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g)

0 10.00 10.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1 6.20 6.50 6.35 3.65 36.50 0.09 3.65

2 6.01 6.50 6.26 3.74 37.44 0.09 3.74

24 4.22 5.04 4.63 5.37 53.73 0.13 5.37

48 4.57 4.69 4.63 5.37 53.73 0.13 5.37

72 4.38 4.57 4.47 5.53 55.28 0.14 5.53

30ppm

Time (hr) Run#1 Run #2 Ct. Ci-Ct (Ci-Ct)/Ci*100 (Ci-Ct)*v (mg) qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g)

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1 19.05 20.15 19.60 10.40 34.67 0.26 5.20

2 19.29 19.85 19.57 10.43 34.76 0.26 5.21

24 16.14 16.59 16.36 13.64 45.45 0.34 6.82

48 13.87 14.56 14.22 15.78 52.61 0.39 7.89

72 13.95 14.49 14.22 15.78 52.61 0.39 7.89

40ppm

Time (hr) Run#1 Run #2 Ct. Ci-Ct (Ci-Ct)/Ci*100 (Ci-Ct)*v (mg) qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g)

0 40.00 40.00 40.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1 24.57 33.67 29.12 10.88 27.19 0.27 10.88

2 24.22 33.67 28.95 11.05 27.63 0.28 11.05

24 23.48 32.56 28.02 11.98 29.94 0.30 11.98

48 23.20 32.15 27.67 12.33 30.82 0.31 12.33

72 22.87 32.24 27.55 12.45 31.12 0.31 12.45

(2) Carbon aerogel prepared using Sodium carbonate as a catalyst

5ppm

Time (hr) Run#1 Run #2 Ct. Ci-Ct (Ci-Ct)/Ci*100 (Ci-Ct)*v (mg) qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g)

0 5.00 5.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1 1.69 1.90 1.79 3.21 64.13 0.08 1.60

2 1.93 1.66 1.79 3.21 64.13 0.08 1.60

24 2.30 1.36 1.83 3.17 63.36 0.08 1.58

48 2.24 1.36 1.80 3.20 64.00 0.08 1.60

72 2.33 1.27 1.80 3.20 64.02 0.08 1.60

10ppm

Time (hr) Run#1 Run #2 Ct. Ci-Ct (Ci-Ct)/Ci*100 (Ci-Ct)*v (mg) qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g)

0 10.00 10.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1 6.40 6.76 6.58 3.42 34.22 0.09 3.42

2 6.21 6.95 6.58 3.42 34.22 0.09 3.42

24 4.70 5.02 4.86 5.14 51.40 0.13 5.14

48 3.67 4.75 4.21 5.79 57.90 0.14 5.79

72 3.52 4.50 4.01 5.99 59.94 0.15 5.99

30ppm

Time (hr) Run#1 Run #2 Ct. Ci-Ct (Ci-Ct)/Ci*100 (Ci-Ct)*v (mg) qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g)

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1 23.89 24.24 24.06 5.94 19.79 0.15 2.97

2 23.86 24.12 23.99 6.01 20.04 0.15 3.01

24 22.96 22.64 22.80 7.21 24.02 0.18 3.60

48 19.13 20.04 19.59 10.41 34.71 0.26 5.21

72 16.99 20.21 18.60 11.40 37.99 0.29 5.70

40ppm

Time (hr) Run#1 Run #2 Ct. Ci-Ct (Ci-Ct)/Ci*100 (Ci-Ct)*v (mg) qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g)

0 40.00 40.00 40.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1 34.24 32.34 33.29 6.71 16.78 0.17 6.71

2 33.99 32.28 33.13 6.87 17.17 0.17 6.87

24 32.78 31.27 32.02 7.98 19.94 0.20 7.98

48 30.08 29.27 29.67 10.33 25.82 0.26 10.33

72 29.97 29.13 29.55 10.45 26.12 0.26 10.45

(2) Carbon aerogel prepared using sodium hydroxide as a catalyst

5ppm

Time (hr) Run#1 Run #2 Ct. Ci-Ct (Ci-Ct)/Ci*100 (Ci-Ct)*v (mg) qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g)

0 5.00 5.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1 3.20 1.79 2.50 2.50 50.09 0.06 1.25

2 2.83 1.79 2.31 2.69 53.78 0.07 1.34

24 1.96 1.01 1.48 3.52 70.34 0.09 1.76

48 1.06 0.99 1.02 3.98 79.52 0.10 1.99

72 0.97 1.01 0.99 4.01 80.20 0.10 2.01

10ppm

Time (hr) Run#1 Run #2 Ct. Ci-Ct (Ci-Ct)/Ci*100 (Ci-Ct)*v (mg) qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g)

0 10.00 10.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1 5.94 6.40 6.17 3.83 38.33 0.10 3.83

2 6.10 6.24 6.17 3.83 38.33 0.10 3.83

24 4.48 4.04 4.26 5.74 57.40 0.14 5.74

48 3.20 4.65 3.93 6.07 60.72 0.15 6.07

72 3.69 4.33 4.01 5.99 59.94 0.15 5.99

30ppm

Time (hr) Run#1 Run #2 Ct. Ci-Ct (Ci-Ct)/Ci*100 (Ci-Ct)*v (mg) qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g)

0 30.00 30.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1 18.59 20.00 19.29 10.71 35.69 0.27 5.35

2 17.10 18.87 17.98 12.02 40.05 0.30 6.01

24 16.55 17.04 16.80 13.21 44.02 0.33 6.60

48 14.63 16.54 15.59 14.41 48.05 0.36 7.21

72 14.98 16.50 15.74 14.26 47.54 0.36 7.13

40ppm

Time (hr) Run#1 Run #2 Ct. Ci-Ct (Ci-Ct)/Ci*100 (Ci-Ct)*v (mg) qt= [(Ci-Ct)/m] v (mg/g)

0 40.00 40.00 40.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1 33.01 34.99 34.00 6.00 15.00 0.15 6.00

2 32.43 34.24 33.33 6.67 16.67 0.17 6.67

24 28.66 29.39 29.02 10.98 27.44 0.27 10.98

48 27.98 29.37 28.67 11.33 28.32 0.28 11.33

72 28.01 29.18 28.60 11.40 28.51 0.29 11.40

APPENDIX C Materials properties

Resorcinol

Resorcinol crystallizes from benzene as colorless needles which are readily soluble in water, alcohol and ether, but insoluble in chloroform and carbon disulfide. Resorcinol (or resorcin) is a chemical compound from the dihydroxy phenols. It is the 1,3-isomer of benzenediol. It is also known with a variety of other names, including: m-dihydroxybenzene, 1,3-benzenediol, 1,3-dihydroxybenzene, 3-hydroxyphenol, m-hydroquinone, m-benzenediol, and 3- hydroxycyclohexadien-1-one.

Table 3. 1 Resorcinol properties.

Properties Value

Density and phase 1.28 g/cm3, solid

Solubility in water 1.4 g/ml

Melting point 110 °C

Molar mass 110.1 g/mol

Boiling point 280 °C

Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde is a colorless, strong-smelling gas (H2CO). The commercial name is either Formalin, or Formol. In water, formaldehyde mostly converts to the hydrate CH2OH or methanediol. Formaldehyde is an important industrial chemical used to make other chemicals, building materials, and household products.

Table 3. 2 Formaldehyde properties.

Properties Value

Density and phase 1000 g/·m3, gas

Solubility in water 1g/ml

Melting point -117 oC

Molar mass 30.03g/·mol

Boiling point -19.3°C

Sodium carbonate

Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) also known as washing soda or soda ash, is a sodium salt of carbonic acid. It most commonly occurs as a crystalline heptahydrate, which readily effloresces to form a white powder, the monohydrate. It has a cooling alkaline taste, and can be extracted from the ashes of many plants. It is synthetically produced in large quantities from table salt in a process known as the Solvay process. It is used as a relatively strong base in various settings.

Table 3. 3 Sodium carbonate properties.

Properties Value

Density and phase 2.5 g/cm³, solid

Solubility in water 0.30 g/ ml

Melting point 851 °C

Molar mass 105.99 g/mol

Boiling point Decomposes

Sodium hydroxide

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known caustic soda, is a caustic metallic base. Sodium hydroxide forms a strong alkaline solution when dissolved in a solvent such as water. It is used in many industries, mostly as a strong chemical base in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents and as a drain cleaner. Pure sodium hydroxide is a white solid. It is very soluble in water with liberation of heat. It also dissolves in ethanol and methanol. It is insoluble in ether and other non-polar solvents.

Table 3. 4 Sodium hydroxide properties.

Properties Value

Density and phase 2.1 g/cm³, solid

Solubility in water 1.11 g/ml

Melting point 318°C

Molar mass 39.99 g/mol

Boiling point 1390°C