Unethical conduct has always been a hot topic in construction industry, especially in developing countries. This research, therefore, contributes to a deepened understanding of the unethical professional practices in construction
industry in Malaysia, which is one of the developing countries. The contribution of this work lies in the examination of the existing forms, influential factors and preventative strategies based on the perceptions of construction practitioners in Malaysia. This research extends the existing knowledge of unethical professional practices that have been explored in previous studies. With the comparison with previous works, this research is proved to fittingly reflect the current condition of unethical professional practices with relevant strategies in developing world.
This research extends the body of knowledge by first identifying and studying the general forms of unethical professional practices existing in the construction industry, so that the combat against unethical conduct can be facilitated. Inadequate health and safety provisions is identified as the most common existing unethical professional practice in the industry, it is therefore imperative that the construction parties should address this issue with determination and perseverance and adequate actions shall be taken such as rigorous supervision on site activities. Besides, the research also grasps a comprehensive understanding regarding the influential factors of the studied issue, to provide a general view on the probable areas to tackle in dealing with the unethical conduct. The major influential factors identified from the research are intense competition, economic survival and lack of supervision.
These factors seem to stem from nature of the industry and also from individual aspects, hence concerted efforts from different stakeholders are essential to combat such unethical conduct.
This research also examines the effectiveness of preventative strategies in curbing unethical conduct in the construction industry. A total of 22 preventative strategies have been recognised in this research that are found to be neutrally effective and can be adopted by the construction practitioners so as to alleviate the unethical conduct in the industry. Looking at the overall result, it is demonstrated that leadership is among the most effective strategies based on the perceptions from 206 respondents. Hence, organisations in construction industry including contracting firms, developer companies, consultant organisations and also government agencies are recommended to ensure the leaders or top management to adopt high ethical standards and act
as a good role model to subordinates. Despite the unethical professional practice is unlikely to be completely eradicated from the construction industry, the findings from this research help the construction stakeholder to develop effective strategies to alleviate and hinder the unethical conduct.
In short, this research provides helpful insight to the industry practitioners, professional bodies and policymakers regarding the ethical issues in construction industry from three aspects, namely general forms, influential factors and preventative strategies, which form the cornerstone of efforts in tackling unethical conduct in the industry. Meanwhile, this research also serves as an important foundation for future research research of unethical professional practices in construction industry.
5.4 Limitations of Research
There were several limitations encountered in this research study. The primary limitation concerns the sample size of the research. Although the sample size of the research is considered satisfactory as discussed in research methodology (Chapter 3), larger sample size is desirable to generalise the whole Malaysian construction industry. Secondly, the use of non-probability sampling provides lower level of generalisation of research findings compared to probability sampling. Convenience sampling in the research leads to sampling bias, as not everyone has equal opportunity to be chosen (Cooper and Schindler, 2014).
Not only that, the use of LinkedIn as the main platform to disseminate questionnaires also led to possible unevenness of respondents, as users with age range from 18 to 34 are the main users of LinkedIn and are accounted for 79 % out of the whole LinkedIn user population (Tankovska, 2021). In consequence, there is skewness of data towards respondent group with 10 years or below working experience, which resulted in sampling bias.
Questionnaire was adopted as data collation instrument in this research, however, despite the advantages outlined in Chapter 3, questionnaire survey limits the uncovering of further details on the research topic based on the rich and unique experiences of respondents, which is only possible through in- depth interviews. Another issue of the research is on the low mean score in Objective 1 regarding the unethical professional practices happening in the
construction industry, as it is argued that respondents tend to give low rating due to social desirability. Additionally, another notable issue is significant correlation coefficient does not imply causation (Cooper and Schindler, 2014).
With this, the result of Spearman’s correlation test merely demonstrates the statistical strength of relationship between influential factor and preventative strategy, but not representing the causal relationship (Yap, et al., 2020c). Last but not least, the sampling frame of the current research is limited to the Malaysian construction industry, in consequence, the result is not generalised to represent other developing countries.
5.5 Recommendations
There are several recommendations for future research. Firstly, future research is recommended to enlarge the sample size in order to increase the level of generalisation. Besides, despite it consumes more time and higher cost, probability sampling is suggested to be adopted in order to eliminate sampling bias. Furthermore, the use of social media as platform to disseminate questionnaire posts possible skewness in terms of age range. Hence, researcher should apply various platforms to distribute questionnaires, such as through walk-in or by mail, to minimise the unevenness of respondents.
In addition, the use of mixed methods research should be adopted by combining the elements of qualitative and quantitative research approaches.
Through the use of mixed methods research, it allows researchers to collect rich and comprehensive data on the unethical issues. Besides, as suggested by Ambrose and Schminke (1999), it is recommended to explore the perceptions and opinions of the respondents on ethical issue, rather than surveying the actual behaviour in real life. This can be useful to prevent under-rating by respondents due to social desirability. In addition, to better address the causal relationship between variables, it is suggested to apply systems-thinking approach with the use of causal loop diagrams, to better address the issue of unethical professional practices from causal perspective (Haraldsson, 2004;
Yap, et al., 2020c).
Unethical professional practices are noted to be endemic in developing counties. Hence, future works are recommended to expand the research to other developing countries, instead of being limited in the context of the
Malaysian construction industry. As discussed by Owusu and Chan (2018), notwithstanding all the efforts and initiatives taken to curb corruption, the issue does not seem to be relieved in developing countries due to the existing barriers that hamper the effectiveness of the preventative measures. In view of this, for future research, it is recommended to explore the main barriers of implementing preventative strategies of unethical conduct in construction industry, in order to facilitate the efforts in combating unethical conduct.
Moreover, in the midst of development of new technologies, it is apt to consider the impacts of innovative technological trends on the unethical professional practices in the construction industry.
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