The Audit Committee was established on 15 January 2000 by the Board of Directors to assist the Board in its
C) INTERNAL AUDIT
2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (c) Financial instruments (continued)
(ii) Financial instrument categories and subsequent measurement (continued) Financial liabilities
The categories of financial liabilities at initial recognition are as follows:
(a) Fair value through profit or loss
Fair value through profit or loss category comprises financial liabilities that are derivatives (except for a derivative that is a financial guarantee contract or a designated and effective hedging instrument), contingent consideration in a business combination and financial liabilities that are specifically designated into this category upon initial recognition.
On initial recognition, the Group or the Company may irrevocably designate a financial liability that otherwise meets the requirements to be measured at amortised cost as at fair value through profit or loss:
(a) if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch that would otherwise arise;
(b) a group of financial liabilities or assets and financial liabilities is managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value basis, in accordance with a documented risk management or investment strategy, and information about the group is provided internally on that basis to the Group’s key management personnel; or
(c) if a contract contains one or more embedded derivatives and the host is not a financial asset in the scope of MFRS 9, where the embedded derivative significantly modifies the cash flows and separation is not prohibited.
Financial liabilities categorised as fair value through profit or loss are subsequently measured at their fair value with gains or losses, including any interest expense are recognised in the profit or loss.
For financial liabilities where it is designated as fair value through profit or loss, the Group and the Company recognised the amount of change in fair value of the financial liability that is attributable to change in credit risk in the other comprehensive income and remaining amount of the change in fair value in the profit or loss, unless the treatment of the effects of changes in the liability’s credit risk would create or enlarge an accounting mismatch.
(b) Amortised cost
Subsequent to initial recognition, other financial liabilities not categorised as fair value through profit or loss are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.
Interest expense and foreign exchange gains and losses are recognised in the profit or loss when the liabilities are derecognised as well as through the amortisation process.
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(c) Financial instruments (continued) (iii) Financial guarantee contracts
A financial guarantee contract is a contract that requires the issuer to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument.
Financial guarantees issued are initially measured at fair value. Subsequently, they are measured at higher of:
• the amount of the loss allowance; and
• the amount initially recognised less, when appropriate, the cumulative amount of income recognised in accordance to the principles of MFRS 15, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.
Liabilities arising from financial guarantees are presented together with other provisions.
(iv) Regular way purchase or sale of financial assets
A regular way purchase or sale of financial assets is recognised and derecognised, as applicable, using trade date or settlement date accounting in the current year.
Trade date accounting refers to:
(a) the recognition of an asset to be received and the liability to pay for it on the trade date; and (b) derecognition of an asset that is sold, recognition of any gain or loss on disposal and the
recognition of a receivable from the buyer for payment on the trade date.
Settlement date accounting refers to:
(a) the recognition of an asset on the day it is received by the Group or the Company; and (b) derecognition of an asset and recognition of any gain or loss on disposal on the day that is
delivered by the Group or the Company.
Any change in the fair value of the asset to be received during the period between the trade date and the settlement date is accounted in the same way as it accounts for the acquired asset.
Generally, the Group or the Company applies settlement date accounting unless otherwise stated for the specific class of asset.
Annual Report | 2020
2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (c) Financial instruments (continued)
(v) Hedge accounting Fair value hedge
A fair value hedge is a hedge of the exposure to changes in fair value of a recognised asset or liability or an unrecognised firm commitment, or an identified portion of such an asset, liability or firm commitment, that is attributable to a particular risk and could affect the profit or loss.
In a fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the hedging instrument shall be recognised in profit or loss (or other comprehensive income, if the hedging instrument hedges an equity instrument which the Group or the Company has elected to present the subsequent changes in the fair value of the investment in equity in other comprehensive income).
The hedging gain or loss on the hedged item shall adjust the carrying amount of the hedged item and be recognised in profit or loss. If the hedged item is a financial asset (or a component thereof) that is measured at fair value through other comprehensive income, the hedging gain or loss on the hedged item shall be recognised in profit or loss. However, if the hedged item is an equity instrument for which an entity has elected to present changes in fair value in other comprehensive income, those amounts shall remain in other comprehensive income. When a hedged item is an unrecognised firm commitment (or a component thereof), the cumulative change in the fair value of the hedged item subsequent to its designation is recognised as an asset or a liability with a corresponding gain or loss recognised in profit or loss.
Cash flow hedge
A cash flow hedge is a hedge of the exposure to variability in cash flows that is attributable to a particular risk associated with all, or a component of, a recognised asset or liability or a highly probable forecast transaction and could affect the profit or loss. In a cash flow hedge, the portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument that is determined to be an effective hedge is recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity and the ineffective portion is recognised in profit or loss. The effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative that is recognised in other comprehensive income is limited to the cumulative change in fair value of the hedged item, determined on a present value basis, from inception of the hedge.
Subsequently, the cumulative gain or loss recognised in other comprehensive income is reclassified from equity into profit or loss in the same period or periods during which the hedged forecast cash flows affect profit or loss. If the hedge item is a non-financial asset or liability, the associated gain or loss recognised in other comprehensive income is removed from equity and included in the initial amount of the asset or liability. However, loss recognised in other comprehensive income that will not be recovered in one or more future periods is reclassified from equity into profit or loss immediately.
The Group designates only the change in fair value of the spot element of forward contracts as the hedging instrument in cash flow hedging relationships. The change in fair value of the forward element of forward exchange contracts (“forward points”) and/or the foreign currency basis spread are separately accounted for as cost of hedging and recognised in a cost of hedging reserve within equity.
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(c) Financial instruments (continued) (v) Hedge accounting (continued)
Cash flow hedge (continued)
Cash flow hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, the hedge is no longer highly effective, the forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur or the hedge designation is revoked. If the hedge is for a forecast transaction, the cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument remains in equity until the forecast transaction occurs. When hedge accounting for cash flow hedges is discontinued, the amount that has been accumulated in the hedging reserve and the cost of hedging reserve remains in equity until, for a hedge of a transaction resulting in recognition of a non-financial item, it is included in the non-financial item’s cost on its initial recognition or, for other cash flow hedges, it is reclassified to profit or loss in the same period or periods as the hedged expected future cash flows affect profit or loss.
If the hedged future cash flows are no longer expected to occur, then the amounts that have been accumulated in the hedging reserve and the cost of hedging reserve are immediately reclassified to profit or loss.
(vi) Derecognition
A financial asset or part of it is derecognised when, and only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire or control of the asset is not retained or substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred to another party.
On derecognition of a financial asset, the difference between the carrying amount of the financial asset and the sum of consideration received (including any new asset obtained less any new liability assumed) is recognised in profit or loss.
A financial liability or a part of it is derecognised when, and only when, the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, cancelled or expired. A financial liability is also derecognised when its terms are modified and the cash flows of the modified liability are substantially different, in which case, a new financial liability based on modified terms is recognised at fair value. On derecognition of a financial liability, the difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid, including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed, is recognised in profit or loss.
(vii) Offsetting
Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount presented in the statement of financial position when, and only when, the Group or the Company currently has a legally enforceable right to set off the amounts and it intends either to settle them on a net basis or to realise the asset and liability simultaneously.
Annual Report | 2020
2. Significant accounting policies (continued)