CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary of Statistical Analysis
5.1.1 Reliability Test (Cronbach’s Alpha)
According to Zikmund et al., (2010) variable that has an Alpha Coefficient Range of 0.90 and above is considered as excellence of strength of association, 0.80 to <
0.90 considered as very good of strength of association, 0.70 to < 0.80 considered as good, 0.60 to < 0.70 considered as moderate and less than 0.60 considered as poor.
Refer to Table 4.7 in Chapter 4, all the variables have high Cronbach Alpha value above 0.90. This indicates these variables have excellence strength of association.
Subjective norm has the highest Cronbach Alpha Value which is 0.961, followed by EE (0.956), CV (0.955), PE (0.946), TR (0.929) and BI (0.921). This means, that
Page 82 of 168
it SN has the highest consistencies in the score which is 96.1%, followed by EE (95.6%), CV (95.5%), PE (94.6%), TR (92.9%), and BI (92.1%). Because of the Alpha Coefficient value for all the variable is fall in the range between 0.90 and above. Hence, all of the variables have the excellence of strength of association.
To conclude, all the variables had met the reliability test. Therefore, the inferential analysis is able to generate a stable and accurate result.
Page 83 of 168
5.1.2 Descriptive Analysis
Table 5.1: Summary of Demographic Profiles
Profile Category Frequency Percentage(%)
Gender Male
Female
222 171
56.5 43.5
Age 18 and below
19 – 25 26 - 35 36 - 45 46 and above
8 197 129 40 19
2 50.1 32.8 10.2 4.8 Nationality Malaysian
Foreigner
222 171
56.5 43.5 Education
Qualification
Primary/Secondary School Diploma
Undergraduate Postgraduate
Others
22 23 240
89 19
5.6 5.9 61.1 22.6 4.8 Employment
Status
Student Employed Self-Employed
Unemployed Retired
160 197 19 10 7
40.7 50.1 4.8 2.5 1.8 Source: Developed for the research
There are 393 respondents have participated in this research. Based on Table 5.1, male respondents are more than female respondents. There are 222 male respondents who accounted for 56.5% and 171 female respondents who accounted for 43.5%. Majority of the respondents are falling into the age category in between of 19 to 25 years old, there are 197 respondents falling into this age category and accounted for 50.1%, followed by 129 respondents are age in between 26 to 35 (32.8%), 40 respondents are age in between 36 to 45 (10.2%), 19 respondents are
Page 84 of 168
46 years old and above (4.8%), and 8 respondents are in age of 18 years old and below (2%).
Besides that, the survey comprised of two major groups which are Malaysian and foreigner, there are 222 respondents are Malaysian which accounted for 56.5% and 171 respondents are Foreigner which accounted for 43.5%. Based on the education qualification, majority of the respondents are Degree (Undergraduate) holder, there are 240 respondents are Degree holder and accounted for 61.1%, followed by 89 respondents are Master (Postgraduate) holder (22.6%), 23 respondents are Diploma holder (5.9%), 22 respondents are primary/secondary school holder (5.6%), 19 respondents are pursued in others education levels such as foundation, A level, and etc (4.8%).
Moreover, there are 197 respondents are employed which accounted for 50.1%, followed by 160 respondents are a student (40.7%), 19 respondents are self- employed (4.8%), 10 respondents are unemployed (2.5%), and 7 respondents are retired (1.8%).
5.1.3 Pearson Correlation Analysis
The relationship between PE, EE, SN, TR, CV and the behavioural intention to adopt mobile payment (BI) can be measured by Pearson Correlation. Refer to Table 4.8 in Chapter 4. Every independent variable has a positive relationship with the behavioural intention to adopt mobile payment (BI) at a significant level of 0.01. In this case, the strongest correlation with the behavioural intention to adopt mobile payment among the five variables is PE (0.801), followed by EE (0.790), CV (0.779), TR (0.607), SN (0.109).
Page 85 of 168
To conclude the strength of association of these five independent variables with behavioural intention to adopt mobile payment based on Asuero et al., (2006) rules of thumb for the correlation coefficient, PE, EE, and CV are high correlate with BI.
However, TR is moderate correlate with BI and SN only has a little if any correlate with BI.
5.1.4 Multiple Regression Analysis
First, pooled samples which consist of Malaysian and foreigner respondents are used to identify the impact of PE, EE, SN, TR, and CV towards the mobile payment adoption. Later, these samples were split into two distinct groups, i.e. Malaysia sample and foreigner sample. The purpose of split the sample into two groups is to test which factors have a significant impact on Malaysian and Foreigner. The following equations represent three different regression models for the pooled sample, Malaysian sample, and foreigner sample.
Pooled sample (Equation 1): 0.266+ 0.327 (PE)+ 0.307 (EE)+ 0.030 (SN)+
0.146(TR)+ 0.175(CV)
Malaysian sample (Equation 2): 0.267+ 0.303 (PE)+ 0.336 (EE)- 0.080 (SN)+
0.195(TR)+ 0.149(CV)
Foreigner sample (Equation 3): 0.191+ 0.360 (PE)+ 0.283 (EE)+ 0.043 (SN)+
0.115(TR)+ 0.194(CV)
Based on the pooled sample result show at Table 4.10 in Chapter 4, it showed that R square value is 0.744, which mean that 74.4% variance of the behavioural intention to adopt mobile payment among Malaysian and foreigner can be explained by the independent variables (PE, EE, SN, TR, CV). Besides, the result in Table 4.12 proved PE (ß=0.336, t=6.990, p-value<0.05), EE (ß=0.320, t= 6.978, p-
Page 86 of 168
value<0.05), TR (ß=0.134, t=4.122, p-value<0.05), and CV (ß=0.175, t=3.475, p- value<0.05) have a significant influence towards the behavioural intention to adopt mobile payment among Malaysian and foreigner (BI) as the p-value is less than 0.05. In contrast, only SN (ß=0.032, t=1.212, p-value>0.05) does not have a significant influence on the behavioural intention to adopt mobile payment among Malaysian and foreigner (BI) as the p-value is more than 0.05.
On the other hand, for Malaysian sample, the result of multiple regression at Table 4.10 in Chapter 4 show that R square value is 0.717, which indicate that 71.7%
variance of the behavioural intention to adopt mobile payment among Malaysian (BI) can be explained by the independent variables (PE, EE, SN, TR, CV). Besides that, result at Table 4.12 in Chapter 4 proved that PE (ß=0.307, t=4.538, p- value<0.05), EE (ß=0.335, t=5.046, p-value<0.05), TR (ß=0.163, t=3.395, p- value<0.05), and CV (ß=0.148, t=2.034, p-value<0.05) have a significant effect towards the behavioural intention to adopt mobile payment among Malaysian (BI) because of the p-value is less than 0.05. In contrast, SN (ß=-0.007, t=-0.169, p- value>0.05) is the only independent variable that does not has a significant effect on the behavioural intention to adopt mobile payment among Malaysians (BI) because of the p-value is more than 0.05.
Lastly, samples of foreigner were substituted into the multiple regression. The result in Table 4.10 in Chapter 4 proved that the R square value is 0.780, which implies that 78% variance of the behavioural intention to adopt mobile payment among foreigner (BI) can be explained by the independent variables (PE, EE, SN, TR, CV).
Moreover, result at Table 4.12 in Chapter 4 showed that PE (ß=0.375, t=5.529, p- value<0.05), EE (ß=0.310, t=4.872, p-value<0.05), TR (ß=0.115, t=2.563, p- value<0.05), and CV (ß=0.198, t=2.184, p-value<0.05) have a significant influence towards the behavioural intention to adopt mobile payment among foreigner (BI) due to the p-value is less than 0.05. Contrarily, SN (ß=0.054, t=1.439, p-value>0.05) does not have a significant influence on the behavioural intention to adopt mobile payment among (BI) due to the p-value is more than 0.05.
Page 87 of 168
5.1.5 Independent Sample T-Test
An Independent Sample T-Test was used to examine the significant difference between Malaysian and Foreigner for how they perceived on PE, EE, SN, TR, CV, and BI. Refer to the result in Table 4.13 in Chapter 4, and it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between Malaysian and Foreigner perceived on SN and TR. Meanwhile, SN has a t-value of 2.841 and p=0.005, followed by TR (t- value= -2.654, p=0.008). On the other hand, there is no significant difference between Malaysian and Foreigner perceived on PE, EE, CV, and BI. In this case, PE has a t-value of -1.122 and p=0.263, followed by EE (t-value= -1.948, p=0.052), CV (t-value= -0.407, p=0.684), and BI (t-value= -1.325, p=0.186).
Page 88 of 168