41 Directors’ Report
2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont’d)
2.2 Summary of significant accounting policies (cont’d) (a) Basic of consolidation (cont'd)
(ii) Business combinations
Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method from the acquisition date, which is the date on which control is transferred to the Group.
Acquisitions on or after 1 April 2011
For acquisitions on or after 1 April 2011, the Group measures the costs of goodwill at the acquisition date as:
• the fair value of the consideration transferred; plus
• the recognised amount of any non-controlling interests in the acquiree; plus
• if the business combination is achieved in stages, the fair value of the existing equity interest in the acquiree; less
• the net recognised amount (generally fair value) of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed
When the excess is negative, a bargain purchase gain is recognised immediately in profit or loss.
For each business combination, the Group elects whether it measures the non-controlling interests in the acquiree either at fair value or at the proportionate share of the acquiree's identifiable net assets at the acquisition date.
Transaction costs, other than those associated with the issue of debt or equity securities, that the Group incurs in connection with a business combination are expenses as incurred.
Acquisitions between 1 April 2006 and 31 March 2011
For acquisitions between 1 April 2006 and 31 March 2011, goodwill represents the excess of the cost of the acquisition over the Group’s interest in the recognised amount (generally fair value) of the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities of the acquiree. When the excess was negative, a bargain purchase gain was recognised immediately in profit or loss.
Transaction costs, other than those associated with the issue of debt or equity securities, that the Group incurred in connection with business combinations were capitalised as part of the cost of the acquisition.
Acquisitions prior to 31 March 2006
For acquisitions prior to 31 March 2006, goodwill represents the excess of the cost of the acquisition over the Group’s interest in the fair values of the net identifiable assets and liabilities.
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2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont’d)
2.2 Summary of significant accounting policies (cont’d) (a) Basic of consolidation (cont'd)
(iii) Acquisition of non-controlling interests
The Group accounts for all changes in its ownership interest in a subsidiary that do not result in a loss of control as equity transactions between the Group and its non-controlling interest holders.
Any difference between the Group’s share of net assets before and after the change, and any consideration received or paid, is adjusted to or against Group reserves.
(iv) Loss of control
Upon the loss of control of a subsidiary, the Group derecognises the assets and liabilities of the former subsidiary, any non-controlling interests and the other components of equity related to the former subsidiary from the consolidated statement of financial position. Any surplus or deficit arising on the loss of control is recognised in profit or loss. If the Group retains any interest in the former subsidiary, the such interest is measured at fair value at the date that control is lost. Subsequently, it is accounted for as an equity-accounted investee or as an available-for-sale financial asset depending on the level of influence retained.
(v) Associate
Associates are entities, including unincorporated entities, in which the Group has significant influence, but not control, over the financial and operating policies.
Investments in associates are accounted for in the consolidated financial statements using the equity method less any impairment losses. The cost of the investment includes transaction costs.
The consolidated financial statements include the Group’s share of the profit or loss and other comprehensive income of the associates, after adjustments if any, to align the accounting policies with those of the Group, from the date that significant influence commences until the date that significant influence ceases.
When the Group’s share of losses exceeds its interest in an associate, the carrying amount of that interest including any long-term investments is reduced to zero, and the recognition of further losses is discontinued except to the extent that the Group has an obligation or has made payments on behalf of the associate.
When the Group ceases to have significant influence over an associate, any retained interest in the former associate at the date when significant influence is lost is measured at fair value and this amount is regarded as the initial carrying amount of a financial asset. The difference between the fair value of any retained interest plus proceeds from the interest disposed of and the carrying amount of the investment at the date when equity method is discontinued is recognised in the profit or loss.
N o t e s t o t h e F i n a n c i a l S t a t e m e n t s
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2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont’d)
2.2 Summary of significant accounting policies (cont’d) (a) Basic of consolidation (cont'd)
(v) Associate (cont'd)
When the Group’s interest in an associate decreases but does not result in a loss of significant influence, any retained interest is not remeasured. Any gain or loss arising from the decrease in interest is recognised in profit or loss. Any gains or losses previously recognised in other comprehensive income are also reclassified proportionately to profit or loss if that gain or loss would be required to be reclassified to profit or loss on the disposal of the related assets or liabilities.
Investments in associates are measured in the Company's statement of financial position at cost less any impairment losses. The cost of the investment includes transaction costs.
(b) Intangible assets (i) Goodwill
Goodwill acquired in a business combination is initially measured at cost being the excess of the cost of business combination over the Group's interest in the net fair value of the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities. Following the initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses.
Goodwill is not amortised but instead, it is reviewed for impairment, annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may be impaired. Gains and losses on the disposal of an entity include the carrying amount of goodwill relating to the entity sold.
The policy for the recognition and measurement of impairment losses for goodwill is in accordance with Note 2.2(h).
(ii) Research and development costs
All research costs are recognised in profit or loss as incurred. Expenditure incurred on projects to develop new products is capitalised and deferred only when the Group can demonstrate the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale, its intention to complete and its ability to use or sell the asset, how the asset will generate future economic benefits, the availability of resources to complete the project and the ability to measure reliably the expenditure during the development. Product development expenditure which do not meet these criteria are expensed when incurred.
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2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (cont’d)
2.2 Summary of significant accounting policies (cont’d)