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Title: Malaysian weedy rice shows its true stripes: wild Oryza and elite rice cultivars shape agricultural weed evolution in Southeast Asia Author(s): Song, BK (Song, Beng-Kah); Chuah, TS (Chuah, Tse-Seng); Tam, SM (Tam, Sheh May); Olsen, KM (Olsen, Kenneth M.) Source: MOLECULAR ECOLOGY Volume: 23 Issue: 20 Pages: 5003-5017 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12922 Published: OCT 2014 Times Cited in Web of Science Core Collection: 10

Total Times Cited: 10 Usage Count (Last 180 days): 3 Usage Count (Since 2013): 41 Cited Reference Count: 50

Abstract: Weedy rice is a close relative of domesticated rice (Oryza sativa) that competes aggressively with the crop and limits rice productivity worldwide. Most genetic studies of weedy rice have focused on populations in regions where no reproductively compatible wild Oryza species occur (North America, Europe and northern Asia).

Here, we examined the population genetics of weedy rice in Malaysia, where wild rice (O.rufipogon) can be found growing in close proximity to cultivated and weedy rice.

Using 375 accessions and a combined analysis of 24 neutral SSR loci and two rice domestication genes (sh4, controlling seed shattering, and Bh4, controlling hull colour), we addressed the following questions: (i) What is the relationship of Malaysian weedy rice to domesticated and wild rice, and to weedy rice strains in the USA? (ii) To what extent does the presence of O.rufipogon influence the genetic and phenotypic diversity of Malaysian weeds? (iii) What do the distributions of sh4 and Bh4 alleles and associated phenotypes reveal about the origin and contemporary evolution of Malaysian weedy rice? Our results reveal the following: independent evolutionary origins for Malaysian weeds and US strains, despite their very close phenotypic resemblance; wild-to-weed gene flow in Malaysian weed populations, including apparent adaptive introgression of seed-shattering alleles; and a prominent role for modern Malaysian cultivars in the origin and recent proliferation of Malaysian weeds. These findings suggest that the genetic complexity and adaptability of weedy crop relatives can be profoundly influenced by proximity to reproductively compatible wild and domesticated populations.

Accession Number: WOS:000343869100008 PubMed ID: 25231087

Language: English Document Type: Article

Author Keywords: agricultural weeds; genetic introgression; hull colour; red rice; shattering; wild crop relatives

KeyWords Plus: RED RICE; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; GENETIC DIVERSITY; DOMESTICATION; SATIVA; TRANSITION; ORIGINS; MARKERS; MODELS;

NUMBER

Addresses: [Song, Beng-Kah] Monash Univ Malaysia, Sch Sci, Bandar Sunway 46150, Selangor, Malaysia.

[Song, Beng-Kah] Monash Univ Malaysia, Genom Facil, Bandar Sunway 46150, Selangor, Malaysia.

[Chuah, Tse-Seng] Univ Malaysia Terengganu, Fac Agrotechnol & Food Sci, Dept Agrotechnol, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Malaysia.

[Tam, Sheh May] Taylors Univ, Sch Biosci, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.

[Olsen, Kenneth M.] Washington Univ, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.

Reprint Address: Song, BK (reprint author), Monash Univ Malaysia, Sch Sci, Bandar Sunway 46150, Selangor, Malaysia.

E-mail Addresses: [email protected]; [email protected] Author Identifiers:

Author ResearcherID Number ORCID Number

Chuah, Tse Seng 0000-0002-0071-5343

Olsen, Kenneth 0000-0002-8338-3638

Publisher: WILEY-BLACKWELL

Publisher Address: 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA

Web of Science Categories: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology

Research Areas: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology IDS Number: AR9CN

ISSN: 0962-1083 eISSN: 1365-294X

29-char Source Abbrev.: MOL ECOL ISO Source Abbrev.: Mol. Ecol.

Source Item Page Count: 15 Funding:

Funding Agency Grant Number

Malaysian Ministry of Agriculture & Agro-Based Industry (Science Fund) 05-02-10-SF1001 US National Science Foundation (Plant Genome Research Program) IOS-1032023 Monash University Malaysia (MUM) Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform

We especially thank Drs. David Gealy and Melissa Jia (Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, USA), for providing US weedy rice microsatellite data.

We thank Linda Small, Tonapha Pusadee, Pu Huang, Tina Neik Ting Xiang, Nicholas Kooyers, Kate Waselkov and Cindy Vigueira for technical assistance and computing support, and the Olsen lab group for helpful comments on the manuscript. We are grateful to the Washington University greenhouse staff for plant care support; to Site Noorzuraini (Rice Genebank, MARDI) for sharing of rice seeds; and to Dr. Azmi Man (MARDI), Abdullah Md Zain (University Malaysia Terengganu), Law Kok Choy (Sekinchan, Malaysia), Akmal Adilah Idris (University Malaysia Kelantan), the staff at Kemubu Agricultural

Development Authority (KADA, Kelantan), Kawasan Pembangunan Pertanian Bersepadu Terengganu Utara (KETARA, Terengganu) and Muda Agricultural Development Authority (MADA, Kedah) for sharing information on weedy rice infestations and assisting in field sampling. Funding for this project was provided by Malaysian Ministry of Agriculture & Agro-Based Industry (Science Fund, 05-02-10-SF1001), the US National Science Foundation (Plant Genome Research Program, IOS-1032023) and the Monash University Malaysia (MUM) Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform.

Output Date: 2018-01-02

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The equations employed for these methods are provided below: πΎπΎπœƒπœƒ = π‘„π‘„βˆžβˆ’ 4𝑏𝑏𝑆𝑆2 πœ‹πœ‹π‘Ÿπ‘Ÿ0πœƒπœƒβˆ’πœƒπœƒπ‘–π‘– Equation 3 πΎπΎπœƒπœƒ =𝐢𝐢2 𝐴𝐴 Equation 4 where: Q∞ is the steady-state infiltration rate