The results show that intrinsic and extrinsic motivations have positive correlations with online photo sharing behavior on Facebook. No significance was found between privacy concerns and online photo sharing behavior on Facebook.
New Media: Social Media
Users of Facebook. In terms of who is using Facebook the most, global statistics shows that the majority of Facebook users worldwide are
Several previous researchers have found that photo sharing on Facebook plays an important part in the usage habits of Facebook users. Papacharissi and Mendelson's (2011) study on Facebook also found that 60 percent of college students reported having 51 or more photos in their online Facebook photo albums.
Problem Statement
Thus, this study also aims to investigate whether Malaysian Facebook users' privacy concerns influence their online photo sharing behavior. Moreover, the popularity of online photo sharing on Facebook has also led to negative implications related to posting photos on Facebook in recent years.
Significance of Study
Therefore, it is essential to understand what makes users tick as well as their online privacy concern in their online photo sharing behavior. Thus, this study will help shed light on users' privacy concerns and their actions in their online photo sharing behaviors.
Objective of Study
So far, a study on the combined motivational factors of both online photo and knowledge sharing behavior has not been done. The research aims to contribute new understanding, and also to enrich the data in this area of online photo sharing behavior on Facebook in Malaysia.
Research Questions
What is the relationship between online privacy concerns and online photo sharing behaviors on Facebook among Malaysian young adults. Are there any gender differences between Malaysian youth's online privacy concerns and online photo sharing behaviors on Facebook.
Hypotheses
H4: There is a significant relationship between online privacy concerns and young Malaysian adults' online photo sharing behavior on Facebook.
Operational Definitions
Facebook also allows users and others to post comments and like photos shared with the user's online network. In this study, the attributes of Facebook's online photo sharing behavior will be considered as follows: a) frequency of photos shared online, b) time spent sharing photos online, c) amount of information.
Chapter Summary
25 . on online photos shared, d) the degree of involvement in subsequent interactions of the online photos shared (comments and likes), e) the types of online photos shared (Hougton, Joinson, Caldwell, & Marder, 2013). The literature review will not only discuss the theories related to the study such as intrinsic and extrinsic motivations of the self-determination theory, social exchange theory and social capital theory, but also provide current and relevant literature review on online sharing and the motivations behind such. online sharing and privacy concerns.
Motivations for Online Sharing
Nov and Ye (2009) found that expected rewards, such as self-fulfillment, were positively related to the quality of shared content. These factors are similar to those examined in the current study, which examines factors such as reputation and reciprocity as motivations to encourage users to share their photos on Facebook.
Privacy Concerns in Online Sharing
In legal terms, the term "privacy" has been defined as the right of an individual to be left alone (Warren & Brandeis, 1890). In other words, having optimal control over your openness and closeness to others. With increasing privacy concerns, one would expect tighter control over one's privacy settings.
Gender studies
Lenhart and Madden (2007) also replicated the same findings in their study of adolescent use of social networking sites such as Facebook and reported that online photo sharing behavior was more popular among females compared to males. In a study of Chinese university students' use of online social networking sites, women were more likely to upload self-images and update their status (Wang, Woo, Quek, Yang, & Liu, 2012). In Fogel and Nehmad's (2009) study on risk-taking, trust, and privacy concerns on social networking sites, they found that male participants exhibited greater risk-taking attitudes and were less concerned about disclosure of identity information, whereas females were found to be more concerned about their privacy.
Theoretical Framework
Social capital theory. The social capital theory also supplements motivations in the self-determination theory and the social exchange theory
According to Nahapiet and Ghoshal (1998), social capital theory emphasizes that an individual's social capital, also known as an individual's network of relationships or social network, as well as the resources that come with it, greatly influence the extent of an individual's interpersonal communication. and to achieve goals such as knowledge sharing or other forms of sharing. Close social interactions with one's network also result in an increase in the depth, breadth, and effectiveness of mutual communication and knowledge sharing (Lane & Lubatkin, 1998). An individual's relational capital exists when members perceive an obligation and commitment to participate in the individual's network (Coleman, 1990) and also recognize and respect his or her norm of reciprocity (Putnam, 1995).
Summary in New Conceptual Framework
The fourth research question aims to investigate the relationship between users' privacy concerns and whether their concerns translate into their online photo sharing behavior on Facebook. In addition, the study will also examine privacy concerns and how this affects users' online photo sharing on Facebook (fourth research question). Research questions five and six aim to test gender differences in online photo sharing behavior and online privacy concerns on Facebook.
Introduction
Research Variables
Population Size and Sampling Technique
Using the above formula with an accuracy of 0.5, a sample size of 400 respondents was required to have a better representation of the sample population. A similar sample size is reflected in a study on photo sharing behavior on Flickr, in which a 15% randomly selected sample (400 valid respondents) was recruited (Nov et al., 2009).
Research Procedure
If the participants did not meet the criteria of this research, the survey will continue to the next part of the questionnaire. If the participants meet the preliminary criteria, the survey will continue to the next section of the questionnaire. Participants will then be asked to take the survey by asking their Facebook friends to complete the survey by posting it on their wall or sending it to their Facebook friends.
Questionnaire Design and Measurement
Commitment scale. The next part of the questionnaire measured the commitment of the participants to share photos with their online
Similarly, the scale was measured on a five-point liker scale indicating their level of agreement or disagreement with each statement (1- Strongly Disagree; 2- Disagree; 3- Neutral; 4-Agree; 5- Strongly Agree). The reliability of the scale was tested and the results showed a good level of reliability with a Cronbach alpha of 0.90. To better fit the scale for the context of this current study, the items were modified accordingly.
Data Analyses
To see which motivation has a stronger meaning in Malaysian young adults' online photo sharing on Facebook, multiple regression was used. Pearson R was used for H4 to test for the significant relationship between online privacy concerns and Malaysian young adults' online photo sharing behavior on Facebook. Next, to see if there is a significant difference between males and females in Malaysian young adults' online photo sharing on Facebook for H5, the independent T-test was used.
Validity and Reliability Test for Pilot Test
Finally, for H6, the independent T-test was used to see if there is a significant difference between men and women for concerns about online privacy and Malaysian young adults.
Chapter Summary
Users' online privacy concern will also be considered as an independent variable and to see if it affects their dependent variable on their online photo sharing behaviors on Facebook. SPSS was used to perform statistical analysis and manage the data collected from the respondents, and test such as Pearson R, multiple regression and independent T-test were used to test the hypotheses. Multiple regression analysis was also used to determine the strength of motivations in online photo sharing behavior.
Demographic Profile of Respondents
After discussing the methodology in the previous chapter, this chapter will provide a detailed analysis and answer the hypothesis of this current study. Correlations of key variables were tested for significance to determine how the independent variables related to the dependent variable. A small percentage of participants were at the lower and upper end of the spectrum, with only 7.1% of participants achieving SPM education level, where otherwise 4% had a master's degree.
Facebook Usage
Regarding events, 37.7% of respondents said they would often share event photos on Facebook, while 35.1% said sometimes. For landscape photos, 37.7% of respondents said they would sometimes share landscape photos, and 24.6% said often. For photos on objects, 37.9% of respondents said they would sometimes share photos of objects, while 22.5%.
Hypothesis Testing
For hypothesis six, which states that there is a significant difference between men and women regarding online privacy.
Hypothesis six. For Hypothesis six in which it states that there is a significant difference between males and females for online privacy concern
H1: There is a significant relationship between intrinsic motivation and young Malaysian adults' online photo sharing behavior on Facebook. H4: There is a significant relationship between privacy concerns and young Malaysian adults' online photo sharing behavior on Facebook. H5: There is a significant difference between males and females in young Malaysian adults' online image sharing on Facebook.
Findings
Hypothesis four. Research Question four aims to investigate the relationship between Malaysian young adults’ online privacy concern and if
The results showed that there was no significant correlation between online photo sharing and online privacy concerns. Research questions five look at the gender differences in the behavior of Malaysian young adults when sharing photos online on Facebook. Hypothesis five states that there is no significant difference between males and females in online photo sharing by Malaysian young adults on Facebook.
Hypothesis six. Research question six looks at the relationship between gender differences in online privacy concern in Malaysian young
In light of this, in this current study, males were found to exhibit more anxiety, possibly due to the demographics of the male participants in this study consisting primarily of participants who have a bachelor's degree. Thus, perhaps the men in this study have higher online self-efficacy and are better equipped in technical privacy skills, thus exhibiting higher levels of concern about their online privacy. Thus, these reasons may result in the discrepancy found in this study and other studies.
Limitations and Recommendations
Future research could focus on other areas of online photo sharing, such as analyzing the concept of selfies, the content itself, or looking at specific interest groups that may differ in their reasons for sharing photos. Future research may provide different findings as users of other social networking sites that are visual in nature such as Pinterest, Tumblr, Instagram as well as other platforms such as Twitter, MySpace and LinkedIn. Some social networking sites can be used for different reasons, such as to target professional business contacts like on LinkedIn, and would probably attract different types of users as well as different motivations behind the behaviors of online exchange users.
Implications of Study
4 I will feel a loss if I can no longer share my photos with my friends on Facebook. 7 Sharing my photos online with my friends on Facebook gives me a way to develop my skills. 19 When I share my photos with my friends on Facebook, I expect others to share photos with me when I'm on Facebook.
