BODY POSTURE MONITORING SYSTEM

BODY POSTURE MONITORING SYSTEM

RHONDA ASHLEY ANAK JABAN

Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) in Electronics (Telecommunications)

2017

This Final Year Project Thesis

Title : BODY POSTURE MONITORING SYSTEM

Student Name : RHONDA ASHLEY ANAK JABAN

Matric No : 43820

Has been read and approved by:

___________________________________________ ____________

NUR ALIA ATHIRAH BINTI HAJI MOHTADZAR Date (Supervisor)

BODY POSTURE MONITORING SYSTEM

RHONDA ASHLEY ANAK JABAN (43820)

This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering with Honours in Electronics (Telecommunications)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA SARAWAK

2017

DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to my family who have raised me to be a wonderful person I am today. I also dedicated this to my lovely friends for all the encouragement and

motivation.

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

Grade: _ __

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Final Year Project. Report

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DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK

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Student's Declaration:

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--- (PLEASE INDICATE THE DEGREE), and t.he aforementioned work, to the best. of my knowledge, is the said student's work.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, thanks to God for showering His blessing and grace upon me throughout the completion of this project. I dedicated this page to express my appreciation to several individual that help me through this project. It is almost impossible to complete this thesis alone, but with the support from them it made my thesis successfully done.

My deep appreciation and thank you to my honourable supervisor, Mdm. Nur Alia Athirah binti Haji Mohtadzar for her support, guidance and encouragement. Without her patience on guiding me, her encouragement criticizes toward my task, as well as her useful suggestions and comments, I couldn’t end up with a better and quality project.

To my dear colleagues and friends, I would like to thank each one of you for being my motivation model as well as supporting me. Thanks also for always being by my side giving opinion and sharing knowledge.

Last but not least, with lots of love, I would like to thank my parents and siblings for their continuous support in many ways. They are my role inspiration and motivation for me not to ever give up in completing this thesis.

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ABSTRAK

Tajuk projek ini ialah Body Posture Monitoring System. Projek ini melibatkan kedua-dua pembinaan barang-barang dan juga perisian untuk menjayakan projek ini.

Projek ini melibatkan Kejuruteraan Perubatan yang berkaitan dengan kesihatan manusia.

Projek ini berhubung-kait dengan alat yang mudah dipakai untuk memberitahu tentang postur badan pengguna ketika mereka berdiri dan duduk. Projek ini terbahagi kepadadua bahagian iaitu modul belakang yang mengandungi sensor dan bahagian pergelangan tangan yang mengandungi LED dand LCD. Dengan litar yang direka, alat ini hanya akan memberi isyarat cahay apabila pengguna telah mencapai tahap parameter yang telah disetkan dalam perisian yang telah dibina. Namun, isyarat lampu tidak akan mengganggu rutin harian pengguna kerana ia hanya berlaku dalam jangka masa yang pendek sahaja.

Tambahan pula, dengan teknologi Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) yang digunakan di dalm projek ini, pengguna boleh memantau tahap kesihatan postur badan mereka. Secara kesimpulannya, alat ini boleh mengurangkan risiko pengguna daripada menghadapi masalah kesan negatif daripada postur badan yang kurang sihat dan mereka boleh menikmati hidup yang sihat.

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ABSTRACT

This project title is Body Posture Monitoring System. It involves both of the hardware and software construction to make this project complete successfully. This project involves Medical in Engineering field which related to the human health. This involves the wearable device to give alertness to user about their posture especially when sitting and standing. This device consists of two part which is the back module that contain sensor and wrist module that contain LED and Liquid Crystal Display (LCD).

With the implemented circuit design, this device will produce light only at certain danger parameter which has been set in the software part. Nevertheless, the light will not interrupt the user daily activity because it happens only in a short while. Furthermore, with the implement (LCD) screen technology, the user can monitor his postural rate. In conclusion, user can decrease the risk of having the bad effect of poor body posture and can enjoy their healthy body posture.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement i

Abstrak ii

Abstract iii

Table of Contents iv

List of Tables vii

List of Figures viii

List of Abbreviations xi

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Project Overview 1

1.2 Problem Statement 3

1.3 Project Motivation 3

1.4 Project Objectives 3

1.5 Project Outlines 4

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Engineering in Medical Field 6

2.2 Postural Problem 6

2.2.1 Orthogonal Axis of Human Body 8

2.2.2 Sitting and Standing Posture 8

2.3 The Importance of Good Posture for Healthy Life 9

v

2.4 Wireless Body Area Network for Medical Application (WBAN)

10

2.5 Hardware 10

2.5.1 Arduino Uno (R3) 10

2.5.2 ADXL 345 Accelerometer 13

2.5.2.1 How Accelerometer Works 17

2.5.2.2 Accelerometer Sensor Based Approach for Human Activity

17

2.5.3 Resistor 18

2.5.4 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 19

2.5.4.1 LCD Working Principle 20

2.5.4.2 16x2 LCD 21

2.5.5 Light Emitting Diode (LED) 22

2.6 Software 25

2.6.1 Arduino Uno IDE 25

2.6.2 Fritzing Software 26

Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY 29

3.1 Project Timeline 29

3.1.1 Gantt Chart for FYP 1 29

3.1.2 Gantt chart for FYP 2 30

3.2 Project Workflow 31

3.3 Project Flowchart 31

3.3.1 Overall Project Flow 32

3.3.2 Flowchart On How The device Work 33

vi

3.4 System Architecture 34

3.5 Soldering Electronic Components 35

3.6 Circuit Testing using Breadboard 35

3.7 Accelerometer Testing 39

3.8 Coding Testing 41

Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 43

4.1 Programming (Source Code) 43

4.2 Troubleshooting 47

4.3 Soldering Result 49

4.4 LCD Output 50

4.5 Circuit Diagram 51

4.6 Circuit Testing on Human Replica 53

4.7 Discussion 53

Chapter 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 59

5.1 Conclusion 59

5.2 Future Work Recommendation 60

REFERENCES 63

APPENDIX 66

APPENDIX A APPENDIX B

vii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 : Pin Description of Arduino Uno 11

Table 2.2 : Pin Function of ADXL 345 Description 15

Table 2.3 : Resistor Colour Code 18

Table 2.4 : Pin Description of 16x2 LCD 22

Table 2.5 : Functions of LED 22

Table 2.6 : Description part of Arduino Software 26

Table 4.1 : Troubleshooting of Project 47

Table 4.2 : Result of Angle Testing with User 56

Table 4.3 : Result of Angle Testing with Walking Condition 58

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 : Bad Sitting Posture 2

Figure 1.2 : Backbone of Human 2

Figure 2.1 : Scoliosis 7

Figure 2.2 : Lumbar Lordosis 7

Figure 2.3 : Triple Axis in Human Sitting Posture 8

Figure 2.4 : Triple Axis in Human standing Posture 8 Figure 2.5 : Poor Standing Posture (a) Poor Sitting Posture (b) 8

Figure 2.6 : Arduino Uno R3 11

Figure 2.7 : ADXL345 Accelerometer 14

Figure 2.8 : ADXL 345 Top View 14

Figure 2.9 : Internal View of ADXL 345 16

Figure 2.10 : Axis of Measurement for a Triple Axis Accelerometer 17

Figure 2.11 : Resistor and its Symbol 18

Figure 2.12 : Working Principle of LCD 20

Figure 2.13 : 16x2 LCD 21

Figure 2.14 : 16x2 LCD Pin Diagram 21

Figure 2.15 : Diagram of LED 23

Figure 2.16 : Schematic Anode and Cathode of an LED 23

Figure 2.17 : Anode and Cathode of an LED 24

Figure 2.18 : Arduino Uno Software 25

Figure 2.19 : Breadboard and Schematic Part in Fritzing Software 27

Figure 2.20 : Fritzing Software Icon 27

Figure 2.21 : Fritzing Parts 28

Figure 3.1 : Gantt Chart for FYP 1 29

Figure 3.2 : Gantt Chart for FYP 2 30

Figure 3.3 : Overall Project Flowchart 32

Figure 3.4 : Device Flowchart 33

Figure 3.5 : Electronic Components Connected to Arduino Uno 34 Figure 3.6 : Soldering Connecting pin to the Accelerometer

(ADXL345)

35

ix

Figure 3.7 : Soldering Back Module 36

Figure 3.8 : Soldering Wrist Module 36

Figure 3.9 : The Figure Shows how the Full Circuit Connection on the Breadboard

37

Figure 3.10 : Wrist Module on Breadboard 38

Figure 3.11 : Back Module on Breadboard 39

Figure 3.12 : Breadboard Circuit Diagram on Fritzing Software 39 Figure 3.13 : Testing Accelerometer on Real Breadboard 40

Figure 3.14 : Schematic diagrams of Figure 3.12 40

Figure 3.15 : a) Void Setup b) Void Loop c) Void One 42

Figure 4.1 : Declaration Part 43

Figure 4.2 : Sensor Declaration 44

Figure 4.3 : Void Setup Function 44

Figure 4.4 : Void Loop Function 45

Figure 4.5 : Body Posture Range Setting 46

Figure 4.6 : Done Compiled Coding 46

Figure 4.7 : The Back of PCB (back module) after Soldering 49 Figure 4.8 : The Back of PCB (wrist module) after Soldering 49

Figure 4.9 : Green Light Output on LCD Screen 50

Figure 4.10 : Red Light Output on LCD Screen 50

Figure 4.11 : Full Circuit Diagram 51

Figure 4.12 : Wrist Module Diagram 51

Figure 4.13 : Back Module Diagram 52

Figure 4.14 : Back Module in a Casing 52

Figure 4.15 : a) Circuit Testing on Human Replica with Good Posture (More than 60 Degree) and b) Circuit Testing on Human Replica with Bad Posture (Less than 60 Degree

53

Figure 4.16 : The Back Module is Positioned More than 60 Degree 54 Figure 4.17 : The Back Module is Positioned Less than 60 Degree 54 Figure 4.18 : a) User A in Good Sitting Posture (Green Light Turns

on) and b) User A in Bad Sitting Posture (Red Light Turns On)

55

x

Figure 4.19 : a) User B in Good Sitting Posture (Green Light Turns on) and b) User B in Bad Sitting Posture (Red Light Turns On)

56

Figure 4.20 : a) User in Good Walking Posture (Green Light Turns on) and b) User in Bad Walking Posture (Red Light Turns On)

57

Figure 5.1 : Transmitter and Receiver Module 60

Figure 5.2 : Android Operating System Smartphone 61

Figure 5.3 : IOs Operating System Smartphone 61

Figure 5.4 : MIT Apps Inventor 62

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION

Term Meaning

DC Direct Current

BAN Body Area Network

WBAN Wireless Body Area Network

IDE Integrated Development Environment

LCD Liquid Crystal Display

LED Light Emitting Diode

FIFO First In First Out

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Overview

Nowadays, ones are too focus on their daily routines makes them forgot on the importance of having a good body posture. In this project, the posture that is mainly concern is sitting and standing. Posture is the position of our bodies adopt in response to the effects of gravity [1]. In a perspective, different postures are required to do different tasks. For example, an office worker needs to sit for a long time in front of the desktop [2]. The back pain occurs in the spinal column which functions for load bearing, permits movement and protects spinal cord [3]. Bad posture leads to degenerates and the space for the nerve roots is reduced that causes the chronic back pain [3].

In this project, body posture alertness and monitoring system is applied. Alertness is necessary to make the user more careful about their posture when doing works. This device will produce light which is command by Arduino Uno when user reached the set parameters of the postural angle. Thus, the user will know when the red light on, they need to adjust their current posture to a normal posture. The light wills not disrupt the user activity.

The monitoring system is using the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology.

LCD technology is chosen because it is simple to use, low power consumption, low interference and has standardized protocol.

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Figure 1.1: Bad Sitting Posture [2]

Figure 1.2: Backbone of Human [3]

3 1.2 Problem Statement

Due to the trend of advancement of technology, human nowadays are more attracted to gadget such as I-Pad, smartphone and laptop. Many of the workers and students nowadays spend most of their time doing their work in front of the laptop. After a while, doing their work without a proper posture, they will experience bad implication such as chronic back pain, headache and misalignment in the spine due to the poor siting posture.

In the market today, there are many existing type of wearable device to correct body posture. Mostly exist device is running consequently and consume high power.

Nevertheless, there are wearable device that user need to wear for a long time and it takes time to correct body posture.

Hence, the body posture monitoring system demanded to increase user alertness and only trigger if user achieve certain danger angle of posture. This device consumes low power and user can monitor the rate of their postural problem using their smartphone.

1.3 Project Motivation

Emerging medical research on body posture with electronic engineering knowledge is quite challenging to me. But, for a future engineer it is the best to experience some skills and knowledge in a wide range of knowledge not only exposed to engineering knowledge. Thus, doing final year project involving medical research on body posture and electronic engineering knowledge is an interesting opportunity for me to broadening my skills and knowledge.

1.4 Project Objectives

 To study the concept and application of triple axis accelerometer (ADXL345).

 To design a system to monitor body posture angle by using accelerometer.

 To develop coding using Arduino Uno for the system.

4 1.5 Project Outlines

This report is divided into five chapters which are introduction, literature review, methodology, result and discussion and the final part is the conclusion and recommendations.

Chapter 1:

This chapter explains an introduction for the project of Body Posture Monitoring System. This part explains the importance of having good body posture is vital for a healthy life and this project makes one can monitor their body posture in their daily activities. Besides, this chapter also gives information on the statistics of the effect of poor sitting posture that leads to back pain in American. This chapter mainly contain project overview, objectives, problem statement and scope of the project. Overall, this chapter explains briefly on the project progressing. Furthermore, the project outline provides information which is delivered via each chapter.

Chapter 2:

Chapter 2 presents the literature review which emphasize on each components use in this project. The more details about the importance of body posture alertness is explains in this part. This chapter also contains the fundamental and characteristics of both accelerometer and Arduino Uno R3. This part also presents the past review by researchers or engineers based on the related topics to the project.

Chapter 3:

This chapter describes about methodology. The explanations are about both the software and hardware progress. This part relates on how the project progress step by step in order to get analysis and solution for the project.

Chapter 4:

Chapter 4 contains the results and discussion which clearly and precisely present the data and result of the project. Basically, it is a part of result outcomes justification and discussion.

5 Chapter 5:

This chapter presents the conclusion and recommendations of the project. This part highlights the summary of the project that contains discussion of the objectives. It also contains description of the methods employed within the project, and problem accesses include the resolving, minimizing and alternate solution. Lastly, recommendation provided on how to improve and approach the project.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Engineering in Medical Field

In advancement of technology, engineering and medical field are now converging and rapidly expanding which known as biomedical engineering. The technical knowledge in engineering which is needed to solve much kind of health problems is vital for patients.

The technical knowledge in engineering that lead to development of many devices for monitoring, scanning, treatment and diagnostic disease is among the application of engineering in medical field. This device use sensor to detect the parameter of each disease in a patient.

In this project, accelerometer sensor is selected to monitor and corrected the postural problem of a patient. This device uses the principle of Body Area Network (BAN) a wireless network which attached to the human body. The device is wearable and the postural information can be monitor through the LCD.

2.2 Postural Problem

Currently, there are many cases related to poor body posture especially the back part of human regardless of the human age. When ones are too focus on their daily life they are tends to ignore their postural posture that will lead to poor body posture that may lead to other complications such as back pain, headache and losing focus.

There are some causes of poor body posture such as hereditary, poor fitness, lack of knowledge in health information and bad habits. Among the type of poor postural related to the back part is scoliosis. This condition characterized by a curve spine. The next type is lumbar lordosis the most common condition occurs in human and characterized by “sway back” posture which results from weak abdominals and short hip flexous. [4]. Thus, in order to get a good posture, body posture monitoring is very important to human.

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Figure 2.1: Scoliosis [4]

Figure 2.2: Lumbar Lordosis [4]