Bonding characteristics of Self Compacting Geopolymer Concrete through Pull Out Test
by
Amatillah Sakinah binti Abd Rahain
Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) (Civil Engineering)
SEPTEMBER 2011
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar
31750 Tronoh Perak Darul Ridzuan
Approved by,
CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL
Bonding characteristics of Self Compacting Geopolymer Concrete through Pull Out Test
By
Amatillah Sakinah binti Abd Rahain
A project dissertation submitted to the Civil Engineering Programme Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (Hons) (CIVIL ENGINEERING)
(Prof Ir. Dr. Muhd Fadhil bin Nuruddin)
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS TRONOH, PERAK
September 2011
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CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that I am responsible for the work submitted in this project, that the original work is my own except as specified in the references and acknowledgements, and that the original work contained herein have not been undertaken or done by unspecified sources or persons.
AMATILLAH SAKINAH BINTI ABD RAHAIN
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ABSTRACT
Geopolymer concrete has been recognized as an alternative to replace Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete (OPC) in term of many aspects such as cost saving and environmental friendly material. Fly ash is one of the most utilized waste materials to replace OPC as the binder in the concrete. Fly ash from the combustion of coal in electrical power plant had also been identified as a contributor to the environmental problem if they are not disposed properly. In this research, fly ash was used as the main ingredient to produce geopolymer concrete which obtained from Manjung Power station. Super Plasticizer was added to improve the self-compatibility properties of geopolymer concrete. Thus, this material is called as Self Compacting Geopolymer Concrete (SCGC). This concrete has the ability to be self-compacted without the need of vibration and compaction process. This research is dedicated to investigate the bonding characteristic of Self Compacting Geopolymer Concrete through Pull Out Test. There are two types of steel bars used which are ribbed bars and normal bars. Besides, the molarity of sodium hydroxide in alkaline activating solution also varied. There were four molarity used namely 8M, 10M, 12M and 14M.
Besides that, the curing regime that applied was external curing. Each sample was tested at 14 days and 28 days. Pull out test for each sample was done in the laboratory using Universal Testing Machine (UTM). As for the result, it eventually found that out of the molarity used, the highest bond strength occurred when molarity of sodium hydroxide is 12M. On the other hand, between ribbed and round steel bar used, bond strength it at its highest for sample that utilized ribbed bars. Lastly, from the observation comparing curing ages, the highest bond strength happened at samples that have been cured for 28 days compared to 14 days.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the Most Gracious
First and foremost, all praise to Allah, the Most Powerful, that gave the strength to the author to accomplish this project within the allocated time. The author would like to express her highest gratitude to Prof Ir Dr Muhd Fadhil Nuruddin, the dedicated supervisor for giving her the valuable guidance and knowledge throughout this research.
Special thanks extended to the author's family, especially her parents, Mr Abd Rahain bin Abd Karim and Madam Asma binti Zainudin for each and every word of motivation and prayers.
Special thank also goes to the following lists who involved directly in completing this project.
Without the help and support from them, it would be impossible for the author to complete the project smoothly.
• Mr. Muhammad Hafiz b Baharun@Baharuddin and Mr. Johan Ariff bin Mohamed Laboratory Technologists UTP Concrete Laboratory
• Mr Fareed Ahmed Memon, Ms Nurul Syazwani Mohamed, Mr Andri Kusbiantoro, Postgraduate Students of Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
• Nur Fatin Hilmi, M Hafiz Izhar, M Zulfaheem Suhaimi , Augustine Lenan, M Amiruddin Mat Rifin, M Nasuha Alias and M Farid Haron
The helpful and loyal friends of the author
Lastly, the author would like to take this golden opportunity to thank all her members, UTP staffs, her sponsor, PETRONAS and others for the moral and financial supports throughout the time.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL ...
H
CERTIFICATION 0 F ORIG INALITY ... J!!.
ABSTRACT ... JY.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... Y.
TABLE 0 F C 0 NTENT ... -... . ...
Y.!
LIST 0 F FIGURES ... Y.!!.!
LIST OF TABLES ...
..!!
CHAPTER 1: INTRO D U CTI 0 N ...
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1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT -··-··-··- ·-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··- ... ____
J
1.2 OBJECTIVES __________________________________________________ _
5
1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY__ _____________ _ _ ______________ ---~
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ... 7..
2.1 GEOPOL YMER _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ ____ __ _ _ _ __________ _ _ _ ____ ___ _}
2.2 SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE ... ____ -··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··--- ________ j_~
2.3 BONDING OF REINFORCED BAR AND CONCRETE ... J2 CHAPTER 3: ME THO DO LOGY ... 24
3.1 MATERIALS ________________________________________________ ___ )A
3.2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE ___ , ___ ,________ _ _____________ 26
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3.3 CONCRETE MIXTURE PROPORTION
---11
3 .4 TESTING -··-··-··-·-·-·- ________ -·-··-··-··- .... ______ --·-··-··-··-··-····-··-· ·-·- ___ -·-··-··-··-··-··-12 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ... 34 4.1 PULL OUT TEST FOR SCGC _____________________________________ }4 4.3 DIFFERENCE OF BOND STRENGTH BETWEEN OPC AND SCGC ___ :1}CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ... 43 REFERENCES ... 45 APPENDIX ... 49
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: Comparison of OPC and geopolymer concrete in term of strength ... ?..
Figure 2.2: Comparison of compressive strengths of of geopolymer pastes at age of 60 days ... ..!.~
Figure 2.3: Frictional model for bond ... ~.Q.
Figure 2.4: Methods to conduct pull out test ... 1~.
Figure 3 .1: Steps in making SCGC ... 1§
Figure 3 .2: Sieving of the aggregate ...
'J.7
Figure 3 . 3 : Preparation of the aggregate ...
'J.:1.
Figure 3. 4: Mould opening ... ~!!
Figure 3 . 5 : External expo sure curinK ... 1~.
Figure 3.6: Method selected for pull out tests ... ~~
Figure 3. 7: Universal Testing Machine (UTM) ... ~~
Figure 3. 8: Sample attached to Universal Testing Machine (UTM) ... ~~
Figure 4.1: Effect of Molarity (M) ofNaOH on bond strength of round steel bar sample ... ~§.
Figure 4.2: Effect of Molarity (M) ofNaOH on bond strength of ribbed steel bar sample ... ~.7.
Figure 4.3: Effect ofMolarity (M) ofNaOH on different types of steel bar for 28 days of
concrete age ... ~2 Figure 4.4: Difference in physical appearance between round bar and ribbed bar ... ~9.
Figure 4.5: Effect of Molarity (M) ofNaOH on compressive strength ...
:H
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1: Summary of weight for each ingredient ... J.~
Table 3.1: Chemical composition of fly ash as determined by XRF ... ~~
Table 3.2: Mix design for Self Compacted Geopolymer Concrete ...
:H
Table 4.1: Summary of results for bond strength ... ~.;;
Table 4.2: Difference of ultimate bond stress with variation of water/cement ratio ... 4~
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