Characterization of Chicken Eggshells Waste as Oil Adsorbent by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Electron Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): A Review

(1)

Asian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences e-ISSN: 2716-5957 | Vol. 1, No. 4, 10-12, 2020 http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ajfas

10

Characterization of Chicken Eggshells Waste as Oil Adsorbent by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Electron Dispersion

Spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): A Review

Noradriana Izzaty Hasrin, Siti Amira Othman

Faculty of Applied Physics and Technology, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh Educational Hub, Panchor, 84600 Pagoh, Muar, Johor

*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Accepted: 1 January 2021 | Published: 15 January 2021

________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract: Nowadays, petroleum products and their derivative constitute have received high demand in order to meet this modern world necessity in the context of advanced and growing industrialization. Somehow, they also have become one of the major sources that causes pollution to the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere when oil spills accidents occurred. Therefore, various methods have been developed to resolve this problem such as adsorption. Chicken eggshells waste is one of the natural materials that is being used as adsorbent that is effective and low-cost material. In this review paper, the chicken eggshells are characterized in the form of powder by using three instruments which are Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Electron Dispersion Spectroscope (EDS), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). This technique is used in order to observe the porosity and surface areas and also the chemical compositions and functional groups in the chicken eggshells.

Keywords: Chicken Eggshells, Adsorbent, Scanning Electron Microscope, Electron Dispersion Spectroscope, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

__________________________________________________________________________

Introduction

This paper aims to investigate the morphology and chemical properties of powdered chicken eggshells by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Electron Dispersion Spectroscope (EDS), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). SEM was used to observe the surface morphology of the eggshell powder for the presence of pores that allowed the adsorption process to take place and EDS was used to identify the chemical composition of the eggshells powder. Meanwhile, FTIR was used to identify the functional groups that presence on the eggshells powder surface which determine its sorption capacity [1].

An oil spill is the release of petroleum hydrocarbons into environment especially the marine ecosystem where it is accidentally or intentionally done by a human. It can be transported through wind and current and the disperse oil will either evaporates or forming a slippery surface. It also will spread or engulf in water and accumulate in the sediments [2]. Oil removal by adsorbents is one of the methods that can resolved this problem as it is economical and efficient methods for combating oil spills [1]. Chicken eggshells is one of the most environmentally friendly and cost-effective adsorbents that helps to restrain heavy metals, fluoride, phenol, and petrol from contaminated soil and water. This is due to the high

(2)

11

concentration of Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3 in the chicken eggshells [3]. Eggshell is a solid waste that is being produced in high amount daily as many people consumed it. The transportation of these wastes to the landfill required a high management cost, therefore, it is economical to modify the eggshells into an adsorbent [4].

Literature Review

Chicken Eggshells

Chicken eggs is the secondary diet product that is consumed by many people worldwide [3]. It has been used as a major ingredient in a large variety of products such as cakes, salad dressings, and also in fast foods. It is reported that there are 250,00 tons of utilization of these chicken eggs worldwide and the amount is gradually increasing [4]. The chicken eggshells which is considered as wastes are disposed in landfills which required a high disposal cost [3].

Therefore, in order to decrease the amount of chicken eggshells waste, the eggshells are modified into an adsorbent of dissolved and dispersed oils from oil contaminated water [1].

Scanning Electron Microscope

Scanning Electron Microscope or SEM is used to characterize the surface morphology of the chicken eggshells powder by using a high magnification. The purpose for observing the surface morphology of the chicken eggshells powder was because the presence of pores in the chicken eggshells powder plays an important role as it will allowed the adsorption process to take place in a substance [1]. These adsorption process has studied extensively where exposure of a porous solid to an adsorbate will created a concentration of adsorbate at the surface within molecular or atomic distance [5]. Thus, it can separate the contaminated oil from the water.

Electron Dispersion Spectroscope

Electron Dispersion Spectroscope or EDS is used to characterize the chemical compositions that were available on the surface of the chicken eggshells powder [1]. It is important to know the elemental in an adsorbent in order to identify the substance that will adsorb the adsorbate.

Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy or FTIR is used to characterize the functional groups that were presents in the chicken eggshells powder surface [1]. The chemical structure of the adsorbents is one of the importance of understanding the process of adsorption. It is also strongly affected by the adsorption capacity of adsorbents. In this review paper, different type and a high amount of the active functional groups present on the surface of chicken eggshells powder to determine its high sorption and capacity [5].

Research Methodology

Sampling Preparation

The chicken eggshells waste is crushed and washed with water several times to remove the unwanted impurities. Then, it needs to be dried under the Sun. The dried chicken eggshells waste will be further ground by using mortar and pestle to convert the eggshells to the form of powder. The eggshells powder will be sieve through 212-63 microns sieve in order to classify the eggshells powder into different sizes. After that, the eggshells powder needs to be washed with distilled water until there is negligible impurities remained in the powder-water mixture.

The washed eggshells powder is then dried in an oven for 24 hours at the temperature of 70 ^oC.

The powdered eggshells are obtained after the process and it is stored at room temperature in airtight sealed plastic containers [1].

(3)

12

Sampling Characterization

The characterization of the eggshells powder was using three equipment which are Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Electron Dispersion Spectroscope (EDS), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The porosity of the chicken eggshells powder is observed by using SEM as it is used to observe the surface morphology of the sample. Next, the chemical composition in the eggshells powder is identified by using EDS as it is important to know the elemental in an adsorbent in order to identify the substance that will adsorb the adsorbate. The chicken eggshells powder is further characterized by using FTIR to identify the functional groups that determine the sorption capacity [1].

Conclusion

Chicken eggshells have high potential to be used as an environmentally friendly and cost- effective adsorbent for removal of oil from water as it is mainly rich in calcium carbonate. This is shown by the elemental analysis of chicken eggshells powder by using Electron Dispersion Spectroscope (EDS). The data obtained from the EDS data analysis revealed that the chicken eggshells contains calcium, carbon and oxygen in proportions of 37.4, 48.5 and 14.1 atomic percent respectively [1].

Chicken eggshells have a porous surface that will allow the adsorption processes on its surface.

It has a complex poly structure for its pores because it is a semi-permeable biological membrane that allowed certain substance to pass through. The surface morphology of chicken eggshells powder is observed to be consisted of pores from 8-17 μm in diameter and which is composed of interlaced protein fibers with an average diameter of about 2 μm. There are many functional groups that presence in the chicken eggshells when it is observed by using Fourier- Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) such as C–OH stretching, aliphatic C-H stretch, C-C ring vibrations, and C=C stretch that determine the chicken eggshells powder high sorption capacity [1].

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank the Applied Physics Programme, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia for facilities provided and gratefully acknowledged the financial support a research grant (H074) that make the research possible.

References

[1] I. Misau, U. El-nafaty, S. Abdulsalam, and Y. M. Isa, “Removal of Oil from Oil Produced Water Using Eggshell,” no. January, 2012.

[2] S. Kalliola and B. Doshi, “A review of bio-based materials for oil spill treatment,” vol. 135, pp. 262–277, 2018.

[3] C. Yun and X. Ping, “Chicken Eggshell as a Potential Eco-friendly , Low-cost Sorbent : A Mini Review,” vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 29–39, 2018.

[4] H. Faridi and A. Arabhosseini, “Application of eggshell wastes as valuable and utilizable products: A review,” Res. Agric. Eng., vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 104–114, 2018.

[5] Tizo, M. S., Blanco, L. A. V., Cagas, A. C. Q., Dela Cruz, B. R. B., Encoy, J. C., Gunting, J. V., … Mabayo, V. I. F. (2018). Efficiency of calcium carbonate from eggshells as an adsorbent for cadmium removal in aqueous solution. Sustainable Environment Research, 28(6), 326–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.serj.2018.09.002