International Journal of Engineering Advanced Research eISSN: 2710-7167 | Vol. 4 No. 3 [September 2022]
Journal website: http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijear
COMPOSITION PERCENTAGE AND FIBRE ORIENTATION IMPACT ON THE PARTICLE BOARD'S PROPERTIES
Nor Hafizah Adnan1* and Nor Shafizah Amil2
1 2 Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Article Information:
Article history:
Received date : 8 August 2022 Revised date : 25 August 2022 Accepted date : 5 September 2022 Published date : 25 September 2022
To cite this document:
Adnan, N. H., & Amil, N. S. (2022). COMPOSITION PERCENTAGE AND FIBRE ORIENTATION IMPACT ON THE PARTICLE BOARD'S PROPERTIES. International Journal of Engineering Advanced Research, 4(3), 119-131.
Abstract: Lack of wood as a natural substance has constrained wood-based industries to find another option for local raw materials. The utilization of natural source is increase in hundred years to safe the green ecological.
Thus, the utilization of natural fibre is highly suggested for modern purpose. Banana plant, an old species is grown wherever all through the world. All kinds of banana plants have fibres in abundance. Banana fibre has the probability to be used for make home furnishing items, home decorative items, paper, and handiworks. In this study, banana fibres are used as reinforcement in epoxy resins to produce new particle board. The objective of this study is to investigate the strength of new particle board made from banana fibre. Mechanical tests on the banana fibre particle board include bending (flexural) and tensile tests.
This experiment used a Two-Level Factor Design to collect information about the interactions between parameters. It was well understood how interactions between the various factors affect how particle board specimens was obtained.
The mixture with 50% banana fibre and a 0° orientation has the best mechanical characteristics in terms of tensile strength. The composition with 40% banana fibre and a 0- degree orientation, however, exhibits the highest flexural stress. Tensile strength and flexural stress were significantly correlated with fibre orientation and composition percentage, according to the results of this study. A few ideas were proposed for the further research.
Keywords: banana fibre, tensile strength, flexural stress, fibre orientation, composition percentage.
1. Introduction
Presently, developed countries are quickly increasing their usage of particle board composed of fibre reinforced composites. Natural plant materials such as banana, kenaf, sisal, hemp, flax, cotton, jute, sisal, pineapple, ramie, and bamboo have been utilized for a very long time as a source of lignocellulosic fibres, and are more frequently used as the reinforcement of composites. They are usually low-cost fibres with low density with high specific properties (Santosha et al., 2018).
Since Malaysia considers banana tree fibre to be one of its renewable resources, it is worth to use, and demand for items made from banana stem fibre will rise in the future. The exploitation of waste banana pseudo stems into products could significantly benefit the environment and increase its economic value (Maskey et al, 2020). Banana pseudo-stem fibres is characterised as bast fibres and is renowned as good source of fibre not only in Malaysia, but also in Philipinnes, Indonesia, India, Nepal, Paraguay and Japan (Ramdhonee and Jeetah, 2017). The banana pseudo-stem is also used as pulp and paper, fibre for textile products and filler for structural reinforcement in composites material (Subagyo and Chafidz, 2018).
The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of composition percentage and fibre orientation and to tensile strength and flexure strength of banana fibre particle board.
2. Literature Review
Banana fibers are generally developed in many ways and products which one of them can be produced as a paper and furniture. Giri et al. (2018) states that banana farming generated huge quantities of biomass all of which goes as waste due to non-availability of suitable technology for its commercial utilization. Improved processes have made it possible to utilize banana fibers for manufacture of paper, currency, ropes, cordages, gunny bags, handicrafts etc. Banana pseudo-stem fibres were usually combined with other materials as matrices, generally to increase the strength of the composite materials (Ruznan et al., 2020).
Natural fibers become the main role player in the sustainable development, especially amongst manufacturing industries until the natural fibers such as Kenaf, jute, sisal, hemp and bamboo are utilized and are sought for their potential within the manufacturing industry (Edynoor et al., 2017).
Natural fiber also is considerably lower in cost and weight and there are also the environmental and societal benefits from natural fiber as shown in previous study (Azmi et al., 2017).
Some important studies have been reported concerning the reinforcement of solid wood and wood- based panels, such as particleboard, fiberboard, and plywood. Natural fiber reinforced materials are proposed as a new material class and referred to as natural fiber composites (NFCs). These are characterized by lightness and reduced environmental impact (Baley et al., 2020). Kramar and Kral (2019) states that the application of the fiber in wood‐based composites is normally located at the surface due to the improvement for tensile strength compared to native wood under load barring induced static bending.
A tensile test which also known as tension test is the most fundamental type of mechanical test that are being perform on material. According to Ghani et al. (2017), the tensile test is one of the mechanical testing that evaluating fundamental properties of engineering materials as well as in developing new materials and in controlling the quality of materials.
Flexural strength is the ability of a material to withstand the loads from the outside so that the maximum bending and break. In dynamic mechanical analysis, Jordan et al. (2017) has made an investigation on banana fiber reinforced polyester composites and found that the optimum content of banana fiber is 40%.
2.1 Problem Statement
Along with the development of the furniture sector, there is a clear increase in the demand for wood-based panels (particleboards and fibreboards) (Grzegorzewska et al, 2020). Particle board furniture is weaker than other types of engineered wood, like plywood, and is less dense and susceptible to damage when handled.
Banana is the second most consumed fruit in Malaysia. In order to supply Malaysia's need for bananas, an estimated 10 million banana trees must be cut down year. After harvesting banana bunches from trees over attract of land, a large amount of biomass remains, because each banana plant cannot be used for next harvest. The bare pseudo stem is normally felled and usually abandoned in the soil plantation to become organic waste and cause environmental pollution.
(Yadav et al., 2016).
Shittu et al. (2019) states that the extraction of timber has the potential to lead to deforestation, which is becoming the main problem for the less-developed and forest industry-practicing countries. The main issue is to encourage the use of biodegradable materials in composite manufacture to the greatest extent possible in accordance with societal concerns and new environmental regulations.
3. Method
This project involves several stages starting from the stage of collecting relevant information, preparing experiments, conducting experiments, data collection and concluding with data analysis.
Figure 3.1 can be used to demonstrate each of these steps:
Figure 3.1: Data Collection Process
3.1 Materials
Banana stem, hardener, and epoxy adhesive were the materials used in this study to produce the particle board reinforced with recycled banana stem.
3.1.1 Banana Stem
Banana stems from cultivars of Musa acuminata balbisiana, popularly known as Pisang Nipah, were used in this study. Due to the species and extensive plantation for agricultural purposes, the banana farm was selected. The collected banana stems were trimmed into uniform lengths and sizes at random ages.
3.1.2 Adhesives
The adhesive used as the hardener was epoxy. Epoxy was the common adhesives that used for wood bonding especially for furniture construction. The adhesive has the characteristics of does not require heat cure to bond composite together.
3.2 Procedures
All activities during the experiment works were based on the procedures and standard scale in research methods. It was explained and describe each research activity based on the standards testing and requirement.
3.2.1 Pre-Treatment of Banana Stem
Banana stems were treated by using 4% of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) for 24 hours and then wash thoroughly under running water and distilled water used for last wash.
3.2.2 Compressed of Banana Stems into Banana Fibres
Then the stem was strached using a scrapper and thin plate is used to thinning the stem until threads of fibre appears and all the lignin has been removed.
3.2.3 Oven Drying of Banana Fibre
All banana fibre was kept oven dried at the temperature of 60ºC for 24 hours to remove the moisture.
3.2.4 Layered
Banana fibre was layered carefully following to the angle which was 45° and 0° by using Airtac 2 as shown in Figure 3.2 and Figure 3.3. It was a spray rubber adhesive designed for temporary bonds. Airtac 2 can be used on materials needing extra tack for placement on vertical or difficult surface areas.
Figure 3.2: Layered Fibre of 45°
Figure 3.3: Layered Fibre of 0°
3.2.5 Pouring Resin
Remaining epoxy and hardener were poured into the mould after all the banana fibre layered in mould according to the oriented position. Hand roller was used to dispose air bubbles and to compact the materials against the mould. Then, another aluminium plate was placed at the top of the mould and pressed uniformly at pressure of 1000 psi about 24 hours in room temperature for curing process as shown in Figure 3.4.
Figure 3.4: Pressing
3.2.6 Cutting
Finally, sample was cut into specific dimension according to testing standard by using vertical band saw as shown in Figure 3.5.
.
Figure 3.5: Cutting Sample
3.3 Measurement
Table 3.1 shows the mass of banana fibre and resin which has been used in this experiment. Mixing ratio between epoxy and hardener was 2:1. Weight of the banana fibre, epoxy and hardener were determined according to the testing percentage as in Equation 3.2.
V mould = V resin + V fibre Equation 3.1
m resin
ρ resin+ m fiber
ρ fiber Equation 3.2 Where,
V mould = 25 x 20 x 0.4 = 200 cm3 ρ fiber = 1.35 kg/m3
ρ resin = 1.20 kg/m3
a) Mass Calculation for Sample 1 m fiber : m resin
1 mr : x mf
x =60 40 = 1.5
1mr = 1.5mf Equation 3.3 From Equation 3.2,
200 = 𝑚𝑓
1.35 + 1.5 𝑚𝑓
1.2
200 = 1.99 𝑚𝑓
mf = 100 g
From Equation 3.3, mr = 1.5mf
= 1.5(100) = 150g
b) Mass Calculation for Sample 2 m fiber : m resin
1 mr : x mf
x =50 50 = 1
1mr = 1mf Equation 3.4 From Equation 3.2,
200 = 𝑚𝑓
1.35 + 1𝑚𝑓
1.2
200 = 1.574 𝑚𝑓 mf = 127 g
From Equation 3.4, mr = 1mf
= 1(127) = 127g
Table 3.1: Mass of Fibre and Resin
Sample Proportion Orientation Mass Fibre Mass Epoxy Mass Hardener
1 40:60 0° 100g 100g 50g
2 50:50 45° 127g 85g 42g
3 40:60 0° 100g 100g 50g
4 50:50 45° 127g 85g 42g
3.4 Design of Experiment
The design of experiment was done to achieve the objectives of studies. In order to setup the experiment design, parameters values need to be determined by analyzing the previous data.
The two levels of factorial designs were selected to evaluate the interaction of each factor and to find the most suitable set of parameters to make a new particleboard from banana stem.
3.4.1 Selection of Parameters
Fibre orientation and composition percentage of banana fibre and epoxy were parameters to be optimized as shown in Table 3.2 below.
Table 3.2: Independent and Dependent Variable
Independent Variable (Parameter) Dependent Variable 1.Composition Percentage (Banana Fibre+Epoxy)
i) Banana Fibre 40%, Epoxy 60%
ii) Banana Fibre 50%, Epoxy 50%
1. Tensile Strength 2. Flexural Strength
2. Fibre Orientation i) 0°
ii) 45°
1. Tensile Strength 2. Flexural Strength
4. Results and Discussion
4.1 Effects of Parameter to the Responses
The analysis of banana fibre particle board by using Two Level Factorial Design is conducted to study the effect of two parameters; fibre orientation and composition percentage. For the experimental analysis, the design matrix is generated from Design Expert 6. The full factorial design with 2 replicates involves 12 runs randomly. The 22 experimental designs with two selected factors and three responses are shown in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1: Experimental Design Matrix Run Factor 1
A: Orientation (Degree)
Factor 2 B: Composition
(%)
Response 1 Max Tensile Strength
(N)
Response 2 Max Flexural Stress
(MPa)
1 0 40:60 4891.68 67.22
2 0 50:50 7155.5 65.29
3 45 50:50 872.99 13.60
4 45 40:60 633.46 8.03
5 45 40:60 702.56 3.94
6 45 40:60 585.66 7.40
7 45 50:50 919.72 13.08
8 0 40:60 6727.73 69.62
9 0 50:50 7335.07 73.97
10 0 40:60 5705.67 78.07
11 0 50:50 7586.58 51.00
12 45 50:50 829.05 15.40
4.2 Effects of Parameter towards Tensile Strength
From the graph in Figure 4.1, the results of maximum tensile strength are 4891.68 N for sample 1 and 7155.5 N for sample 2. However, the tensile strength started to decrease by 872.99 N for sample 3, continuously drop from sample 4, 5 and 6 which are 633.46 N, 702.56 N and 585.66 N respectively. Tensile strength was increasing slightly from sample 7 which is 919.72 N and increased sharply which are 6727.73N, 7335.07 N for sample 8 and 9. Sample 11 shows the highest maximum tensile strength which is 7586.58 N. This concludes that 0 degree of fibre orientation will result in increase of the strength of the sample.
Figure 4.1: Graph Maximum Tensile Strength vs Sample
Table 4.2 shows the ANOVA results for tensile strength. The results of the analysis in order 2F1 and factorial model was chosen to be used for subsequent tests. Fibre orientation and composition percentage were the significant parameters to the tensile strength as the output response.
Table 4.2: ANOVA for Tensile Strength Source Sum of
Squares
DF Mean Square F value p-value
Prob>F
Model 1.051E+008 3 3.504E+007 155.93 < 0.0001
A 1.013E+008 1 1.013E+008 450.66 < 0.0001
B 2.477E+006 1 2.477E+006 11.02 0.0105
AB 1.368E+006 1 1.368E+006 6.09 0.0389
Pure Error 1.798E+006 8 2.247E+005
Cor Total 1.069E+008 11
R-Squared Adj. R2 Pred. R2 Adeq Precision
0.9832 0.9769 0.9622 24.549
4.3 Effects of Parameter Towards Flexural Stress
From the Figure 4.2, it can be seen that the maximum flexural stress is the highest for sample 10 which has a value of 78.07 MPa. The least value was found to be for sample 5 which had a value of 3.94 MPa. Maximum flexural stress was slightly decreased from sample 1 to sample 2 which has difference value of 1.93 MPa. Then it was decrease sharply to sample 3 which is 13.60 MPa.
Between sample 3 and sample 7, it has been clearly seen that the value is decrease at the first and slowly increase. The maximum flexural stress continued increase rapidly from 13.08 Mpa until 78.07 MPa.
Figure 4.2: Graph Maximum Flexural Stress vs Sample
Table 4.3 shows the relationship between flexural stress and the significant parameters. The results of the analysis in order 2F1 and factorial model was chosen to be used for subsequent tests.
Table 4.3: ANOVA for Flexural Stress Source Sum of
Squares
DF Mean Square F value p-value
Prob>F
Model 10032.51 3 3344.17 77.17 < 0.0001
A 9845.29 1 9845.29 227.19 < 0.0001
B 0.31 1 0.31 7.237E-003 0.9343
AB 186.91 1 186.91 4.31 0.0715
Pure Error 346.68 8 43.34
Cor Total 10379.19 11
R-Squared Adj. R2 Pred. R2 Adeq Precision
0.9666 0.9541 0.9248 17.150
5. Conclusion
The composition of 50% of banana fibre and 0-degree orientation shows the best mechanical properties on tensile strength. But the composition of 40% of banana fibre and 0-degree orientation shows the highest flexural stress. From the result, it can be concluded that tensile strength and flexural stress were significant with fibre orientation and fibre composition. With these results, Musa acuminata balbisiana cultivars (Pisang Nipah) pseudo-stem fibre reinforced epoxy composite allows further research opportunity and also shows potentially in composite material development for industrial purpose.
5. Recommendation
There are some suggestions for further research that can be implemented. More research on this objective using 3 levels analysis because this research is limited for 2 levels only. Further study may use centre point in the design to study any non-linearity in response.
References
Azmi, A. M. R., Sultan, M. T. H. and Hamdan, A., 2017. Design and Development of Bulletproof Vest Using Kenaf Fibre Embedded With X-ray Films. Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day, pp. 340-341.
Baley, C., Gomina, M., Breard, J., Bourmaud, A. and Davies, P. (2020). Variability of Mechanical Properties of Flax Fibres for Composite Reinforcement. A review. Industrial Crops and Products, 145.
Edynoor, O., Moriga, T., Murai, K. and Warikh, A. R. M., 2017. Effect of Annealing Temperature Towards Electrical Properties of Indium Zinc Oxide Modified Kenaf Fibre Through Dip- coating Method. Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day, pp. 340-341.
Ghani, A. A. F., Harun, W. W. S., Zahari, F. K., Zakari, M. H. and Juki, M. J., 2017. Utilizing Digital Image Correlation Method in Assessing Deformation of Composite Under Tensile and Bending. Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Research Day, pp. 340-341.
Giri, P. A., Nigudkar, R., and Kalan, S. D. (2018). Experimental Investigation of Kraft Paper Making from Banana (Musa Sapientum) Stem Fibres and Study of Advancements in Fibre Extraction Process. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), 5(4), 589-592.
Grzegorzewska, E., Burawska-Kupniewska, I., and Boruszewski, P. (2020). Economic Profitability of Particleboards Production with a Diversified Raw Material Structure, Maderas.
Ciencia y tecnología 22(4), 537 – 548.
Jordan, W., Chester, P., 2017. Improving the Properties of Banana Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Composites by Treating The Fibers. Proceedia Engineering 200, 283–289.
Kramar, S. and Kral, P. (2019). Reinforcing effect of a thin basalt fiber‐reinforced polymer plywood coating. BioResources,14, 2062–2078.
Maskey, B., Sangroula, P., and Shrestha, N. K. (2020). Utilization of Banana (Musa acuminata) Pseudostem for Biscuit Making. Himalayan Journal of Science and Technology, 3(4), 74-80.
Ramdhonee, A. and Jeetah, P. (2017). Production of Wrapping Paper From Banana Fibres. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 5, 4298–4306.
Ruznan, W. S., Ahmad Suhaimi, S., Mohd Yusof, N. J., Pairan. N., Mazlan, A. U., Azrain, A. N., Md Rosli, I. S. and Othman, N. I. (2020). Physical Properties of Banana Pseudo-stem Woven Fabric Treated with Softening Agent. Journal of Academia, 8(2), 76 – 83.
Santosha, P. V. Ch. R. K., Sa, S. S. G. A. and Manikanth, V. (2018). Effect of Fibre Loading and Thermal Properties of Banana and Pineapple Leaf Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites.
Materials Today: Proceeding, 5, 5631–5635.
Shittu, W. O., Musibau, H., and Hassan, S. (2019). “Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Malaysia: The Interactive Roles of Deforestation and Urbanisation,” International Journal of Green Economics 12(3/4), 272-293.
Subagyo, A., & Chafidz, A. (2018). Banana Pseudo-stem Fiber: Preparation, Characteristics, and Applications. Banana Nutrition-Function and Processing Kinetics. IntechOpen.
Yadav, A., Kumari, R., Yadav, A., Mishra., J.P., and Kumar, R. (2016). Utilization for By Products of Banana - A Review. Research in Environment and Life Sciences, 9(12), 1434-1437.
