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DESIGN OF WATEWATER TREATMENT PLANT FOR PETRA JAYA AREA
V
Marinus Joe Bin Peter Limpas
TD 746
M298 2004
Faculty of Engineering
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK 2004
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
R13a BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
Judul: Design Of Wastewater Treatment Plant For Petra Jaya Area
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2004 / 2005
Saya MARINUS JOE BIN PETER LIMPAS
(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
I. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan.
4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
5. "" Sila tandakan ( 11 ) di kotak yang berkenaan
Q SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia se)erti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
a TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/
badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
Ill
TIDAK TERHAD(TANDA AN PENULIS) ( NGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat tetap: P. O BOX 177,89257
TAMPARULI SABAH Mr. JETHRO HENRY ADAM
Nama Penyclia
Tarikh: 'I ZiQ z'6 til Tarikh: ((
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CATATAN Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda.
Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila Iampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tanpoh tesis ini palu dikdaskan sebagai
SULIT dan TERHAD.
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This Final Year Project attached here:
Title : Design Of Wastewater Treatment Plant For Petra Jaya Area Author's Name Marinus Joe Bin Peter Limpas
Matric Number : 5994
Has been read and approved by:
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DESIGN OF WATEWATER TREATMENT PLANT FOR PETRA JAYA AREA
MARINUS JOE BIN PETER LIMPAS
This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering)
Faculty of Engineering
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK 2004
1
To my beloved mother and siblings
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Thanks to God, finally I have been able to complete my final year project. With appreciation gratitude, I acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Mr. Jethro Henry Adam for his guidance throughout this project work.
To the all individual I would like to take this space to give hearty thanks to those who helped me and supported me to finish this project
Finally, I would like to express my heartfull thanks and sincere appreciation to my beloved mother and to my siblings for their encouragement and spiritual support.
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ABSTRACT
This project describes the proposed design of Wastewater Treatment Plant at Petra Jaya area. The purposes of the new treatment system are to replace and centralized the old wastewater treatment system in providing effective treatment facilities for the community in this area. The sources of the wastewater at this area are generated from domestic, commercial and institution. It is based on the water demand consumption according to the Malaysia Standard. The method used to treat the wastewater is by using a combination of primary and secondary treatment system. The treatment system and the facilities are designed based on the area requirements and controlled by the design parameters. In primary treatment, the influent from community will flow into the
facilities treatment and the large as well as smaller object will be removed by the screen facility. In the secondary treatment, the contaminant will be removed from the wastewater by using biological process before being disposed into the stream. The effectiveness of the operations is depended on the selection and design process of the facilities. The proposed wastewater treatment plants are expected to treat about 26,904 m3 / day until year 2020 where the design year is 15 years.
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ABSTRAK
Projek ini menerangkan cadangan merekabentuk loji rawatan air sisa di kawasan Petra Jaya. Tujuan pembinaan loji rawatan yang barn ini, adalah untuk mengganti dan menyelaraskan sistem rawatan yang sedia ada ke arah menyediakan kemudahan rawatan yang lebih berkesan untuk penduduk di kawasan ini. Sumber utama air sisa adalah daripada domestik, komersial dan institusi. Ini berpandukan kepada anggaran penggunaaan air di kawasan ini dengan merujuk kepada Piawaian Air Malaysia. Kaedah yang digunakan untuk merawat air sisa di kawasan ini adalah dengan gabungan sistem
rawatan primari dan sekunder. Sistem rawatan dan kemudahan loji dibina berdasarkan keperluan kawasan dan di bawah kawalan parameter rekabentuk. Semasa proses rawatan primari, influen dan komuniti mengalir ke loji rawatan seterusnya objek kecil dan besar di tapis oleh alatan penapis. Di dalam rawatan sekunder pula, sisa-sisa akan dikeluarkan daripada air sisa melalui proses biologi sebelum ia dialirkan ke sungai. Keberkesanan operasi bergantung kepada pemilihan dan proses rekabentuk kemudahan loji. Loji rawatan air sisa ini di jangakakan berupaya merawat air sisa lebih kurang 26,904 m3 sehari, sehingga tahun 2020 di mana jangka masa rekabentuk loji ini adalah selama 15 tahun.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS TITLE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction
1.1 Overview 1.2 Objective
CHAPTER TWO : LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 The Wastewater
2.1 Wastewater Characteristics 2.2 Wastewater Treatment Plant 2.3 Wastewater Flow
Page
1
ii
III iv
vi
I 3
4
5
6 8 10
vi
2.4 Wastewater Treatment Plant System 2.4.1 Primary Treatment
2.4.2 Secondary Treatment 2.4.3 Tertiary Treatment
CHAPTER THREE : METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction
3.1 Design Population
3.2 Characteristic of Wastewater 3.3 Equipment Selection
3.4 Design Procedure of the Equipment 3.4.1 Primary Treatments
3.4.2 Secondary Treatment
CHAPTER FOUR : THE PLANT DESIGN 4.0 Initial and design year
4.1 Population of Petra Jaya Area
4.2 Wastewater Sources and Flow rates 4.3 Computation of Design Flow
4.4 Primary Treatment
4.4.1 Design of bar racks
4.4.2 Design of Grit chamber
4.4.3 Design of sedimentation facilities.
11 11 14 20
22 23 26 27 29 29 35
37 37 40 40 41 42 44
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4.5 Secondary treatment 45
4.5.1 The design of Bio-Towers 47
48
CHAPTER FIVE : DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.0 Introduction
5.1 The Plant Design Factor 5.2 Primary Treatment
5.21 Sedimentation facilities 5.3 Secondary Treatment
5.4 Recommendation
CHAPTER SIX : CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
SCHEDULE
54 50 56 56 57 58
59
61
62
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Wastewater Characteristic
Table 2.2 The Malaysia Water Quality Standards Table 3.1 Design Period
Table 3.2 Water Demand for various premises Table 3.3 The Selection Of Equipment
Table 3.4 Design Factor for Bar Rack
Table 3.5 Design Parameter for Aerated Grit Chamber Table 3.6 Design Criteria for Sedimentation Tank
Table 3.7 Design Criteria for Trickling Filter
Table 4.1 The population at Petra Jaya area Table 4.2 The Wastewater Sources
8 9 23 27 28 29
32
34 36 38 40
Table 4.3 The Filter Media 47
Table 4.4 Design summary of The Wastewater Treatment Plant 52
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LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1.1 Location of Petra Jaya area in Kuching division Figure 1.2 Wastewater Plant Treatment Systems
Figure 2.1 Primary Treatment Systems
Figure 2.2 Secondary Treatment Systems Figure 3.1 Arithmetic Method
Figure 4.1 The Population Projection
2 3 11 15 25
39
Figure 4.2 Cross section showing bar arrangement 43
Figure 4.3 The dimension of Sedimentation Tank 46
Figure 4.4 The dimension of the Bio Tower 50
Figure 4.5 The design details of Wastewater Treatment Process 51
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background
Petra Jaya area is located in Kuching division. (Figure 1.1). As a developing area, it produced wastes from many source. Wastewater is one of the waste that caused by the rapid development The sources of the wastewater come from residences, institution and commercial. According to Drainage and Irrigation Department on their website (www. didsarawak. gov. my), before there are modern wastewater facilities systems, the wastewater at Kuching division are managed by onsite treatment and disposal especially in unsewered area. The intermittent sand filter is used for the partial treatment of the wastewater or bed for final treatment. This method usually is ineffective because the wastes can pollute the soil and the water. Time has changes and as a result the area of Petra Jaya undergo a rapid development in an ongoing progress.
Every houses and buildings is equipped with septic tank. This is effective since all the wastewater being controlled properly.
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However, the process unended because the wastewater should be collected and treated before it can be disposed into the body of water. Thus, all the wastewater processes and system should be centralized.
As a result, the designation of a new systematic wastewater treatment plant for Petra Jaya is needed in order to provide a required wastewater treatment. The wastewater treatment plant will be designed to ensure public health as well as protecting the environment. The wastewater treatment plants are design based on treatment system that is combination of Primary and Secondary treatment.
Figure 1.1. Location of Petra Jaya area in Kuching division
2
---
Figure 1.2 Wastewater Plant Treatment Systems
1.1 Overview
Various treatments facilities are provided by the Kuching City Hall in collaboration with the environmental problem caused by the discharge of untreated wastewater. A survey made by Drainage and irrigation Department of Sarawak found that, there are about 74,000 septic tanks in Kuching. The other wastewater treatment facilities include Imhoff tank catering for single building, oxidation ponds at the Kuching Hospital, Kuching Airport and Holiday Inn Damai. Beside there a few local central wastewater treatment plants using biological treatment with activated sludge acting in extended aeration mode.
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Other treatment facilities include some small package plants based on activated sludge or attached growth technologies. The drains and rivers functioning as combined sewers collecting all types of wastewater such as septic tank effluent, grey water from kitchen sinks, baths, etc. as well as liquid industrial wastes namely oil and grease.
1.2 Objectives
The objective of this project is to propose and design a wastewater treatment plant for Petra Jaya area. The process and operation during the design phase are also included. It also studies the requirements and the design factor used during the selection of the wastewater treatment facilities. Moreover, this project will also give exposure on how to use and perform the theory, knowledge and provide the opportunity in developing new ideas and be innovative to solve any engineering constraint.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 The Wastewater
Wastewater is a liquid portion that comes from a community such as residences, institutions, commercial and industrials. Domestic wastewater includes water from sinks, baths, toilets, washing machines and kitchen. Wastewater from commercial and industries are more complex as water is use for a wide variety of purposes. Wastewater also includes storm water runoff which contains a lot of contaminants like hydrocarbons washed off from urban surfaces such as roads, parking
lots and rooftops. baths, toilets, washing machines and kitchen.
5
Domestic wastewater together with discharges from industry and, agriculture has an impact on environmental conditions in rivers and coastal waters. Discharges of wastewater add to the general nutrient load contribute to eutrophication problems in rivers and coastal waters. The impacts of discharges of wastewater include the unsightly littering of the rivers, creating foul smells and potential health hazard.
Continued pollution may threaten the survival aquatic life in rivers. Thus, the wastewater should be treated immediately to prevent not only the communities' health, but also pollution to the environment.
(Drainage and Irrigation Department Sarawak, 2003)
2.1 Wastewater Characteristics
Wastewater usually contains suspended solids, biodegradable organics and pathogens (Qasim, 1994). A list of contaminants of wastewater is given in table 2.1 Suspended solids are organic in nature and composed of the more unacceptable material in sewage. Beside, food waste, paper, rags and biological cells form the mass of suspended solids in wastewater. So that, removal of suspended solids is essential prior to discharge or reuse of wastewater. Biodegradable materials in wastewater are considered to be soluble organics and this soluble organics are composed chiefly of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Protein is mainly amino acids, while carbohydrates are compounds such as sugars, starches and cellulose.
Lipids include fats, oil and grease.
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All of these materials contain carbon that can be converted to carbon dioxide and exerting and oxygen demand. Proteins also contain nitrogen and thus a nitrogenous oxygen demand is also exerted. The waterborne pathogens can be found in domestic wastewater. These include bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminthes.
These organisms are discharged by persons who are infected with the disease.
Even though pathogens causing some of the more unusual, diseases may rarely be present. It is safe assumption that a sufficient number of pathogens are present in untreated wastewater to represent a substantial health hazard. Fortunately,
few of pathogens survive wastewater treatment in viable state. The wastewater treatment processes are designed to reduce suspended solids, biodegradable organics, and pathogens to acceptable levels prior to disposal.
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Table 2.1 Wastewater Characteristic
Contaminant Source
Suspended solids Domestic use, industrial erosion by infiltration / inflow
Biodegradable organics Domestic and industrial waste
Pathogens Domestic waste
Nutrients Domestic and industrial waste
Refractory organics Industrial waste
Heavy metals Industrial waste
Dissolved inorganic solids Increases above level in water supply by domestic and / or industrial use
2.2 Wastewater Treatment Plant
According to Master, (1991) stated that wastewater treatment is the process of removing pollutants from water that has been used. The objective of wastewater treatment is to reduce the concentrations of specific pollutant to the level at which the discharge of effluent will not adversely affect the environment or pose a health threat.
Therefore reduction of these constituents need only some required level. This wastewater treatment must meet the effluent standards before it can be discharge to a body of water. According to Department of Environment Malaysia (n. d), the standard of water quality in Malaysia is show in table 2.2
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Table 2.2 The Malaysia Water Quality Standards
Class
Parameter BOD
Malaysia Water Quality Standards
I II III IV V
<1 1-3 3-6 6-12 >12
pH >7 6-7 5-6 <5 >5
SS <25 25-50 50-150 150-300 >300
WQI >92.7 76.5-92.7 51.9-76.5 31.0-51.9 <31.0
Class I Conservation of natural environment, Water Supply I- practically no treatment necessary, Fishery I- very sensitive aquatic species.
Class IIA Water supply II - conventional treatment required, Fishery II - sensitive aquatic species.
Class IIB Recreational use with body contact
Class III Water supply III - extensive treatment required, Fishery III - common, of economic value, and tolerant species livestock drinking
Class IV Irrigation
Class V None of the above
BOD = Biochemical Oxygen Demand, SS = Suspended Solids, WQI = Water Quality
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2.3 Wastewater Flow
Usually the wastewater flow varies with season, day of the week hour and the area. (Peavy et al. 1985). The area can be divided into three parts according to contains of the wastewater, such as residential, commercial and institutional facilities.
In residential area the wastewater flow rates, are determine based on population density and average per capita contribution of wastewater. Qasim, (1994) discussed that the possible rates should be based on actual flow data selected in similar residential areas. Wastewater flow rate also can be estimate based on water consumption if the flow data do not exist. The average wastewater flow rates are about
70 percent of domestic use. For the commercial district wastewater flow rate depends on the type and the number of commercial establishment.
Based on data of cities over 25 000 population the commercial water flow rate is about 15 - 20 percent of total water flow However because of unit flow rate can vary widely for commercial facilities, obtaining records should make very effort. (Burton,
1996). Beside, for the institutional facilities the flow rates from institutional facilities are determined from the actual data vary from institute to another institute. The actual data then are used to estimate the average wastewater flow.
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2.4 Wastewater Treatment Plant System
Wastewater treatment system is mainly composed of a combination of unit operations and unit processes designed to reduce certain constituents of wastewater to acceptable level.
Unit operations and processes usually used in wastewater treatment are arranged accordingly to conventional grouping. These wastewater systems are divided into primary, secondary and tertiary treatment.
2.4.1 Primary Treatment
According to Peavy et at. (1985) the purpose of primary treatment is to remove solids material from incoming wastewater. Large debris may be removed by screens or may be reduced in size by grinding devices. (Figure 2.1)
Figure 2.1 Primary Treatment Systems
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