International Journal of Engineering Advanced Research eISSN: 2710-7167 [Vol. 4 No. 2 June 2022]
Journal website: http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijear
DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM AND LAND USE INTERACTION SCENARIO ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF UTILIZATION IN WEST JAVA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT USING SYSTEM DYNAMICS
APPROACH
Intan Bonita Lumban Gaol1*, Sutanto Soehodho2 and Nahry3
1 2 3 Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, INDONESIA
*Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected]
Article Information:
Article history:
Received date : 4 June 2022 Revised date : 6 June 2022 Accepted date : 25 June 2022 Published date : 30 June 2022
To cite this document:
Gaol, I. B. L., Soehodho, S., & Nahry, N.
(2022). DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM AND LAND USE INTERACTION
SCENARIO ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF UTILIZATION IN WEST JAVA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT USING SYSTEM DYNAMICS APPROACH.
International Journal of Engineering Advanced Research, 4(2), 34-47.
Abstract: The purpose of the West Java Kertajati International Airport (BIJB Kertajati) development plan is to serve not only as a transportation node, but also as driving force for the economy. However, since it began operating in 2018, the number of the passenger is far from the target (quiet) and its operation has finally been stopped from April 2020 to the present. System Dynamic methodology is used in this study to see the Interaction of Transportation Systems and Land Use. To understand the most suitable effort to make so that BIJB Kertajati can continue to grow, develop and be sustainable, model BIJB for Optimization International Airport (BONITA) was built. Development of Rebana Metropolitan Interaction focus in developing the growth of industrial area and Development of the West Java Transportation System, which is expected to increase economic growth. The growth of economic in this region will have an impact to enhance passenger and cargo demand, resulting in increased utilization function of BIJB Kertajati. Based on the simulation using the BONITA Model with Bussiness as Usual (BAU), Pessimist, Moderate, and Optimist Scenario, it showed that the development of BIJB Kertajati Utilization is strongly influenced (interdependent) by the Interaction of Transportation Systems and Land Use, which will increase the role and utilization of BIJB Kertajati. It was found that BIJB Kertajati is eligible to be developed as cargo airport.
1. Introduction
West Java International Airport (BIJB) is located in Kertajati District, Majalengka Regency, ± 165 km from Bandung, West Java Province. The purpose of the BIJB Kertajati development plan is to serve not only as a transportation node, but also as a driving force for the West Java economy. The airport was inaugurated in May, 2017 and started operating om June 8th, 2018. However, in 2019, the average passenger and cargo occupancy rate was less than 10%. Passenger flights have been stopped since April 2020 due to the impact of Covid-19 Pandemic, nonetheless, maintenance expenditures of 6 billion rupiah per month must be met. Some of the causes of BIJB Kertajati being quiet of passengers are the long travel time and high cost of travel from the domicile to BIJB Kertajati due to the lack of supporting transportation facilities, as well as the limited choice of flight routes, and the limited development of the area around the airport. According to Sukarto (2006) the solution to transportation issue is the interaction between transportation, land use, inhabitants population and economic activities in an urban area. The BIJB for Optimization International Airport (BONITA) model was developed to determine the most suitable effort to make so that BIJB Kertajati can continue to grow, develop, and be sustainable.
2. Problem Statement
The research question in this study is how the utilization growth of West Java International Airport (BIJB) Kertajati is related to interaction of transportation systems and land use. It is expected that by developing the model "BIJB for Optimization International Airport (BONITA)” in this study, it will proven the author's hypothesis that the development of the area around BIJB Kertajati (Rebana Metropolitan) will increase the need for travel (passenger & cargo demand), which will increase the role and utilization of BIJB Kertajati. The increased use of BIJB Kertajati will contribute to the growth of the Metropolitan Rebana area.
3. Literature Review
3.1 Regional Development Theory
Regional development is an effort to encourage harmonious regional development through a comprehensive approach covering physical, economic, social and cultural aspects (Misra R.P,
"Regional Development", 1982). Meanwhile, Based on UU No.26 Tahun 2007 (Constitution Law for Spatial Planning) defines an area as a geographical unit with components limited by limits and a system that serves as the foundation for determining administrative and functional features. Thus, regional development is a process that seeks to improve the quality of a region by growing its potential and creating new opportunities. According to the definition of regional development, there are numerous factors that influence regional development, all of which are interconnected and trade-offs.
Keywords: rebana metropolitan regional development, transportation system, passenger demand, cargo demand, system dynamics.
3.2 Interaction of Transportation Systems and Land Use
The interaction of land use and transportation is dynamic, this is reflected in the ever-changing patterns of land use and urban transportation networks. Changes in travel patterns, travel volume, and the choice of travel modes are functions of the pattern of land use distribution in the urban context (John Black, 1981: 24). The activity system and the network system are very closely related as long as humans still use vehicles to carry out their activities. Certain land use patterns will produce a certain traffic flow, so it can be said that traffic movement is a function of land use.
The relationship of the movement system, activity system, and network system (Marvin L.
Manheim, 1978: 12) are:
1.Traffic patterns in the transportation system are determined by the transportation system and activity system (I).
2. Current traffic patterns will cause changes in the activity system at other times, through the available transportation service patterns and the resources consumed to fulfill these services (II).
3. Current traffic patterns will also cause changes in the transportation system, as a response is a form of anticipation from the manager or government to develop new transportation services (III).
Figure 1: Concept of Transportation Systems Analysis Resource: Manheim, 1979
3.3 Transportation Planning and West Java Regional Development
A good interaction of land use and transportation in West Java is required to support the increase in travel demand. Therefore, the West Java Provincial Government has developed the concept of developing the Rebana Metropolitan Area in West Java Province, which includes 7 regions, namely Subang Regency, Sumedang Regency, Indramayu Regency, Majalengka Regency, Cirebon Regency, and Cirebon City and Kuningan Regency so that the development of industrial- based areas is not sporadic and has an eco-industry theme, and organizes new economic growth centers into the Development of the Rebana Metropolitan Area. As an initial step in regional development, it is focused on building Industrial Estates in Cirebon City, Patimban Area in Subang, and Kertajati in Majalengka Regency, which are linked by infrastructure and also connected to other coherent and integrated urban areas. Transportation convenience is required by industry, and accessibility must be linked to the traffic network in the economic zone. The airport's economic zone and its surrounding area must be linked by road and rail. It is possible to ensure that the flow of goods and people is smooth with a good road network. According to the West Java
Regional Spatial Plan 2011-2031, there are several regional infrastructure development plans that support regional development connectivity, as shown in the figure:
Figure 2: Transportation Planning and West Java Regional Development
3.4 Overview BIJB Kertajati
BIJB Kertajati is a passenger airport in Majalengka Regency, inside the Rebana Metropolitan Area, having a terminal capacity of 5.6 million passengers per year BIJB can accommodate 15,000 passengers per day. Every month, BIJB Kertajati continues to maintain airport facilities at a cost of 6 billion. Right now, the airport is currently used for temporary goods/cargo flights from Halim Perdanakusuma Airport to BIJB Kertajati due to revitalization activities at Halim Perdanakusuma Airport and plans to develop airport functions into MRO (Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul) airports, cargo villages, and integrated buildings.
3.5 System Thinking and System Dynamics
Systems thinking is one of the approaches required so that humans can see the problems of the world more thoroughly and thus decisions-making and action choices can be made more focuses on the sources of problems that will change the system effectively.
System Dynamics is a methodology for studying and managing complex feedback systems, such as those that usually encountered in business and other social systems. Society for System Dynamics.
4. BIJB Model Development for Optimization International Airport (BONITA) 4.1 Stages of Dynamic System Modeling
The scientific method in system dynamic modeling is realized through modeling stages that include:
1. Problem definition is identifying the issue, setting the boundaries and establishing specific goals. Problems must be clearly identified because they are critical to the model's success. The scope of the analysis will be defined by defining the boundaries of this model, which will be based on the issues addressed by the analysis and will cover all cause-and-effect interactions related to that issue. The system boundary must cover the portion of the system containing the important and relevant variables required to solve the problem.
2. The conceptual Model is making research hypotheses, global models and Casual Loop Diagram (CLD) concepts. After problem definition is defined, an initial hypothesis about the behavioral interactions that underpin the reference pattern must be proposed, which in turn forms the global BONITA and CLD models, which consist of variables connected by arrows indicating a causal effect between variables.
3. System dynamic models is process to build a computer model known as a Stock Flow Diagram (SFD) after the CLD concept is completed
4. Model Testing is validating the model which mean establishing confidence in the model’s strength and usefulness and comparing a model with reality to determine whether the model can be accepted or rejected while also gaining an understanding of the system’s internal tendencies.
5. Final Model Testing is the last stage in which, if correspondence between the system mental model, its explicit model, and empirical knowledge about the system has been obtained, the model created can be accepted as a representation of the right problem and can be used for policy analysis. The following diagram depicts the entire model process:
Figure 3: Stages of Dynamic System Modeling.
Source: by Ina Juniarti
4.2 Problem Definition (Problem, Model’s Purpose)
The research problem in this research is that the number of passengers at BIJB Kertajati during operation is far from the target (quiet), and eventually its operation is stopped, so the purpose of this research is to understand the most suitable efforts to do so that BIJB Kertajati can continue to grow, develop, and sustainable, by developing the Model BIJB for Optimization International Airport (BONITA). The development of BIJB Kertajati utilization can increase through the development of Rebana Metropolitan Interaction and the Development of the West Java Transportation System, which is expected to increase economic growth. The growth of economic in this region will increase passenger and cargo demand, resulting in increased utilization of BIJB Kertajati. The scope of this research focused on passenger travel demand and cargo travel demand.
4.3 Conceptual Model 4.3.1 Hypotheses
The hypothesis of this research is that the development of the area surrounding BIJB Kertajati (Rebana Metropolitan) will increase the need for travel (passenger and cargo demand), thereby increasing the role and utilization of BIJB Kertajati. The increased use of BIJB Kertajati will contribute to the development of the Rebana Metropolitan Area.
4.3.2 Global Model BIJB for Optimization International Airport (BONITA)
The current BIJB policy does not appear to be in line with regional policy, as can be seen that many West Java Regional Development and Transportation Planning projects have yet to be implemented. Therefore, if the Rebana Metropolitan Policy has been implemented, it means that the industry-based Development of Rebana Area is growing, which will increase passengen &
cargo demand, resulting BIJB Kertajati to grow and become more useful. The increased use of BIJB Kertajati will increase airport utilization, which will support the increased development of the Rebana Area. The Rebana Area's development is indicated to be growing by looking at indicators such as GRDP, GRDP per Capita, and GRDP Exports, whereas the BIJB Airport indicators include demand for passenger travel, demand for goods travel, airport utilization, and airport capacity. Therefore, in this study, the BONITA Global Model to see how regional development that is integrated with the transportation system will increase the demand for passengers and goods at BIJB Kertajati by describing the BONITA Global Model as follows:
Figure 4: Global Model BIJB for Optimization International Airport (BONITA)
4.3.3 Casual Loop Diagram
The blue loop explains that as Industrial GRDP rises, so will the number of exports, as well as the potential for cargo travel through BIJB, namely "Number of Cargo Shipping through BIJB." The green colored loop explains that as the GRDP per capita in the Rebana Area rises, so will the potential for passenger travel through BIJB, namely "Number of Passenger Travel through BIJB”.
The increase in "Number of Cargo Shipping through BIJB" and "Number of Passenger travel through BIJB" raises the "Total Number of Demand via BIJB." The increase in the "Total Number of Demand through BIJB" indicates that the airport is no longer empty, indicating that it is being used properly. With an increase in the "Total Number of Demand through BIJB," the utilization of BIJB Kertajati will also increase. Increased utilization of BIJB Kertajati will also potential to increase regional development, as evidenced by the increase in its GRDP per capita. The following figure depicts the entire Casual Loop Diagram Model of the BIJB for Optimization International Airport (BONITA):
Figure 5: Casual Loop Diagram BIJB for Optimization International Airport (BONITA)
4.3.4 System Dynamics Model
Submodel Passenger Demand and Submodel Cargo Demand
An increase in GRDP per capita will be resulted in the more people who want to travel and the greater the distance traveled. Thus, the greater a person's wealth, the greater the potential number of travels and the greater the distance traveled. Just like the Sub Model Passenger Demand, an increase in Average Export will increase the potential number of goods shipped. Furthermore,
"Indicated Travel Demand and Indicated Cargo Demand" become input for "Sub Model Transportation and Land Use Interaction For Passenger and Cargo.
Figure 6: Submodel Passenger Demand and Submodel Cargo Demand
<Average GRDP per Capita Relative>
Indicated Travel Distance Indicated Willingness
to Travel
Effect Average GRDP per Capita Relatif to Potential
Travel Distance Effect Average GRDP per Capita Relatif to Potential Willingness to Travel
Willingness to Travel Fraction
Travel Distance Potential
<Population>
Average Distance per Trip
Average Number of Trip
Indicated Travel Demand Submodel Passenger Demand
Indicated Cargo Distance Indicated Cargo
Shipping
Effect Average Export Relatif to Potential
Cargo Distance Effect Average Export
Relatif to Potential
Cargo Demand Air Shipping
Fraction
Shipping Distance Potential
Indicated Cargo Demand Submodel Cargo Demand
<Industry Factory>
Average Cargo per Factory
<Average Export Relative Rebana>
Submodel Transportation and Land Use Interaction for Passenger and Cargo
This submodel will generate the "Number of Passenger Travel Through BIJB" and "Number of Cargo Shipping Through BIJB." The number of passengers and cargo passing through BIJB Airport is also influenced by the airport's attractiveness in order to attract new customers and retain old customers to use airport services by improving service quality, providing continuous innovation, and optimizing efficiency processes to provide better service to customers.
Figure 7: Submodel Transportation and Land Use Interaction for Passenger
Figure 8: Submodel Transportation and Land Use Interaction for Cargo
<Indicated Travel Demand>
Travel Appealingness thru BIJB
Air Passenger Travel Demand thru BIJB
Passenger Competitors Appealingness
Number of Passenger Travel thru BIJB
Average Coverage Distance thru BIJB
Submodel Transportation and Land Use Interaction for Passenger
BIJB Passenger Operation Start BIJB
Passenger End BIJB Passenger
Restart BIJB Passenger
<Time Index> BIJB Passenger
Appealingness
Cargo Appealingness thru BIJB
Air Cargo Demand thru BIJB
Cargo Competitors Appealingness
Number of Cargo Shipping thru BIJB
Submodel Transportation and Land Use Interaction for Cargo
BIJB Cargo Operation Start BIJB
Cargo End BIJB Cargo
Restart BIJB Cargo BIJB Cargo Appealingness
<Time Index>
<Indicated Cargo Demand>
<Average Coverage Distance thru BIJB>
4.3.5 Model Testing
The Population and GRDP, Export & Industry sub-models are proven to be able to replicate the behaviour of the 11 years historical data, so the model is declared valid and can be used for scenario analysis of passenger & cargo demand increase and BIJB Kertajati utilization.
Figure 9: Behaviour of Sub Model Population, Industry, GRDP and Export able to imitate its historical data
Based on the Model BONITA from the Sub Model Transportation and Land Use Interaction for Passenger and Cargo, BIJB Kertajati's passenger and cargo behavior is similar to its historical data from 2018 to 2020. For example, in 2018 the number of passengers of BIJB Kertajati from the model results is 35,479 pax/year, which is similar to its historical data at 35,013 pax/year, as shown in full in the image below:
Figure 10: Model’s Behaviour Resulted in the Similarities of Passengers and Kargo Tatal in BIJB with its Historical Data
Population Validation
10 M
8 M
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 Time (tahun)
orang
Population Historis : BAU Population : BAU
GRDP Validation
300,000
100,000
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 Time (tahun)
miliar rupiah/tahun
Rebana's GRDP Historis : BAU Rebana's GRDP : BAU
Export Validation
90,000
40,000
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 Time (tahun)
miliar rupiah/tahun
Rebanas's Export Historis : BAU Rebana Export : BAU
Industry Validation
2000 1500 1000
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Time (tahun)
factory
Industry Historis : BAU Industry Factory : BAU
Number of Passenger thru BIJB Validation
500,000
0
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 Time (tahun)
orang/tahun
Number of Passenger Travel thru BIJB Historis : BAU Number of Passenger Travel thru BIJB : BAU
Number Cargo thru BIJB Validation
700
350
0
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
Time (tahun)
ton/tahun
Number of Cargo Shipping thru BIJB Historis : BAU Number of Cargo Shipping thru BIJB : BAU
Year Historis Model 2018 35,013 35,479 2019 457,550 462,414 2020 121,080 123,942
Year Historis Model 2018 -
2019 627 626.8 2020 482 481.3 Number of Passenger Travel
thru BIJB (pax/year)
Number of Cargo Travel thru BIJB (ton/year)
Final Model Testing
To find out the most suitable efforts to make BIJB Kertajati able to continue to grow, develop, and sustainable with the Model BIJB for Optimization International Airport (BONITA) Four different scenarios were created by looking at the sequence of events based on the growth of Rebana Regional Development Driver, Transportation System Driver, BIJB Passenger Appealingness dan BIJB Cargo Appealingness in 2024 to 2050 namely the Business as Usual (BAU) scenario, Pesimist scenario, Moderate scenario and Optimist scenario. The BAU scenario is a scenario where the growth of Rebana Regional Development Driver, Transportation System Driver, BIJB Passenger Appealingness and BIJB Cargo Appealingness grow and develop as the current condition. Or the growth is constant like nowadays. The Pessimist Scenario is a sequence of events in which the Transportation Infrastructure Development (shown by yellow" colored in the image) has been built and the Rebana Metropolitan Development has grown/developed by 20%
from its current state. The Moderate scenario is a sequence of events in which some transportation infrastructure development (red colored in the image) has been built and the Rebana Metropolitan Development has developed 50% of the Cikarang Industrial Estate by 2020. The optimist scenario is a series of events in which the Transportation Infrastructure Development Program is nearly completed and the Rebana Metropolitan Development develops/grows like the Cikarang Area in 2020 and the German Leipzig Industrial sector in 2017. The values in the following table represent the explanations for the four scenarios:
Table 1: Scenario of Interaction of Transportation System and Land Use Scenarios Rebana Regional
Development Driver
Transportation System Driver
BIJB Passenger Appealingness
BIJB Cargo Appealingness
Bussines as Usual (BAU) (2024-2050)
0.1 0.1 0.013 0.0003
Pessimist (2024 -2050) 0.1 ~ 0.3 0.1 ~ 0.35 0.013 ~ 0.02 0.0003 ~ 0.0009
Moderate (2024-2050) 0.1 ~ 0.5 0.1 ~ 0.7 0.013 ~ 0.04 0.0003 ~ 0.01 Optimist (2024-2050) 0.1 ~ 0.75 0.1 ~ 0.9 0.013 ~ 0.06 0.03 .02
4. Results and Discussion
The four scenarios in the BONITA model show that the Number of Passenger and Cargo, Passenger & Cargo Forecasting increases from 2024 to 2050, indicating that the increase in passenger & cargo demand is in line with the development of the Rebana Metrolitan area through Transportation Interaction and Land Use. In the Optimist scenario, the BIJB Kertajati airport will have 7.29 million passengers per year and 267,293 tons of cargo per year in 2050.
Figure 11: Number of Passenger & Cargo Travel through BIJB in All Scenario
According to the simulation results of the Pessimist, Moderate, and Optimist scenarios, it is necessary to increase cargo capacity at BIJB Kertajati in accordance with passenger and cargo forecasting generated by the BONITA model.
Figure 12: Passenger & Cargo Forecasting, Airport Corridor Capacity and Airport Corridor Utilization in All Scenario
Number of Passenger Travel Thru BIJB 8 M
4 M
0
2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034 2038 2042 2046 2050 Time (tahun)
orang/tahun
Number of Passenger Travel thru BIJB : BAU Number of Passenger Travel thru BIJB : Pessimist Number of Passenger Travel thru BIJB : Moderate Number of Passenger Travel thru BIJB : Optimist
Number of Cargo Shipping thru BIJB
300,000
150,000
0
2010 2016 2022 2028 2034 2040 2046
Time (tahun)
ton/tahun
Number of Cargo Shipping thru BIJB : BAU Number of Cargo Shipping thru BIJB : Pessimist Number of Cargo Shipping thru BIJB : Moderate Number of Cargo Shipping thru BIJB : Optimist
Passenger Forecasting 10 M
7.5 M 5 M 2.5 M 0
2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034 2038 2042 2046 2050 Time (tahun)
orang/tahun
Passenger Forecasting : BAU Passenger Forecasting : Pessimist Passenger Forecasting : Moderate Passenger Forecasting : Optimist
Cargo Forecasting
400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0
2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034 2038 2042 2046 2050 Time (tahun)
ton/tahun
Cargo Forecasting : BAU Cargo Forecasting : Pessimist Cargo Forecasting : Moderate Cargo Forecasting : Optimist
Airport Corridor Capacity
200,000 100,000 0
2010 2018 2026 2034 2042 2050 Time (tahun)
orang
Airport Corridor Capacity : BAU Airport Corridor Capacity : Pessimist Airport Corridor Capacity : Moderate Airport Corridor Capacity : Optimist
Airport Corridor Utilization
1 .5
0
2010 2016 2022 2028 2034 2040 2046 Time (tahun)
Dmnl
Airport Corridor Utilization : BAU Airport Corridor Utilization : Pessimist Airport Corridor Utilization : Moderate Airport Corridor Utilization : Optimist
The BAU scenario results in a fixed (straight) investment, implying that the growth of the Rebana Metropolitan Area Development only increases airport utilization and does not necessitate development. Meanwhile, an adequate budget for investment in the development and maintenance of BIJB Kertajati is required based on the increase in utilization in the pessimist scenario beginning in 2041, the moderate scenario beginning in 2027, and the optimist scenario beginning in 2026, as shown in the following figure:
Figure 13: Airport Investment in All Scenario
5. Conclusion
1. The Model BIJB for Optimization International Airport aims to increase BIJB Kertajati utilization, as demonstrated by the assumption that the budget required for investment in capacity building and airport maintenance is always available in accordance with the estimated capacity needs.
2. The conversion of passenger airport capacity to cargo airport capacity is assumed to be the same as the capacity of a Boeing 737-400 aircraft to transport passengers (159 passengers) compared to the capacity of a Boeing 737-400 aircraft to transport cargo (18 tons).
3. Based on the simulation scenario using the BIJB Model for Optimization International Airport, it is proven that the development of the utilization of the West Java International Airport (BIJB) Kertajati is closely related (interdependent) with the Interaction of Transportation Systems and Land Use
4. The development of the area surrounding BIJB Kertajati (Rebana Metropolitan) will increase the need for travel (passenger and cargo demand), increasing the role and utilization of BIJB Kertajati.
5. Expanding the utilization of the BIJB Kertajati will aid in the development of the Rebana Metropolitan area.
6. If the results of the BAU, Moderate, Pessimist, and Optimist scenarios show that the cargo utility of BIJB Kertajati in 2050 reaches more than 0.9, then BIJB Kertajati can be developed into a cargo airport.
Airport Investment BAU 2 B
1.5 B
1 B
2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034 2038 2042 2046 2050 Time (tahun)
rupiah/tahun
Investment : BAU Depreciation : BAU
Airport Investment Pessimist 5 B
3.75 B 2.5 B 1.25 B 0
2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034 2038 2042 2046 2050 Time (tahun)
rupiah/tahun
Investment : Pessimist Depreciation : Pessimist Airport Investment Optimist
200 B 150 B 100 B 50 B 0
2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034 2038 2042 2046 2050 Time (tahun)
rupiah/tahun
Investment : Optimist Depreciation : Optimist
Airport Investment Moderate 60 B
45 B
30 B
15 B
0
2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034 2038 2042 2046 2050 Time (tahun)
rupiah/tahun
Investment : Moderate Depreciation : Moderate
6. Acknowledgement
I would like to thank Lord Jesus Christ, to my parents, to Prof. Dr. Ir. Sutanto Soehodho, M. Eng, to Dr. Ir. Nahry M.T. as supervisor in this research, to Muhammad Tasrif, Ina Juniarti and friends.
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