The Effect of Entrepreneurship Orientation on Entrepreneurial Intention among Undergraduate Students in Malaysia
Al-Hussain Abdullah Al-Suraihi1*, Norailis Ab Wahab1, Walid Abdullah Al-Suraihi2
1 Faculty of Economics and Muamalat Administration, University Science Islam Malaysia, Nilai, Malaysia
2 Faculty of Management, Limkokwing University of Creative Technology, Cyber Jaya, Malaysia
*Corresponding Author: [email protected] Accepted: 15 September 2020 | Published: 30 September 2020
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Abstract: Entrepreneurship has become a significant social phenomenon over the time in many countries and is considered as an effective method to improve and develop the economics of the country. It is also a solution to the unemployment problem that it impacts the regional development and economic growth and promotes innovation. Malaysian government has carried out various supporting activities to promote entrepreneurial activities in the country. However, the results were less embracing, especially among the young adults. As such, understanding of what influence young adults’ intention towards entrepreneurship is important in the effort of entrepreneurship development. Therefore, this study is conducted to address this gap. The aim of this study is to review the literature in the field of entrepreneurial orientation, to clarify to what extent entrepreneurial orientation influences entrepreneurial intention among undergraduate students in Malaysia. In addition, entrepreneurial orientation is a key ingredient for organizational success and it leads to higher performance. Hence, the paper will clarify the interaction between the entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial intention among undergraduate students in Malaysia.
Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial intention, Entrepreneurship orientation, Higher education.
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1. Introduction
Entrepreneurship has become an everyday buzzword. policymakers, economists, academics and even university students are talking about it. Entrepreneurship has a significant role in the economic advancement and economic changes of all countries (Khadeeja, 2017). Venture creation is, therefore, a play an important source of employment in many countries. This assertion is applicable to both developed countries like the United States (Harris, 2013), the developing countries like Bangladesh (Kabir, 2017) as well as (Adekiya & Ibrahim, 2016;
Owoseni, 2014), in Africa and (Sandhu et al., 2011) in Malaysia context. Thus, entrepreneurship has an important position in the global fast changing socioeconomic environment (Kraus et al., 2018). Although the importance of sustainable entrepreneurship has increased in academia, as well as in the global societal discourse, the concept itself is still developing.
Bird (1988) defined entrepreneurship as the process of venture creation and entrepreneurship intention is crucial in this process. Entrepreneurship intention identifies the link between ideas and action which is critical for understanding the entrepreneurial process (Krueger, et al., 2000). According to Ajzen (1992) intention captures the degree to which people show
their motivation and willingness to execute the desired behavior. Intention has also been defined as a state of mind that directs a person’s attention (and therefore experience and actions) toward a specific object (goal) or path in order to achieve something.
The field of entrepreneurship has been increasingly considered as a significant generator of economic growth, innovation and creation of jobs (Badulescu & Badulescu, 2013).
Entrepreneurial carriers are becoming an area of more concerns by governments, students and the universities (Karabulut, 2014). Despite the fact, the creation of a new venture or entrepreneurship is regarded as a voluntary process with conscious intention (Liñán, Francisco; Nabi, Ghulam; Krueger, 2014). This implies that governments and universities must work together to support students in developing entrepreneurial career intentions through financial or entrepreneurial education. Therefore, Mohamad et al. (2015) state that there is a need for more studies in the developing countries because only few studies relating to this context are available, especially in the Asian countries. Currently there are more number of graduates. Specifically fresh and young graduates students are joining the unemployment queue (S. F. F. B. Shamsudin et al., 2016). This issue happened due to the lack of opportunities available in competitive market and job environment with total job opportunities are unfortunately limited. Hence, entrepreneurship is the best alternative solutions to reduce dependency of graduates students on being employed (Khadeeja, 2017).
Research on entrepreneurial intention indicates that there are specific personality characteristics that distinguish entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs. Thus, in order to formulate effective policies to curb graduate unemployment, we need to have a thorough understanding of the factors influencing entrepreneurial inclination to entrepreneurship.
However, by understanding the factors to involve in entrepreneurship will also assist policy makers and government to make better decisions to improve their economic condition and independent on their own people in formulating strategies to mitigate or remove these barriers in order to increase entrepreneurial activities.
Problem Statement
Research related to entrepreneurial intention is very relevant in the context of higher education in Malaysia. One of the reason is due to the level of entrepreneurial intention among students in Malaysian universities is still at the low level (Abbas, 2015). It is therefore important to study the factors that can enhance entrepreneurial intention among undergraduate students in in Malaysian in this context. Enhance entrepreneurial intention among undergraduate students can be considered as an essential effort because it can improve study outcomes and skills of students and make an impacts on student’s personal development, change in attitude and change in ability (Jwara & Hoque, 2018).
The rate of unemployment has been mounting all over the world, especially with the recent global meltdown. This situation has effects on law and order, crimes, and many social issues (Owoseni, 2014; Prabhu, 2019b). Among the most chosen alternative solution to unemployment issues is entrepreneurship (A. S. Shamsudin et al., 2019). Through the process of innovative entrepreneurship will help to improve the standard of living for people (Kabir, 2017). Nevertheless, the creations of new enterprises are difficult beyond expectations. This is because the creation of a new venture or entrepreneurship is a voluntary process with conscious intention (Hunt & Lerner, 2018). Hence, entrepreneurship in Malaysia is deemed important in the socio-economically, politically and transformation of nations. However, before achieving this vision Malaysia nation need to solve many issues such as inequality, reduction of poverty and income distribution etc. (Sagaran & Nair, 2015).
Figure 1: Unemployment rate in Malaysia from 2010 to 2020.
Source: DOSM (2020)
The problem with unemployment in Malaysia has been a major issue in recent years (Md Salleh et al., 2018). According to the last report from DOSM (2020) in referring to figure 1 it indicate that the number of unemployment people is still there in the past 10 years with a fluctuating numbers expect this year 2020 where the unemployment rate spiked to 5.0 per cent as the unemployed, the highest since 1990. The closure of operations for most of businesses during Movement Control Order (MCO) which has been extended to April 2020 has impacted loss of employment and jobseekers could hardly find jobs specifically the youths and fresh graduate. It is reported that the number of unemployed people is approximately 1.6 million from the population of 32.37 million. However, the data also indicate that the current economic growth creates fewer jobs than before and this makes it more difficult for people get jobs. Furthermore, there is low of productivity and innovation in Malaysian which will indirectly affect the economic development of the country. Therefore, this study will contribute to the issue of unemployment among the young generation in Malaysia. The solutions to this issue is to be self-employed or establish their own businesses.
2. Literature Review
Overview of Entrepreneurship Intention
The word of Entrepreneurship was first defined by Irish-French economist Richard Cantillon from a French word "Entrepreneur" which refer to individual who runs and organize business or businesses and the word appeared first at "Dictionnaire Universel de Commerce" a French Dictionary that was published in 1723. Richard Cantillon was a person who pays a certain amount of money for a product to sell it again at uncertain amount of money, thereby making decisions about using and obtaining the resources while consequently admitting the risk of enterprise (Garo et al., 2015). The term of entrepreneurship it also known as self-employed.
Scholars from different field has defined entrepreneurship in different ways but all leads to the same purpose. Referring to Ács et al. (2018) they identify the meaning of entrepreneurship as the willingness and capacity to manage, develop and organize business venture together with any risk in order to make a profit. The most popular example of entrepreneurship is starting new business.
Entrepreneurship is a complex process which involves various stages; whereby one of them is the formation of entrepreneurial intention (Hisrich, 2015). Entrepreneurship is an intentional and planned behavior (Krueger et al. 2000). The initial stage in becoming an entrepreneur is that the person shows certain level of entrepreneurial intention (Bird, 1988). It is thus believed that entrepreneurial intention precedes any entrepreneurial behavior and it is a
reliable predictor of entrepreneurship. As such, understanding individual’s intention towards entrepreneurship is important in developing a great number of entrepreneurs in the country because entrepreneurs are made, not born (Boulton & Turner, 2006; Mellor, 2008).
Individuals will embark on entrepreneurship only when they demonstrate sufficient level of intention towards entrepreneurship. Furthermore, it is worth studying entrepreneurial intention because it is a reliable predictor of entrepreneurial behavior and measuring actual entrepreneurial behavior is difficult (Sung and Park 2018).
According to studies that indicate the argument among researchers regarding the definition of entrepreneurship where there is no definition has been considered to be accepted universally (Kamaruddin et al., 2015). The most important abilities of a successful entrepreneur is by selecting and identifying the right opportunities for new business (Gartner, 1985).
Furthermore, various schools with different thought which each of them has their own definition of entrepreneurship. According to Low & Macmillan (1988), entrepreneurship is the initiate of having new projects. Another definition by Bruyat & Julien (2001), entrepreneurship is known as the changes of the process which lead to create new values and entrepreneur as a founder of business. In the 1911 Schumpeter define entrepreneur as a person who exploits new raw materials, or create or introduces new product or service, creates new forms of organisation in order to benefit the individual and make profit out of it (Kamaruddin et al., 2015). Hamilton & Harper (1994) have another definition to entrepreneur as an individual who take another level of risk in order to capitalise on an invention. On the other hand, Thompson (1999), sees an entrepreneur as a person have capabilities to identify unexploited business opportunities.
Today, entrepreneurship is regarded as one of the best economic development strategies to develop country’s economic growth and sustain the country’s competitiveness in facing the increasing trends of globalisation. However, policy makers, institutions, government and other agencies are increasingly becoming interested in entrepreneurial development (Owoseni, 2014). The field of entrepreneurship has been highly considered as a significant generator of economic growth, innovation and the creation of jobs (Uygun & Kasimoglu, 2013). This is evidenced from the efforts made by government, universities and related institutions to stimulate venture creation (Karabulut, 2014).
For the success of modern day complex societies entrepreneurship has become of vital importance not just for their survival but also for their sustainability (Pauceanu, 2016).
According to Adekiya & Ibrahim (2016), entrepreneurship comes with many promises and is viewed differently by different stakeholders. Policy makers focus it from the view point of economic competitiveness in global markets and employment creation opportunities.
Entrepreneur focuses it from the opportunity exploitation perspective that would yield high gains and a meaningful career.
Entrepreneurial Orientation
Entrepreneurial orientation is a tendency of businesses to act autonomously and innovative, take risks and is taking proactive initiatives to potential market conditions. According to Gupta & Gupta (2015) entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is overall strategic posture toward entrepreneurship is emerging as a predominant concept in management science. As knowledge in the area of entrepreneurial orientation has expanded, researchers have become interested in issues related to the evolution, potential contributions, and future trajectory of entrepreneurial orientation research.
Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) was a concept originated from Miller (1983) which consists of three dimensions, namely innovativeness, pro-activeness and risk-taking. It was then further popularized by Covin and Slevin (1989) in their concept of entrepreneurial strategic posture (ESP). In later years, Dess & Lumpkin (1996), added competitive aggressiveness and autonomy to the original three dimensions. Thus, the key dimensions that characterize entrepreneurial orientation are:
willingness to innovative;
proactive behavior in regard to marketplace opportunities;
risk-taking;
propensity to act autonomously; and
tendency to be aggressive toward competitors (Dess & Lumpkin, 1996).
Innovativeness refer to the willingness to introduce innovation and novelty through experimentation and creative processes aimed at developing new products and services, as well as new processes (Dess & Lumpkin, 1996). Innovation will reflect the tendency to engage in and support new idea generation, novelties, experimentation and creative processes (Díaz-García, tal., 2015). However, innovation will enable graduate students to support the creation of new ideas, experiment with new ways of doing things, renew technological methods, and advance existing products or services in working field (Amodu & Aka, 2017).
Proactivity refers to a propensity to take the initiative to compete aggressively with others.
Risk-taking is the tendency to commit large amounts of resources to uncertain and novel business ventures. Autonomy is independent actions performed by individuals or teams seeking to implement business concepts. Lastly, aggressiveness reflects an intense effort by organizations to outdo rivals, characterized by a combative stance or an aggressive response aimed at improving the organizations’ position or overcoming threats in a competitive market (Dess & Lumpkin, 1996).
According to Marques et al. (2018) evaluate the impact of entrepreneurship education (EE) on the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) of higher education students. The study found that universities need to develop more effective didactic approaches to EE. These must take into account new market demands and students’ profile and always taking into account their different academic areas and levels of previous EE. Another study conducted by Koe (2016) on the relationship between Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation (IEO) and entrepreneurial intention, This study was carried out to address the university students’ level of entrepreneurial intention and the influence of individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) on entrepreneurial intention. The results indicated that university students demonstrated intention towards entrepreneurship and were quite positive towards becoming entrepreneurs.
In addition, university students’ entrepreneurial intention was found to be positively affected by their quality of proactiveness and innovativeness.
Yusoff, et al. (2016) investigate the impact of agropreneurship education on entrepreneurial orientation and intentions of Malaysian agricultural students. The findings of the study indicated that agricultural graduates’ intention to become agropreneurs is substantially influenced by proactive orientation and agropreneurship education. Given the substantial role played by agropreneurship education in promoting entrepreneurial skills and intentions, it is desirable to revamp the educational system to encourage students to become more entrepreneurially oriented. Practically and managerially, the findings contribute to the educational providers in terms of helping them to design a well-directed. According to Okręglicka et al. (2017) conducted study among 300 Polish students. The aim of the study is to study entrepreneurial intention creation of students in Poland, Slovakia and Czechia. The
results of the study indicate that the role of university education in strengthening students’
entrepreneurial intentions is undeniable. Providing the necessary knowledge and skills and shaping the entrepreneurial attitudes among students stimulate their entrepreneurial behaviours and, consequently, result in students starting their own business.
Table 1: Summaries Studies Dimensions of Entrepreneurial Orientation No. Dimensions of Entrepreneurial orientation Source
1 Innovativeness, Risk-taking and pro-activeness (Mohd Ali et al., 2020) 2 Innovativeness, Risk-Taking, Autonomy, Proactiveness and
Competitive Aggressiveness
(Prabhu, 2019a) 3 Innovativeness, risky proactiveness, autonomy, and
competitiveness Aggressiveness
(Kurniawan et al., 2019) 4 Innovativeness, Proactiveness, Risk-Taking, Autonomy and
Competitive Aggressiveness
(Wales et al., 2019) 5 Innovativeness, Proactiveness, Risk-Taking, Competitive
Aggressiveness, and Autonomy
(Arshad & Rasli, 2018) 5 Risk-Taking, Innovation, and Proactivity (Marques et al., 2018) 7 Risk-Taking, Proactiveness, and Competitive Aggressiveness (Okręglicka et al., 2017) 8 Innovativeness, Proactiveness and Risk-Taking (Palalic et al., 2016) 9 Risk-Taking, Innovativeness, and Proactiveness (Yusoff et al., 2016) 10 Innovation, Proactiveness, and Risk-Taking (Koe, 2016) 11 Innovativeness, Risk-Taking, Autonomy, Proactiveness and
Competitive Aggressiveness
(Farsi et al., 2014) 12 Innovation, Proactiveness, and Risk-Taking (Arrighetti et al., 2013) 13 Autonomy, Innovativeness, Risk Taking, Proactiveness, and
Competitive Aggressiveness
(Dess & Lumpkin, 1996) 14 Innovativeness, Pro-Activeness and Risk-Taking (Covin and Slevin 1989) 15 Innovation, Proactiveness, and Risk Taking (Miller, 1983)
Entrepreneurship Intention in Malaysia
In Malaysia, the development of entrepreneurship, in both concept and activity, is also becoming more important. The importance of entrepreneurship to the growth of Malaysian economy is evidenced by the number of supporting mechanisms and policies that exist for entrepreneurs; including funding, physical infrastructure, and business advisory services. The establishment of a special ministry for entrepreneurs (Ministry of Entrepreneur Development Malaysia) in 1995 highlights the priority the government places on entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs’ development. The establishment of the ministry is also timely considering the change in employment landscape in Malaysia (Mustaffa et al., 2019).
Entrepreneurship launched first in the Universiti Tun Abdul Razak (UNIRAZAK) under Bank Rakyat School of Business and Entrepreneurship (BRSBE) a unique school dedicated to providing quality education in entrepreneurial and business leadership in Malaysia to gain exposure to the world of entrepreneurship a holistic approach to training and education which enable students to improve their skills needed to do business in Malaysia and worldwide (UNIRAZAK, 2019). UNIRAZAK was one of the only private university in Malaysia to offer entrepreneurship as an academic programme and which is also partners with Babson College that ranked number one in USA under school of entrepreneurship. The university officially established on 21 December 1998 as one of the first private university in Malaysia which named after the second prime minister YAB Tun Abdul Razak bin Dato’ Hussein (Global Entrepreneurship Moniter, 2017). Therefore students who are supplied with entrepreneurship education and enrolled in entrepreneurship courses are expected to be confident, motivated, proactive, innovative, willing to face entrepreneurship challenges, as well as have the substantial skills to work in a team.
Regardless to the actions and efforts made by Malaysian higher education institutions and government to make entrepreneurship as a compulsory subject in universities, the choice to be an entrepreneur after graduation is still low among graduate’s students. (Ministery of Higher Education, 2015). According to the global entrepreneurship Monitor report 2017 – 2018 Malaysia ranked 24th among 60 countries in the list under self-perceptions about entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intentions with a value of 17.6% which indicate low score (Global Entrepreneurship Moniter, 2017).
According to Chelliah et al. (2019), more graduates are seeking jobs rather than becoming entrepreneurs. The difficulty in finding stable employment is not a strong factor that many lead the graduates to become entrepreneurs. Supporting to the previous statement MOHE (2019) published latest report on the graduate tracer studies which mentioned in table 2 the number and percentage of Malaysian graduates by employment status in 2019. The total number of Malaysian students graduates is 298,551 students. The report classify graduate student by employment status. Among these graduate students there are 189,543 employed, graduate students interested in further studies are 49,875 students, graduate students interested in upgrading skills are 4,029 students which carried the lowest percentage, graduate students waiting for work placement are 13,943 students and most important 41,161 graduate students are unemployed that will impact the young graduates in improving their skills and experience.
Table 2: Number and percentage of Malaysian graduates by employment status in 2019
Employment Status No. Percentage
Employed 189,543 63.5%
Further studies 49,875 16.7%
Upgrading skills 4,029 1.3%
Waiting for work placement 13,943 4.7%
Unemployed 41,161 13.8%
Total Graduate Students 298,551 100%
Referring to table 3 the number and percentage of Malaysian graduates according to employment Status in 2019 out of these employed graduate students there are 25,888 are self- employed which is the lowest number of total employed graduate students and the other 163,655 graduate students are working permanent, contract, temporary job and working with family. However, the changing nature of career prospects in large organizations has resulted the graduates to be more interested in starting their own business. Studies have shown that permanence and employment longevity is no longer a significant feature of career paths (Joseph, 2017).
Table 3: Number and percentage of Malaysian graduates according to employment status in2019
Employment Status No. Percentage
Permanent 85,971 45.4%
Contract 38,896 20.5%
Temporary job 29,102 15.4%
Working with family. 9,686 13.7%
Self-employed 25,888 5.1%
Total Graduate Students 189,543 100%
However, the importance of entrepreneurship in higher education in initiations in Malaysia is to promote its economy and entrepreneurship development, Ministry of Higher Education in Malaysia they are making effort to make entrepreneurship subjects to be implemented in
universities programs to all students at the nation of public universities (Din et al., 2016). The reason behind implementing this strategy is to encourage students to take part in many activities of entrepreneurship at the university such as seminars, training, conferences, short courses and entrepreneurship events (Trivedi, 2017). Moreover, these exposures to entrepreneurship hoped to develop student’s entrepreneurial attitudes and mind set which will result to have better outcome and lead to less unemployment graduates which will raise he business opportunities that will help to achieve better status of economy (Md Salleh et al., 2018).
Conceptual Model
Based on the objectives of this study, the proposed conceptual framework was formulated using entrepreneurial orientation dimensions (Autonomy, Innovativeness, Risk-Taking, Proactiveness, and Competitive Aggressiveness) as well as entrepreneurial intention as dependent variables. Figure 2 shows the conceptual model.
Figure 2: Conceptual Model
3. Discussion and Conclusion
The purpose of this study was to review previous studies in the field of entrepreneurial orientation and its effect on undergraduate students in Malaysia.
This study was performed to determine the university students’ level of entrepreneurial intention and to identify the effects of entrepreneurial orientation on student’s entrepreneurial intention. The results from previous studies indicated that graduate students in Malaysia demonstrated intention towards entrepreneurship and were quite positive towards becoming entrepreneurs. In summary, in this study various scholars built conceptual model that links between entrepreneurship orientation dimensions and entrepreneurial intention. The scholars assume that, entrepreneurship orientation dimensions will affect positively on entrepreneurial intention in Malaysia. The subsequent phase of this study will be the empirical testing of the conceptual model.
As a conclusion, creating entrepreneurial graduates is in this way fundamental for our future achievement. Colleges and other advanced education foundations ought to be preferably put to open students to situations which cultivate entrepreneurial attitudes and the viability of the entrepreneurship programs are critical keys to deliver increasingly youthful business people in future. The program itself can teach our young age to be progressively beneficial in the wake of moving on from their examinations at college level. As opposed to getting to be
unemployment, it is great to channel their inventiveness and vitality towards business which is currently turning into a profitable field in this world. As referenced before, different nations are currently completing a great deal of work to build up their childhood in entrepreneurship. As a creating nation, Malaysia ought to do likewise to improve and create in the nation's economy. In the event that this advantage is being utilized in a legitimate manner, they not exclusively can create their own salary yet additionally can assist our nation with boosting up its monetary advancement. The majority of this begins from education.
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