Effect of Fuel Additives on the Performance and Emissions of an Internal Combustion Engine

Effect of Fuel Additives on the Performance and Emissions of an Internal Combustion Engine

By

Marwan Mohamed Khatab

Project dissertation submitted

in

partial fulfillment of The requirements for the

Bachelor of engineering (Hons) (Mechanical Engineering)

September 2011

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar

31750 Tronoh Perak Darul Ridzuan

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

Effect of Fuel Additives on the Performance and Emissions of an Internal Combustion Engine

By

Marwan Mohamed Fathi Sayed Khatab

A project dissertation submitted to the Mechanical Engineering Programme

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (Hons) (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING) Approved by,

(Ir. Dr. Shaharin Anwar Sulaiman)

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS TRONOH, PERAK

SEPTEMBER 20 II ii

CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that I am responsible for the work submitted in this project, that the original work is my own except as specified in the references and acknowledgements, and that the original work contained herein have not been undertaken or done by unspecified sources or persons.

Marwan Mohamed Fathi Sayed Khatab

iii

Abstract

Internal combustion engines fuel additives producers claim that with the addition of some additives to diesel fuel, an engine can function better in terms of performance and efficiency and decrease the emissions due to the combustion process as well. The diesel engine thermal efficiency ranges from about 35 to 40 percent. The diesel fuel price in Malaysia is about RM 1.80 per liter. The emissions due to the combustion of diesel fuel include mostly COx and NOx emissions. A study must be carried out in order to validate the claims of the fuel additives producers and find out the effect of the additives on the performance and the emissions of the diesel engine. The objective of this project is to carry out the experiment needed to validate the claims throughout running an engine · using an additive free diesel fuel and an additive on diesel fuel. This experiment is conducted through using two fuel additives. After testing the fuel with the additives and without the additives the results of the experiment are tabulated, comparing torque, power, specific fuel consumption and exhaust temperature with respect to the engine's speed. A single cylinder two strokes diesel engine is used in this experiment with and without the additives. The parameters of interest in this study would be (Torque, Fuel consumption, power and exhaust temperature) According to recent researches made by few researchers some additives validated the claims of the fuel additives producers.

Some of these research results is included with further details in this report.

IV

Table of Contents

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL ... ii

CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY ... iii

Abstract.. ... iv

List of Figures ... vii

List of Tables ... viii

Chapter 1 Introduction ... I 1.1 Background ... I 1.2 Problems Statement ... 2

1.3 Objective and Scope of Study ... 2

Chapter 2 Literature Review ... 3

2.1 Effect of Iron-Based Fuel Additives on Diesel Engine Emissions ... 3

2.2 Effects of Di-Methyl Carbonate Fuel Additive on Diesel Engine Performances ... 3

2.3 Effect ofH2o2 Addition in Increasing the Thermal Efficiency of A Diesel Engine ... 4

Chapter 3 Theories ... 5

3.1 Gasoline Engine versus Diesel Engine ... 5

3.2 The Diesel Cycle ... 6

3.3 Four Strokes Engine versus Two Strokes Engine ... 7

3.4 Engine RPM ... 10

3.5 Engine Torque ... 11

3.6 Exhaust Temperature ... 11

3.7 Diesel fuel flow rate ... 12

Chapter 4 Methodology ... 13

4.1 Research Methodology ... 13

4.2 Project Activities ... 13

4.3 Tools ... 13

4.4 4.5 4.6 4.6.1 4.6.2 Project Methodology Flow Chart ... 14

Project Gantt charts ... 15

Experiment activity ... 16

Apparatus ... 16

Procedures ... 20

Chapter 5 Results and Discussion ... 21

5.1 Results ... 21

v

5.2 Discussion ... 2 4 Chapter 6 Conclusions and reconunendations ... 29 6.1 Conclusions ... 29 6.2 Reconunendations ... 29 References ... 3 0

vi

List of Figures

Fig. 3.1 Gas. Engine Vs Diesel Engine ... 5

Fig. 3.2 P-V and T -S diagrams of diesel cycle ... 6

Fig. 3.3 Four Strokes Engine ... 8

Fig. 3.4 Two Strokes Engine ... 9

Fig. 3.5 Ribon DY23-2D engine ... 11

Fig. 4.1 Project flowchart ... 14

Fig. 4.2 Diesel Engine Controls ... 17

Fig. 4.3 Instrumentation Unit ... 18

Fig. 4.4 Hydraulic Dynamometer ... 18

Fig. 4.5 Fuel System ... 19

Fig. 4.6 The complete Small Engine Test Rig ... 19

Fig. 5.1 Power Vs RPM ... 24

Fig. 5.2 Air Flow V s RPM ... 25

Fig. 5.3 Fuel consumption Vs RPM ... 25

Fig. 5.4 Torque Vs RPM ... 26

Fig. 5.5 Exhaust Temperature Vs RPM ... 26

vii