63 EXEGETES’ INTERPRETATIONS ON INSECTS MENTIONED IN THE QURAN: COMPARISON
BETWEEN TAFSIR IBN KATHIR AND TAFSIR AL-AZHAR
Ahmad Solihin Sira Juddin, UNISZA Afiq Adli Razali, UMP
Nurul Syakirah Rahiman, UM Roslan Umar (Corresponding Author)
East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Nerus Terengganu
Tel: 0193334206 E-mail: [email protected] Norhayati Ngah, UNISZA
Abstract
Insects are very well studied organism regarding their role in the ecosystem either as prey, predator, parasitic, or decomposer. They also play important role in fulfilling human needs such as bee providing honey or becoming pollinator for some fruits. Some insects are already mentioned in the Quran such as bees, ants, flies, mosquitoes, locusts, and weevil beetles. Therefore, this study is made to analyse the interpretations of insects in two exegeses in order to see how much facts can be extracted regarding the topic of insects in Quran. For this study, Tafsir Quran al-A’zim by Ibn Kathir and Tafsir al-Azhari by Hamka are chosen as reference for the interpretations. Based on both exegeses, some verses gave a detailed explanation of the insect’s role such as the interpretation of bees, locusts, and qummal. Some insects are mentioned as metaphorical value such as flies to show the complexity of Allah’s creation. Both exegeses gave the same interpretation for some insects but Hamka have more interpretation as a contemporary scholar regarding the scientific value. This shows that Quran is filled with scientific knowledge especially if the interpretation is from the contemporary exegesis.
Keywords: Tafsir, Quran interpretation, science in Quran, insects in Quran, exegesis.
Introduction
Insect are organisms from the class Insecta where by general definition are arthropods with three major part of body (head, thorax, and abdomen) and three pairs of legs (Resh, 2009). As of 2018, the estimated number of recorded species for insects are about 5.5 million worldwide (Stork, 2018). The large number of insects’ species is not for nothing, most insects play important role not only to the ecosystem, but also play important role for human needs. For ecosystem, all insects have its own role such as prey, predator, and also decomposer. For human needs, some insects are pollinator that will help to pollinate some flower for it to bear fruits (Drossart & Gérard, 2020) while some insects itself can be eaten as a food for human.
64 Figure 1: Basic morphology of insects.
Since insects have such important role to human, it is expected for some of it to be mentioned in Quran such as bees, ants, flies, mosquitoes, locusts, and moths. Some insects are mentioned with their role and behaviour and some insects are mentioned purely as parable. Many studies regarding science in Quran has already been done showing that many scientific facts are actually mentioned in Quran. For example, Wahab (2015) have done a comparative study regarding life and death of star in both modern and Islamic astronomy perspective. El-seedi et al., (2019) have done a study to review plants that are mentioned in the Quran and hadith and also the importance of the plant as traditional and medicinal use in this modern times. The study of scientific fact in Quran is important where it has also been included in some education institute such as Islamic Astronomy studies which focus on solving issues related to both shariah and astronomy in University of Malaya (Man et al., 2012) and Tahmidi Centre at Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia which integrates naqli knowledge into physics and chemistry (Ibrahim et al., 2016).
Despite all that, many scientific facts in Quran still remain unexplored especially in a topic regarding insects. Reviews from Sadeghian (2018) regarding Quranic Studies on Web of Science using VOSviewer software shows that science is less studied and of course the topic of insects is nowhere to be found. One research regarding insects are from Humairaa et al. (2020) regarding a topic specifically on bees in Quranic perspective. Meanwhile, studies from Ahmad Hilmi et al., (2017) although is not about insect reviews the word of ‘adna al-‘ard and al-a’nkabut in malay Quran translation and found out the translation is not accurate to scientific fact. Therefore, this study is done to explore more scientific knowledge in Quranic perspective in topic regarding insects.
However, Quran can be interpreted in many methods such as the interpretation of Quran with other verse of Quran or Hadith which called as Tafsir bi al-M’athur and also interpretation of Quran based on rationality in accordance with generally the principal of interpretation (Gafoordeen, 2017). Since Tafsir bi al-r’ayi is based on personal knowledge, it is possible for the interpretation based on the following method should have more scientific interpretation.
Hence, this study is done in order to compare interpretation of topics of the mentioned insect from different methodology of interpretation to see whether different interpretation can bring more scientific knowledge from Quran.
65 Methodology
This study will use qualitative method in order to analyse the content regarding insects in Quran from different exegeses perspective; Tafisir bi-al-m’athur and tafsir bi al-r’ayi.
In this study, the term “insects” will be following the scientific morphological meaning as mentioned in the introduction. Therefore, spider (al-a’nkabut) will not be count as insects. In order to identify insects which are mentioned in the Quran, researchers reviewed past studies regarding insects or animal thematic analysis in Quran using keywords “Quran”, “Insects”, and “Animal” on Web of Science (ISI) and Google Scholar.
Insects that have been listed is then compared between articles to ensure the correct insects which are mentioned in the Quran and to identify which verse contained the mentioned insect. Once the verse has been identified, Tafsir Quran al-A’zim. by Ibn Kathir and Tafsir al-‘Azhari, written by Hamka are chosen as reference for the interpretation of the topic. Exegeses by Ibn Kathir is chosen because it is known to be using Tafsir bi al-m’athur as the methodology in the interpretation (Nurdin, 2018) while exegeses by Hamka is chosen because it is known to use both Tafsir bi al-m’athur and Tafsir bi al-R’ayi (Mohd Fazali Abdul Manas, 2017). Ibn Kathir’s interpretation will be taken from translated and abridged version of Tafsir Ibn Kathir which was translated and abridged by a group of scholars under the supervision of Syakh Safiur-Rahman al- Mubarakpuri.
Figure 2: Methodology of the study.
Insects Mentioned in Quran
By browsing through Web of Science and Google Scholar for research that focused on animal mentioned in Quran, 4 studies from reliable sources have been found; Yusoff (2020), Ahmadi (2020), Rusdi & Omar (2018), and Asmawati Muhamad (2015). All researchers mentioned almost every animal in the Quran. From there, insects that are mentioned in their studies are shown in the table below:
66 Table 1: Insects mentioned in Quran based on previous studies
Author Insects Mentioned
Yusoff & Toure (2020) Ants, bees, flies, mosquitoes, locusts, lice, and termites.
Ahmadi (2020) Bees, locusts, ticks, and, termites.
Rusdi & Omar (2017) Ants, bees, flies, locust, lice, and termites.
Asmawati Muhamad
(2015)
Ants, bees, flies, gnats, locusts, lice, termites, and moths.
Based on review of past articles that has been done we have found that there are 8 insects that has been mention in the Quran namely ants (Family: Formicidae), bees (Clade: Anthophila), flies (Order: Diptera), mosquitoes (Family: Culicidae), al-qummal (uncertain), locust (Family: Acrididae), termites (Isoptera), and moths (Order:
Lepidoptera). All of them are mentioned in the following verses as shown in the table:
Table 2: Verses where insects are mentioned in Quran
Verses Insects Mentioned
Al-Naml: 18 Ants
Al-Nahl: 68-69 Bees
Al-Hajj: 73 Flies
Al-Baqarah: 26 Mosquitoes
Al-A’raf: 133 Al-Qummal and Locust
Al-Qamar: 7 Locust
Al-Sab’a: 14 Termites
Al-Qaria’h: 4 Moths
Most previous studies do not have any conflict on the meaning of the words al- naml, al-nahl, zubab, al-jarad, and al-farasy which mean ants, bees, flies, mosquitoes, and locusts respectively. For the words al-qummal from verse Al-A’raf:133 and bau’dhah from verse al-Qaria’h: 4, some interpretations are different in translating the words which will be dicussed together with the interpretation of Ibn Kathir and Hamka.
67 Interpretations of Insects in Quran Based on Ibn Kathir and Hamka
This section will review the interpretation of insects mentioned in the Quran based on Ibn Kathir’s and Hamka’s to compare interpretations with different methodology; Tafsir bi al-M’athur and Tafsir bi al-R’ayi. Ibn Kathir follows the method Tafsir bi al-M’athur while Hamka follows both methods to interpret the Quranic verses.
1. Al-Naml:18 (Ants: Formicidae)
For the verse al-Naml:18 the verse is translated as follow:
Till, when they came to the valley of the ants, one of the ants said: "O ants! Enter your dwellings, lest Sulayman and his armies should crush you, while they perceive not.'' (Quran 27:18)
Ibn Kathir did not add many interpretations for the verse. The only addition for the interpretation is: “Sulaiman, peace be upon him, understood what the ant said”.The interpretation is referring to the context of Sulaiman smiling in the next verse.
Hamka added more interpretation regarding the behavior of the ant which is as follow:
“From thinking about this verse, we can imagine that, from summer closing in to winter, ants actively forage for food to be kept in their nest which sometimes look like a “typical hole”. Some ants will alone, exploring the surrounding area. Once it found food, it will immediately “whisper” to its sisters or simply telling them by giving taste of some of the food. The ants that tell other ants is an “explorer” ant”.
Ibn Kathir’s interpretation is based solely on the context of next verse mentioning Sulaiman smiled giving the clue that Sulaiman understood the ants. Hamka’s interpretation is almost accurate to scientific facts regarding ants. Different species of ant may behave differently in either solitary foraging which usually happen on ants with smaller colonies or group foraging that usually happens on larger ants’ colonies (Leonhardt et al., 2016). Hamka’s interpretation may refer to a smaller colony of ants, also the word from the verse itself where the ant that encountered with Sulaiman and his armies is referred as “namlah” which is singular form of “al-naml” (Ibn Manzur, 1956). From this, we can assume that only a single forager ant has saw the approaching of Sulaiman and his army which means the colony is small which make sense why the ant warned the entire colonies since smaller colonies are harder to be seen than the larger one.
2. Al-Nahl: 68-69 (Bees: Antophila)
Next are about bees which come from two verses from al-Nahl:68-69 translated as follow:
“And your Lord inspired the bee, saying: “Take your habitations in the mountains and in the trees and in what they (humans) erect”. “Then, eat of all fruits, and follow the routes that your Lord made easy (for you).” There comes forth from their bellies, a drink of varying colours, in which there is a cure for men. There is indeed a sign in that for people who reflect.” (Quran 16:68-69)
Both Ibn Kathir and Hamka have very in-depth interpretation on both verses.
Therefore, due to the limitation of pages and words we will take both interpretations
68 based on what important regarding bees which are the habitat of bees and the production from bees.
In term of the habitat of bees, Ibn Kathir described it as such: “The bee is guided to make its home in the mountains, in trees and in structures erected by man. The bee's home is a solid structure, with its hexagonal shapes and interlocking forms there is no looseness in its combs.” Meanwhile for Hamka’s interpretation: “Of course, bees build their nests in shaded mountain slope which is in between rocks, “and in the trees”- where in West Sumatra the tree is called as “Pohon Sialang” which is a type of tree where bees can be found nesting on it, “in what they (humans) erect” which means bees are also nesting on roof of human’s house. Both exegetes mentioned the general knowledge on where bees are nesting which are somewhere in in the mountains which means in rock crevices or underground (Antoine & Forrest, 2021), on or in trees (Roubik, 2006), and on whatever structure that human has built (Ayers & Rehan, 2021;
Zaninotto et al., 2021). However, both exegetes offered different types of scientific details where Ibn Kathir mentioned about the properties of honeycomb which is true about the hexagonal shapes (Oldroyd & Pratt, 2015) while Hamka mentioned specific type of trees “Pohon Sialang” which refers to a specific species of tree, Koompassia excelsa where native people always climb the tree to collect honeycomb from the bees (Devasvaran et al., 2019).
In term of what bees have produced, both exegetes discussed almost the same discussion. From the verse “There comes forth from their bellies, a drink of varying colors, wherein is healing for men” both interpretations almost the same and can summarised as the drink that is mentioned is honey from bees that varies in colour depending on different things the bees eat. Which is true though the pollen is just one of many factors that affected the colour of the honey, climate and soil conditions can also affected the colour of honey produced (Machado De-Melo et al., 2018).
Figure 3: Illustration of hexagonal structure of honeycomb taken from the 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica
3. Al-Hajj: 13 (Flies: Diptera).
The verse translated as such:
“O mankind! A parable has been made, so listen to it: Verily, those on whom you call besides Allah, cannot create a fly, even though they combine together for the purpose.
And if the fly snatches away a thing from them, they will have no power to release it from the fly. So weak are the seeker and the sought.” (Quran 22:13)
69 For the part of “those on whom you call besides Allah, cannot create a fly, even though they combine together for the purpose”, Ibn Kathir and Hamka have the same interpretation whereas it’s a parable for those who worship anything aside from Allah which are their idols. Meaning that their idols can never create a fly as their idols are all inanimate objects.
For intrepetations of “And if the fly snatches away a thing from them, they will have no power to release it from the fly”, Ibn Kathir interpret it as “they are unable to resist it or take revenge against it if it were to take anything from the good and perfumed thing on which it lands. If they wanted to recover that, they would not be able to, even though the fly is the weakest and most insignificant of Allah's creatures”, it is unclear on what does Ibn Kathir meant by it. Hamka’s interpretation is regarding human’s health. He wrote in the exegesis “Which mean food that is visited by fly will bring with them a disease, or human’s health is destroyed by flies”. Housefly, specifically, Musca domestica really fits with Hamka’s interpretation as housefly carries several pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites and responsible for some diarrhea cases (Rahmadani & Lee, 2020).
4. Al-Baqarah: 26 (Mosquitoes: Culicidae)
This verse is also about a parable and translated as such:
“Verily, Allah is not ashamed to set forth a parable even of a mosquito or so much more when it is bigger (or less when it is smaller) than it. And as for those who believe, they know that it is the truth from their Lord, but as for those who disbelieve, they say:
"What did Allah intend by this parable'' By it He misleads many, and many He guides thereby. And He misleads thereby only the fasiqin (the rebellious, disobedient to Allah).” (Quran 2:26)
Both exegetes interpreted the verse as to show that Allah can always use any parable even a mosquito (or gnat) or anything bigger than it as the non-believer and the munafiq keep asking about parable that has been used specifically referring to fly in the previous discussion. Ibn Kathir refer the word “bau’dah” as mosquito while Hamka refer it as either mosquito or gnat. Asmawati Muhamad (2015) in a study regarding biodiversity in Quran also refer it as gknat. Hamka also added more about what disease the mosquito can bring such as Malaria saying that how even the smallest creature can be deadly. Malaria is indeed cannot be taken lightly as 8 million cases of Malaria has been reported across Southeast Asia as of 2018 though the effort to reduce the risk of the disease is still ongoing (Cheng et al., 2021).
5. Al-A’raf: 133 (Locust: Acrididae and Qummal).
There are two insects mentioned in one verse as a plague to the non-believer, the verse is translated as such:
“So We32 sent on them: the Tuwfan, the locusts, the Qummal, the frogs, and the blood (as a succession of) manifest signs, yet they remained arrogant, and they were of those people who were criminals.” (Quran 7:133)
32 “We” is referred to Allah therefore must always be kept in capital letters.
70 Regarding locust in the verse, Ibn Kathir and Hamka described as something that will eat every vegetation until is left which will cause a fear to those non-believers.
Locust as plague has always been a global concern, as October 2019, the biggest locust outbreak happened and threatening the food security across Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and South America (Xu et al., 2021).
For the words Qummal, we cannot identify the exact insects due to various contradictory interpretations. Ibn Kathir and Hamka quoted from the same sources “Ibn
`Abbas said that it is the grain bug, or, according to another view; small locusts that do not have wings.” Ibn Kathir added more “Al-Hasan and Sa`id bin Jubayr said that
`Qummal' are small black insects”. While Hamka added his own interpretation “Maybe it’s like a “pianggang” in our state (“hama wereng”)”. “Pianggang” is an Indonesian word for a pest for rice, Leptocoriza varicornis33 “Wareng” is Indonesian word for another pest for rice, Nilaparvata lugens.34 Hamka mentioning with uncertainty which means it is just an example to be relate with in their culture. If we are referring to some previous studies, Yusoff (2020), Rusdi & Omar (2017), and Asmawati Muhamad (2015) mentioned it as lice. It is contradicting to both exegeses. Ahmadi (2020) mentioned it as ticks which not even belong to Class Insecta. Even by referring to other source like Lisan al-Arab by Ibn Manzur, many definitions are also contradict to each other, for example, one definition stated that the word refers to a tiny-like creature (critter) without wings while other definition oppositely stated that it has wings which are red in colour (Ibn Manzur, 1956). Therefore, we decided to left it as qummal which may can be studied further in another research.
6. Al-Qamar: 7 (Locust: Acrididae)
This time, locust is mentioned as a parable for the conditions of human during the day of hereafter, the verse is translated as written below:
“They will come forth, with humbled eyes from (their) graves as if they were locusts spread abroad” (Quran 54:7)
Ibn Kathir interpret it as condition of human after being resurrected during the day of hereafter; They will gather towards the area of reckoning in such haste and crowds, in response to the caller, as if they were crowds of locusts spreading all about.
Hamka described it as human that respond to the calling just like a locust which just grow its wing.
7. Al-Saba’:14 (Termites) The verse is translated as follow:
“Then when We decreed death for him (Sulaiman), nothing informed them (Jinn) of his death except a little creature of the earth which kept (slowly) gnawing away his (Sulaiman) stick. So, when he fell down, the Jinn saw clearly that if they had known the Unseen, they would not have stayed in the humiliating torment” (Quran 34:14)
33 Arti kata pianggang - Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online. Retrieved from
https://kbbi.web.id/pianggang. at 5 July, 2021
34 Arti kata wereng - Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online. Retrieved from https://kbbi.web.id/wereng. at 5 July, 2021
71 In this verse, termites are not mentioned specifically, it is mentioned as “dabbah al-‘ard” which means “creature of the earth”. However, Ibn Kathir described “creature of the earth” as “’aradah” which according to Ibn Manzur in Lisan al-Arab “al-‘Aradah” is a white critter similar to ant that can be seen in spring. According to Abu Hanifah, “al-
‘Aradah” has two types, one which feed on woods, while the other one feed on both woods and plantations. The latter is said to have wings and cannot be exposed to humid condition (Ibn Manzur, 1956). All those definitions which can be conclude a white critter that destroyed wood will always referring to termites. Hamka also translated the
“creature of the earth” as termites. If we’re translating based on the contextual clue, from the sentence “gnawing away his stick (Sulaiman’s staff)” must be referring to a creature that can bite through woods. Critters which are known to destroy woods by either consuming it or nesting inside it is no other than termites. Definitions by Abu Hanifah is most likely referring to different types of termites as there are different nesting behaviour between termites (Evans et al., 2013).
8. Al-Qari’ah: 4 (Moths: Lepidoptera)
Just like the verse about locust in Quran 54:7, it is mentioned as parable about the condition of human in the end of the day, here is the translation:
“It is a Day whereon mankind will be like moths scattered about.” (Quran 101:4).
Ibn Kathir described it as human’s condition during the end of the day where earthquake happens, humans will be scattering around not knowing what is happening just like moths. Hamka also almost have the same translation where as humans are like moth wandering and scattering around with nowhere to go as all their homes are destroyed by the earthquake.
Summary
Based on all interpretations, we can summarize everything into a table below:
Table 3: Summary of interpretation by both Ibn Kathir and Hamka
Insects Ibn Kathir Hamka
Ants - No interpretation related to science.
- Described how the ant that saw Sulaiman and his army is explorer ant also described how ant colony find their food.
Bees - Described the
hexagonal
structure of honeycomb.
- Described the different colour of honey depending on what the bee has eaten.
- Described about specific tree where specific bees always nest on.
- Described the colour of honey is depending on what the bee has eaten.
72 Flies - As parable.
- Described how human cannot take back what has been taken by flies.
- As parable.
- Described that what has been taken by the fly is human’s health.
Mosquitoes - Parable - Parable
Locust - Plague that
destroys all vegetation.
- Parable
- Plague that destroys all vegetation - Parable
Qummal - Grain bug
- Small locust that does not have wings
- “Pianggang” or “hama wereng”
referring to rice pest in Indonesia.
Termites - No scientific information other than describing the word as termites
- Describing termites as creature that consumes wood.
Moth - - Parable - Parable
Discussion
Tafsir bi al-R’ayi really will indeed give more scientific insight to the interpretation of Quran for example on how Hamka described how the ant that encounter Sulaiman and his army is an “explorer” ant also known as forager ant in science while Ibn Kathir did not add any more information about this. However, in some topic regarding bees for example, Ibn Kathir and Hamka added more scientific details about it and both of them are using their own knowledge to add more detail about it. The first reason of why both exegetes gave more in-depth regarding bees are probably because the verses themselves provided specific detail about bees. The second reason is honey from bees has been used by human since long time ago where the oldest evidence of beeswax has been detected as old as near 9000 years (Kritsky, 2017). Therefore, it is very possible that Ibn Kathir has experienced with honey bees to know the hexagonal shape of honeycomb. Hamka mentioning specific tree species for where bee is nesting is because harvesting honey from tree is common in Southeast Asia which is where Hamka’s homeland is located.
Some insects mentioned in Quran remained as parable even from both perspective due to not many details can be found from the verse itself. The example for this is flies, mosquitoes, locusts, and moths. Hamka added more about how what taken by flies is about how it can bring danger to human’s health.
73 For locust, more can be look into verse especially when the disaster and plague are mentioned in specific order. The word qummal is still cannot be clearly described with many conflicted interpretations. Since it is Arabic language, the best way is to follow interpretation by Ibn Kathir which he quoted Ibn Abbas as a grain bug. However, it is still very general and grain bug can refer to many types of bug or insects. There is possibility that qummal may really refer any kind of insect that are pest to grain, hence, that is why many definitions are mentioned in Lisan al-Arab and some even conflicting to each other.
Ullah Khan et al. (2013) also faces the same difficulty in making semantic search based on ontology for Quran where in the study mentioned that animal domain is easy if it is based on scientific name however in Quran, that is not the case. One animal can be translated into many words. The problem with common names and scientific names is not limited to Arabic, the reason common names become a problem is because there is no rule set upon it, so one species can have many common names or one common name can refer to many species (Tsukamoto et al., 2020). The only qummal can be defined is by finding all literature regarding Arabic language, and also referring to scholar that live on where Quran is descended.
Conclusion
Overall, there are 8 insects mentioned in the Quran; ants, bees, flies, mosquitoes, locust, qummal, termites, and moths. Three of them; flies, mosquitoes, and moths are mentioned as parable while locust is mentioned as parable and plague that descend upon the non-believers.
Tafsir bi al-R’ayi will indeed give more scientific insight on the Quranic verse which also depend on two things; the detail mentioned in the Quran itself and the experience of the exegetes on the following topics where we can see Hamka has interpret some based on his culture.
More possible studies can be done regarding the correlation of tuwfan, locust, qummal, frogs, and blood mentioned in al-A’raf:133. Another study can be done on the word qummal to find the definite meaning of it or it is just a term referring to any pest that destroy grain.
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